• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.73-80
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• 2000

This study was carried out to investigate the optimal mycelial growth and an artificial cultivation conditions of Pleurotus eryngii. The optimal medium for the mycelial growth and density was MYPA medium. The optimal temperature and pH for the mycelial growth were $25^{\circ}C$ and 6.0, respectively. The modified optimal medium composition were obtained to be soluble starch 3%(w/v), malt extract 0.25%(w/v), yeast extract 0.25%(w/v) and $CaCl_2{\cdot}2H_2O$ 0.05% (w/v). From the results of experiment on the nutritional requirements, the modified optimal medium was higher than MYP medium in mycelial production and growth yield (Yx/s) of Pleurotus eryngii. The optimal sawdust species of solid culture for the mycelial growth and density was Quercus spp. The optimal concentration of additives (rice bran and wheat bran) and moisture content for the mycelial growth were about 30%(v/v) and 70%(v/v), respectively. On the other hand, the optimal concentration of additives for the production of fruiting body was 20%(v/v) of rice bran.

• Mycobiology
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• v.39 no.2
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• pp.85-91
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• 2011

We investigated the effect of nutritional and environmental factors on Ophiocordyceps longissima mycelial growth. The longest colony diameter was observed on Schizophyllum (mushroom) genetics complete medium plus yeast extract, Schizophyllum (mushroom) genetics minimal medium, and Sabouraud dextrose agar (SDA); however, malt-extract yeast-extract agar, SDA plus yeast extract, yeast-extract malt-extract peptone dextrose agar, SDA, oatmeal agar, and potato dextrose agar showed higher mycelia density. A temperature of $25^{\circ}C$ was optimum and 7.0 was the optimum pH for mycelial growth. Colony diameter was similar under light and dark conditions. Maltose and yeast extract showed the highest mycelial growth among carbon and nitrogen sources respectively. The effect of mineral salts was less obvious; however, $K_3PO_4$ showed slightly better growth than that of the other mineral salts tested. Among all nutrition sources tested, complex organic nitrogen sources such as yeast extract, peptone, and tryptone were best for mycelial growth of O. longissima. Ophiocordyceps longissima composite medium, formulated by adding maltose (2% w/v), yeast extract (1% w/v), and $K_3PO_4$ (0.05% w/v) resulted in slightly longer colony diameter. In vitro mycelial O. longissima growth was sustainable and the production of fruiting bodies could be used for commercial purposes in the future.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 1983

Nutritional characteristics and conditions for mycelial yield of Pleurotus ostreatus and Auricularia auricula-judae in shaking culture were investigated. Among the sugar substances, glucose and mannitol showed the good effect for mycelial yield of P. ostreatus, and mannitol and fructose were good for the mycelial yield of A. auricula-judae. Among the various organic acids, fumaric acid were good for the mycelial yield of P. ostreatus and A. auricula-judae. Among the nitrogen sources, peptone and urea showed the good result for mycelial yield of P. ostreatus, and peptone and casamino acid were good for mycelial yield of A. auricula-judae. Among the various amino acids, asparagin and threonine showed the good result for mycelial yield of P. ostreatus, and serine and threonine were good for mycelial yield of A. auricula-judae. Among the various vitamins, folic acid and thiamine were suitable for mycelial yield of P. ostreatus, and folic acid, inositol and riboflavin were suitable for mycelial yield of A. auricula-judae. Mycelial yield of P. ostreatus and A. auricula-judae were enhanced by the addition of $MgSO_4\;and\;KH_2PO_4$ at the concentration of 0.08 and 0.2% respectively. The optimum temperature and pH for mycelial yield were from $25\;to\;30^{\circ}C$ and pH 5.5 to 6.5 in P. ostreatus, and from $25\;to\;30^{\circ}C$ and pH 6.0 to 7.0 in A. auricula-judae.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.307-314
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• 2011

