• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.32 no.3
• /
• pp.350-356
• /
• 2019

Objective: To examine the regulatory effects of exercise on myokine expression in horse skeletal muscle cells, we compared the expression of several myokine genes (interleukin 6 [IL-6], IL-8, chemokine [C-X-C motif] ligand 2 [CXCL2], and chemokine [C-C motif] ligand 4 [CCL4]) after a single bout of exercise in horses. Furthermore, to establish in vitro systems for the validation of exercise effects, we cultured horse skeletal muscle cells and confirmed the expression of these genes after treatment with hydrogen peroxide. Methods: The mRNA expression of IL-6, IL-8, CXCL2, and CCL4 after exercise in skeletal muscle tissue was confirmed using quantitative-reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reactions (qRT-PCR). We then extracted horse muscle cells from the skeletal muscle tissue of a neonatal Thoroughbred. Myokine expression after hydrogen peroxide treatments was confirmed using qRT-PCR in horse skeletal muscle cells. Results: IL-6, IL-8, CXCL2, and CCL4 expression in Thoroughbred and Jeju horse skeletal muscles significantly increased after exercise. We stably maintained horse skeletal muscle cells in culture and confirmed the expression of the myogenic marker, myoblast determination protein (MyoD). Moreover, myokine expression was validated using hydrogen peroxide ($H_2O_2$)-treated horse skeletal muscle cells. The patterns of myokine expression in muscle cells were found to be similar to those observed in skeletal muscle tissue. Conclusion: We confirmed that several myokines involved in inflammation were induced by exercise in horse skeletal muscle tissue. In addition, we successfully cultured horse skeletal muscle cells and established an in vitro system to validate associated gene expression and function. This study will provide a valuable system for studying the function of exercise-related genes in the future.

• Journal of Life Science
• /
• v.22 no.2
• /
• pp.184-191
• /
• 2012

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of 16 weeks of resistance training on the fatigue factor, muscle soreness, oxidative stress, and myokine in elite weightlifters. A total of 10 subjects (six male, four female) participated in this study. The results were compared according to baseline, 8 weeks, and 16 weeks. Ammonia and Pi were increased through 16 weeks of resistance training, but this result was not significant. CK was significantly (p<0.05) increased at 8 weeks and 16 weeks compared to baseline, while LDH was significantly (p<0.05) increased at 8 weeks compared to baseline. The MDA of the oxidative stress factor was significantly (p<0.05) increased at 8 weeks compared to baseline and 16 weeks, and TAS of the antioxidant factor was significantly (p<0.05) increased at 8 weeks compared to baseline. The IL-15 of the myokine was significantly (p<0.05) increased at baseline compared to 8 weeks and 16 weeks. In conclusion, 16 weeks of high-intensity resistance training may have a positive effect on peripheral fatigue factors, muscle soreness, oxidative stress, and myokine in elite weightlifters.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
• /
• v.35 no.2
• /
• pp.509-518
• /
• 2018

The purpose of this study was myokine product and role with physical activity and literature review. There is accumulating epidemiological evidence that a physically active life plays an independent role in the protection against type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, colon cancer, dementia and even depression. And myokine has been regarded an important factor of exercise training and brain growth factor for the prevention of Alzheimier's disease. During exercise the release of anti-inflammatory myokine from contracting muscle controled the metabolic response, and IL-4, IL-6, IL-7, IL-10, and IL-15 controled muscle hypertrophy, myogenesis and angiogenenesis. IL-6 promoted the lipid metabolism through AMPK activation. IL-1Ra, IL-10 and sTNF-R inhibited $TNF-{\alpha}$ as the pro-inflammatory cytokine. IL-15 increased the releasing volume from contracting muscle, and promoted the anabolic factor of muscle growth. IL-7 and IL-8 activated the angiogenesis through the more activation of C-X-C receptor signal transmission.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
• /
• v.36 no.1
• /
• pp.189-199
• /
• 2019

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of combine exercise on the fall injury related index and myokine in elderly women. Sarcopenia leads to a loss of strength, alter on to a decreased functional status, impaired mobility, a higher risk of falls, and eventually an increased risk of mortality. Aerobic exercise characterized by rhythmic and repetitive movements of large muscles, for sustained periods that depends primarily on the use of oxygen to meet energy demands through aerobic metabolism, and that is structured and intended to generate improvements in cardiopulmonary fitness, body composition, and cardiorespiratory health. Resistance training has performance in the elderly. As combined exercise therapy can be used to enhance muscle functions and cardiopulmonary functions, it is being highlighted as an effective health management methods for the aged. The myokine has been regarded an important factor of exercise how muscle communicate adipose tissue, bone and muscle to exert beneficial effects at the whole body level.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
• /
• v.24 no.9
• /
• pp.97-102
• /
• 2019

Several studies have recently demonstrated that skeletal muscle is an endocrine organ releasing and expressing myokines acting in an endocrine or paracrine manner. Irisin is a hormene-like myokine induced after physical exercise by muscle fibers. It was primarily recognized as a molecule able to advance the "browning response" in white adipose tissue, however, it has been recetly identified that irisin also has a fundamental role in the control of bone mass. We study evidence for its possible skeletal effects, including the fundamental role that irisin is involved in the control of bone mass, with beneficial effects on geometry and cortical mineral density. As loss of muscle mass and bone density occurs with immobility, metabolic disease and aging, future studies researching the efficacy of irisin in reversing muscle wasting and restoring bone would be important to proving irisin as a molecule that combines helpful effects for treating muscular atrophy and osteoporosis in elderly people.