Cordyceps (vegetable wasp and plant worm), an entomopathogenic fungi, has been used as a herbal medicine in Asian countries since ancient times. Cordyceps nutans is common but there is little research on this species. This study investigated the optimal culture conditions of C. nutans and the inhibitory effect on nitric oxide (NO) production in RAW 264.7 cell treated culture broth. The optimal conditions for the mycelial growth were $25^{\circ}C$ and pH 7.0-8.0. Mycelial growth was highest on mushroom complete medium (MCM), V8 juice agar (V8A), and yeast malt dextrose (YMD) medium. Mycelial growth on mushroom minimal medium (MMM) did not occur, so nutrient source was essential. Dextrose and sucrose as carbon sources, and ammonium citrate as a nitrogen source were satisfactory for mycelial growth. Cytotoxicity of C. nutans culture broth was not found in RAW 264.7 cells. C. nutans culture broth suppressed NO production of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 cell in a dose-dependent manner. Thus, our results provided the optimal conditions for cultivation of C. nutans and showed that C. nutans may have excellent physiological activities.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.301-309
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• 2011

The filamentous fungus Fusarium graminearum is an important cereal pathogen. Although quantitative realtime PCR (qRT-PCR) is commonly used to analyze the expression of important fungal genes, no detailed validation of reference genes for the normalization of qRT-PCR data has been performed in this fungus. Here, we evaluated 15 candidate genes as references, including those previously described as housekeeping genes and those selected from the whole transcriptome sequencing data. By a combination of three statistical algorithms (BestKeeper, geNorm, and NormFinder), the variation in the expression of these genes was assessed under different culture conditions that favored mycelial growth, sexual development, and trichothecene mycotoxin production. When favoring mycelial growth, GzFLO and GzUBH expression were most stable in complete medium. Both EF1A and GzRPS16 expression were relatively stable under all conditions on carrot agar, including mycelial growth and the subsequent perithecial induction stage. These two genes were also most stable during trichothecene production. For the combined data set, GzUBH and EF1A were selected as the most stable. Thus, these genes are suitable reference genes for accurate normalization of qRT-PCR data for gene expression analyses of F. graminearum and other related fungi.

• Mycobiology
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.76-81
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• 2007

Lactobacillus casei KC-324 was tested for its ability to inhibit aflatoxin production and mycelial growth of Aspergillus flavus ATCC 15517 in liquid culture. flatoxin $B_{1}$ biosynthesis and mycelial growth were inhibited in both simultaneous culture and individual antagonism assays, suggesting that the inhibitory activity was due to extracellular metabolites. produced in cell-free supernatant fluids of the cultured broth of L. casei KC-324. In cell-free supernatant fluids of all media tested, deMan, Rogosa and Sharpe broth, potato dextrose broth, and Czapek-Dox broth+1% yeast extract showed higher antiaflatoxigenic activity. In these case, fungal growths, however, was not affected as measured by mycelial dry weight. The antiaflatoxigenic metabolites from L. casei KC-324 were produced over wide range of temperatures between $25^{\circ}C$ and $37^{\circ}C$. However, these metabolites were not thermostable since the inhibitory activity of the supernatant was inactivated within 30 minutes at $100^{\circ}C$ and $121^{\circ}C$. The inhibitory activity was not influenced by changing pH of supernatant between 4 and 10. However, the antiaflatoxigenic activity was slightly reduced at pH 10.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.124-134
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• 2010

This study was performed to evaluate the efficiency of using softwood as the sawdust medium for Lentinula edodes cultivation, effect of nutrient on the mycelial growth, spawning, the mushroom yield, and quality. The nitrogen nutrition significantly enhanced the mycelial growth of L. edodes. The glutamic acid in the L. leptolepis and P. koraiensis, and asparagine in the P. densiflora were appeared to slight increase in the mycelial growth. The vegetable oil showed very effective on the mycelial growth in the P. koraiensis sawdust medium. Carbon/nitrogen ratio of all the test was reduced after mycelial growth. The mycelial growth was exclusively dependent on reduction of carbon. The mushroom yield (32.7%) of the P. densiflora sawdust medium (carbon source: 3% active carbon, nitrogen source: 0.4% asparagines) was the best in mushroom production of L. edodes, followed by the Q. variabilis sawdust (35.4%) of the control medium. The diameter of mushroom cap was obtained from the P. densiflora sawdust (carbon source: 3% sucrose, nitrogen source: 0.4% potassium nitrate) and P. koraiensis sawdust (carbon source: 3% sucrose, nitrogen source: 0.4% potassium nitrate), and the P. koraiensis sawdust (carbon source: 3% xylose, nitrogen source: 0.4% glutamic acid, supplement: 0.05% amino acid), with values 71.5 mm, 71.5 mm and 72.1 mm, respectively. In the polypropylene bag cultivation, the weight losses of the block medium gradually increased for 80 days in the dark (13.8~16.8%) and then became stable in the range of 20.7~25.8%.

• Plant Resources
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.110-117
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• 2000

The recycling method of enokitake cultural waste and the potentiality of second flush for enokitake were determined, because this fungus is not as prolific as the more commonly cultivated white rot fungi in the conversion of sawdust to mycelial mass. The mycelial growth of F. velutipes on several substrates, variously treated with rice bran was promoted at ratios of 10-20% (w/w) on all substrates, but suppressed at above ratios, although some difference was there. The mycelial densities generally increased correlated to the supplementation contents of rice bran. It could be concluded that F. velutipes preferred mild acidic to acidic conditions for mycelial growth, considering that the mycelial growth rate was highest on waste of pH 6.01, treated with 0.1 % Ca(OH)$_2$ and on populus mixed waste of pH 6.02, non treated. The ranges of substrate bulk densities, which was pertinent for mycelial linear growth were from B.D. (g/cc) 0.17 to 0.23 on waste and populus mixed waste all. The pertinent contents of rice bran supplementation in bottle cultivation was from 20 to 30% on waste and 20% on populus mixed waste, considering the requried duration for pinheading and fruiting yields. Standard bulk density for filling and utilizing the waste and populus mixed waste for commercial f. velutipes cultivation were B.D.(g/cc) 0.19 ~ 0.23, and 0.23~ 0.25, which could be conversed to 510~ 540g/900m1 and 520~ 570g/900m1, respectively, The second flush of F. velutipes was tried and the re-inoculation by sawdust and liquid spawn showed somewhat good results, indicating the potentiality of second crop and suggesting further research for it.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.96-102
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• 2018

Sparassis latifolia is one of the most expensive mushrooms in Korean market owing to its high ${\beta}$-glucan content and immunoactivity. However, because of the long cultivation period and high contamination rates, it has low production efficiency. Therefore, we first need to establish the optimum conditions for liquid spawn production to increase its production efficiency. As a result of experiments, molasses culture medium was selected for mycelial growth. Also, the optimum sugar content for molasses and amount of aeration used were approximately 8 Brix% and 0.3~0.6 vvm, respectively. Mycelial dry weight increases, while the medium decreases, as the incubation period increases. Therefore, to achieve maximum production efficiency, the incubation period of 9 to 11 days is appropriate.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.25 no.4 s.83
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• pp.268-275
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• 1997

High prices of raw materials used as media for the mushroom cultivation increased the cost of commercial production of oyster mushroom (Pleurotus ostreatus). In this study, garlic peels (Allium sativum f. pekinese) as an agricultural by-product were investigated to replace the saw dust for the bottle cultivation of oyster mushroom. Mycelial growth of oyster mushroom were examined by the extracts made from the sawdust, rice bran and garlic peels. The mycelial growth was very poor in the agar media containing the extracts of sawdust or garlic peels, but was good when those of the rice bran were added. In the polypropylene bottle experiment, the sawdust medium which ammended with minerals vitamin was essential for the production of the mushroom fruitbodies. The rice bran was considered to stimulate the mycelial growth, but not the development of basidiocarps. The garlic peel was not a factor to stimulate the production of mushroom fruitbodies, but a raw material ammended with the rice bran produced much amounts of mushroom. In this work, garlic peels ($10{\sim}70%$ v/v) added to the mixture of sawdust and rice bran (4 : 1, v/v) was considered to help the productions of mushroom fruitbodies. Based on the result, the replacement of expensive saw dust with inexpensive garlic peels was a good example to reduce production cost of the bottle cultivation of mushroom.