• Journal of Life Science
• /
• v.29 no.6
• /
• pp.740-746
• /
• 2019

It is well known that exercise may have a positive effects on dementia. However, most of dementia-related studies were performed about symptom care, diverse treatment and drug treatment. Although regular physical exercise plays an important role of brain function and dementia prevention, only a few research studies showed the effect of physical exercise on dementia and brain function. This study is to investigate about the sleep-related factors (melatonin, serotonin), dementia-related factors (BDNF, beta-amyloid, IGF-1, Irisin, GLUT) with physical exercise. This study revealed that Myokine (Irisin, IGF-1), GLUT and Melatonin is an important factors to improve or sometimes delay the symptoms of dementia through BDNF activation following endurance exercise. However, these results were controversal following the various kinds of exercise type, mode, duration and exercise intensity and so forth. Therefore, further mechanism study about exercise and dementia is urgently needed in this area.

• BMB Reports
• /
• v.56 no.7
• /
• pp.365-373
• /
• 2023

Loss of skeletal muscle mass is a primary feature of sarcopenia and cancer cachexia. In cancer patients, tumor-derived inflammatory factors promote muscle atrophy via tumor-to-muscle effects, which is closely associated with poor prognosis. During the past decade, skeletal muscle has been considered to function as an autocrine, paracrine, and endocrine organ by releasing numerous myokines. The circulating myokines can modulate pathophysiology in the other organs, as well as in the tumor microenvironment, suggesting myokines function as muscle-to-tumor signaling molecules. Here, we highlight the roles of myokines in tumorigenesis, particularly in terms of crosstalk between skeletal muscle and tumor. Better understanding of tumor-to-muscle and muscle-to-tumor effects will shed light on novel strategies for the diagnosis and treatment of cancer.

• Korean Journal of Exercise Nutrition
• /
• v.23 no.4
• /
• pp.32-35
• /
• 2019

[Purpose] Fibronectin type III domain containing 5 (FNDC5)/irisin is an exercise-induced myokine, which contributes to cognitive functions. However, the relationship between the neuroprotective effects of FNDC5/irisin and hippocampal dendritic remodeling and astrocyte-secreted factors remains unclear. Therefore, we explored whether subchronic recombinant irisin treatment affected hippocampal morphology and some astrocyte-derived molecules. [Methods] Mice were intraperitoneally injected with irisin (0.5 μg/kg/day) for seven days, followed by their sacrifice two days later. Hippocampal morphometric parameters were analyzed and pgc-1a, fndc5, bdnf, and some astrocyte-derived factors mRNA levels were measured. [Results] Dendritic length, arborization, and spine density were enhanced by irisin regimen in hippocampal CA1 and CA3 areas. Hippocampal pgc-1a, fndc5, and bdnf mRNA levels were significantly increased by irisin treatment. Moreover, hevin mRNA levels were significantly enhanced, whereas tgf-b1 levels downregulated by irisin treatment. [Conclusion] FNDC5/irisin has dendritogenic activity probably through hevin induction and TGF-β1 suppression.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.29 no.1
• /
• pp.1-15
• /
• 2016

Since the discovery of leptin secreted from adipocytes, specialized tissues and cells have been found that secrete the several peptides (or cytokines) that are characterized to negatively and positively regulate the metabolic process. Different types of adipokines, hepatokines, and myokines, which act as cytokines, are secreted from adipose, liver, and muscle tissue, respectively, and have been identified and examined for their physiological roles in humans and disease in animal models. Recently, various studies of these cytokines have been conducted in ruminants, including dairy cattle, beef cattle, sheep, and goat. Interestingly, a few cytokines from these tissues in ruminants play an important role in the post-parturition, lactation, and fattening (marbling) periods. Thus, understanding these hormones is important for improving nutritional management in dairy cows and beef cattle. However, to our knowledge, there have been no reviews of the characteristics of these cytokines in beef and dairy products in ruminants. In particular, lipid and glucose metabolism in adipose tissue, liver tissue, and muscle tissue are very important for energy storage, production, and synthesis, which are regulated by these cytokines in ruminant production. In this review, we summarize the physiological roles of adipokines, hepatokines, and myokines in ruminants. This discussion provides a foundation for understanding the role of cytokines in animal production of ruminants.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
• /
• v.20 no.4
• /
• pp.235-242
• /
• 2017

Irisin is a novel hormone like polypeptide that is cleaved and secreted by an unknown protease from fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5 (FNDC5), a membrane-spanning protein and which is highly expressed in skeletal muscle, heart, adipose tissue, and liver. Since its discovery in 2012, it has been the subject of many researches due to its potent physiological role. It is believed that understanding irisin's function may be the key to comprehend many diseases and their development. Irisin is a myokine that leads to increased energy expenditure by stimulating the 'browning' of white adipose tissue. In the first description of this hormone, increased levels of circulating irisin, which is cleaved from its precursor fibronectin type III domain-containing protein 5, were associated with improved glucose homeostasis by reducing insulin resistance. Irisin is a powerful messenger, sending the signal to determine the function of specific cells, like skeletal muscle, liver, pancreas, heart, fat and the brain. The action of irisin on different targeted tissues or organs in human being has revealed its physiological functions for promoting health or executing the regulation of variety of metabolic diseases. Numerous studies focus on the association of irisin with metabolic diseases which has gained great interest as a potential new target to combat type 2 diabetes mellitus and insulin resistance. Irisin is found to improve insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes by increasing sensitization of the insulin receptor in skeletal muscle and heart by improving hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism, promoting pancreatic ${\beta}$ cell functions, and transforming white adipose tissue to brown adipose tissue. This review is a thoughtful attempt to summarize the current knowledge of irisin and its effective role in mediating metabolic dysfunctions in insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus.