• Title/Summary/Keyword: Multiple-Chain

Search Result 571, Processing Time 0.039 seconds

Analysis of Financial Performance and Its Factors of Community Pharmacies in Korea: After the Introduction of the Separation of Drug Prescription and Dispensing (SPD) Policy (의약분업이후 약국 경영수지 및 관련 요인 분석)

  • Park, Hye-Kyung;Kwon, Chang-Ik;Eom, Tae-Hoon;Kim, Ye-Soon;Rho, Yeun-Sook;Jeong, Gyu-Hyeok;Lee, Eui-Kyoung
    • YAKHAK HOEJI
    • /
    • v.52 no.6
    • /
    • pp.507-513
    • /
    • 2008
  • The purpose of this study is to analyze the factors affecting financial performance of community pharmacies after the implementation of the new drug policy in Korea: separation of drug prescription and dispensing (SPD). The online survey questionnaires were sent to the active pharmacists of the total 20,633 community pharmacies in Korea and 1,147 pharmacists responded to the survey (the response rate was 5.5%). The questionnaire asked simple financial data in order to compare their financial performances before and after the policy. With the SPSS package (version 12.0), two levels of data analysis were used: 1) descriptive statistics to see the financial status of the pharmacies; and 2) multiple regression analysis to find the factors. {or A multiple regression method was used for the data analysis.} The finding illustrated that the average net benefit of the pharmacies was 4,870 thousand won in August 2006, and the major factors affecting the net benefit were the location of pharmacy (geographical proximity to medical institutions), number of prescriptions, drug management services for patients, chain pharmacy membership. The findings of this study suggest that service improvement for patients, revitalization of non-prescription drug sales, professional management will contribute to promote community based pharmacy business.

Renal Lymphoma with Mesenteric Lymphomatosis in a Cat

  • Jeon, Jin-ha;Song, Doo-won;Ro, Woong-bin;Kim, Heyong-seok;Lee, Ga-won;Cho, Jun-ho;Jeong, Woo-chang;Kim, Soo-hyeon;Sur, Jung-hyang;Park, Hee-myung
    • Journal of Veterinary Clinics
    • /
    • v.37 no.4
    • /
    • pp.208-212
    • /
    • 2020
  • A 6-year-old castrated male Russian Blue cat was presented for evaluation of dyschezia. Abdominal ultrasound revealed hyperechoic nodules in both kidneys, heterogeneous mass in abdomen, and extensive mesenteric thickening with multiple hypoechoic nodules. Computed tomography showed multiple hypodense lesions in both kidneys and diffuse nodular infiltration around the mesentery. Fine needle aspirates (FNA) acquired under ultrasound guidance from the mesentery consisted of large lymphocytes which have round to irregular nuclei with granular chromatin, prominent nucleoli and a small amount of basophilic cytoplasm. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for antigen receptor gene rearrangement result of FNA sample revealed a T-cell malignancy. The cat died from acute renal failure after 1 cycle of modified Madison-Wisconsin L-CHOP protocol. Postmortem examination revealed bilaterally enlarged lumpy-bumpy shaped kidneys. Histopathologic examination showed an infiltration of malignant lymphocytes into the renal parenchyma and mesentery. Immunohistochemical staining of the renal sample displayed a negative expression of CD3, PAX5, MUM-1, and CD79. The clinical features and prognosis of the cat with renal lymphoma with mesenteric lymphomatosis have been described in this report.

Multiple Monoclonal Antibodies Produced in a Single Transgenic Plant (형질전환 식물체에서의 복합 단일 항체 단백질 생산)

  • Ahn, Mi-Hyun;Oh, Eun-Yi;Song, Mi-Ra;Lu, Zhe;Kim, Hyun-Soon;Joung, Hyouk;Ko, Ki-Sung
    • Journal of Life Science
    • /
    • v.19 no.1
    • /
    • pp.123-128
    • /
    • 2009
  • Production of highly valuable immunotherapeutic proteins such as monoclonal antibodies and vaccines using plant biotechnology and genetic engineering has been studied as a popular research field. Plant expression system for mass production of such useful recombinant therapeutic proteins has several advantages over other existing expression systems with economical and safety issues. Immunotherapy of multiple monoclonal antibodies, which can recognize multiple targeting including specific proteins and their glycans highly expressed on the surface of cancer cells, can be an efficient treatment compared to a single targeting immunotherapy using a single antibody. In this study, we have established plant production system to express two different targeting monoclonal antibodies in a single transgenic plant through crossing fertilization between two different transgenic plants expressing anti-colorectal cancer mAbCO17-1A and anti-breast cancer mAbBR55, respectively. The F1 seedlings were obtained cross fertilization between the two transgenic parental plants. The presence, transcription, and protein expression of heavy chain (HC) and light chain (LC) genes of both mAbs in the seedlings were investigated by PCR, RT-PCR, and immunoblot analyses, respectively. Among all the seedlings, some seedlings did not carry or transcribe the HC and LC genes of both mAbs. Thus, the seedlings with presence and transcription of HC and LC genes of both mAbs were selected, and the selected seedlings were confirmed to have relatively stronger density of HC and LC protein bands compared to the transgenic plant expressing only each mAb. These results indicate that the F1 seedling plant with carrying both mAb genes was established. Taken together, plant crossing fertilization can be applied to generate an efficient production system expressing multiple monoclonal antibodies for immunotherapy in a single plant.

Development of Intelligent ATP System Using Genetic Algorithm (유전 알고리듬을 적용한 지능형 ATP 시스템 개발)

  • Kim, Tai-Young
    • Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
    • /
    • v.16 no.4
    • /
    • pp.131-145
    • /
    • 2010
  • The framework for making a coordinated decision for large-scale facilities has become an important issue in supply chain(SC) management research. The competitive business environment requires companies to continuously search for the ways to achieve high efficiency and lower operational costs. In the areas of production/distribution planning, many researchers and practitioners have developedand evaluated the deterministic models to coordinate important and interrelated logistic decisions such as capacity management, inventory allocation, and vehicle routing. They initially have investigated the various process of SC separately and later become more interested in such problems encompassing the whole SC system. The accurate quotation of ATP(Available-To-Promise) plays a very important role in enhancing customer satisfaction and fill rate maximization. The complexity for intelligent manufacturing system, which includes all the linkages among procurement, production, and distribution, makes the accurate quotation of ATP be a quite difficult job. In addition to, many researchers assumed ATP model with integer time. However, in industry practices, integer times are very rare and the model developed using integer times is therefore approximating the real system. Various alternative models for an ATP system with time lags have been developed and evaluated. In most cases, these models have assumed that the time lags are integer multiples of a unit time grid. However, integer time lags are very rare in practices, and therefore models developed using integer time lags only approximate real systems. The differences occurring by this approximation frequently result in significant accuracy degradations. To introduce the ATP model with time lags, we first introduce the dynamic production function. Hackman and Leachman's dynamic production function in initiated research directly related to the topic of this paper. They propose a modeling framework for a system with non-integer time lags and show how to apply the framework to a variety of systems including continues time series, manufacturing resource planning and critical path method. Their formulation requires no additional variables or constraints and is capable of representing real world systems more accurately. Previously, to cope with non-integer time lags, they usually model a concerned system either by rounding lags to the nearest integers or by subdividing the time grid to make the lags become integer multiples of the grid. But each approach has a critical weakness: the first approach underestimates, potentially leading to infeasibilities or overestimates lead times, potentially resulting in excessive work-inprocesses. The second approach drastically inflates the problem size. We consider an optimized ATP system with non-integer time lag in supply chain management. We focus on a worldwide headquarter, distribution centers, and manufacturing facilities are globally networked. We develop a mixed integer programming(MIP) model for ATP process, which has the definition of required data flow. The illustrative ATP module shows the proposed system is largely affected inSCM. The system we are concerned is composed of a multiple production facility with multiple products, multiple distribution centers and multiple customers. For the system, we consider an ATP scheduling and capacity allocationproblem. In this study, we proposed the model for the ATP system in SCM using the dynamic production function considering the non-integer time lags. The model is developed under the framework suitable for the non-integer lags and, therefore, is more accurate than the models we usually encounter. We developed intelligent ATP System for this model using genetic algorithm. We focus on a capacitated production planning and capacity allocation problem, develop a mixed integer programming model, and propose an efficient heuristic procedure using an evolutionary system to solve it efficiently. This method makes it possible for the population to reach the approximate solution easily. Moreover, we designed and utilized a representation scheme that allows the proposed models to represent real variables. The proposed regeneration procedures, which evaluate each infeasible chromosome, makes the solutions converge to the optimum quickly.

Human Action Recognition by Inference of Stochastic Regular Grammars (확률적 정규 문법 추론법에 의한 사람 몸동작 인식)

  • Cho, Kyung-Eun;Cho, Hyung-Je
    • Journal of KIISE:Computing Practices and Letters
    • /
    • v.7 no.3
    • /
    • pp.248-259
    • /
    • 2001
  • This paper proposes a human action recognition scheme to recognize nonverbal human communications automatically. Based on the principle that a human body action can be defined as a combination of multiple articulation movements, we use the method of inferencing stochastic grammars to understand each human actions. We measure and quantize each human action in 3D world-coordinate, and make two sets of 4-chain-code for xy and zy projection plane. Based on the fact that the neighboring information among articulations is an essential element to distinguish actions, we designed a new stochastic inference procedure to apply the neighboring information of hands. Our proposed scheme shows better recognition rate than that of other general stochastic inference procedures. ures.

  • PDF

Estimation of Interaction Effects among Nucleotide Sequence Variants in Animal Genomes

  • Lee, Chaeyoung;Kim, Younyoung
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
    • /
    • v.22 no.1
    • /
    • pp.124-130
    • /
    • 2009
  • Estimating genetic interaction effects in animal genomics would be one of the most challenging studies because the phenotypic variation for economically important traits might be largely explained by interaction effects among multiple nucleotide sequence variants under various environmental exposures. Genetic improvement of economic animals would be expected by understanding multi-locus genetic interaction effects associated with economic traits. Most analyses in animal breeding and genetics, however, have excluded the possibility of genetic interaction effects in their analytical models. This review discusses a historical estimation of the genetic interaction and difficulties in analyzing the interaction effects. Furthermore, two recently developed methods for assessing genetic interactions are introduced to animal genomics. One is the restricted partition method, as a nonparametric grouping-based approach, that iteratively utilizes grouping of genotypes with the smallest difference into a new group, and the other is the Bayesian method that draws inferences about the genetic interaction effects based on their marginal posterior distributions and attains the marginalization of the joint posterior distribution through Gibbs sampling as a Markov chain Monte Carlo. Further developing appropriate and efficient methods for assessing genetic interactions would be urgent to achieve accurate understanding of genetic architecture for complex traits of economic animals.

Quantitative Real-Time RT-PCR of ITGA7, SVEP1, TNS1, LPHN3, SEMA3G, KLB and MMP13 mRNA Expression in Breast Cancer

  • Kotepui, Manas;Thawornkuno, Charin;Chavalitshewinkoon-Petmitr, Porntip;Punyarit, Phaibul;Petmitr, Songsak
    • Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
    • /
    • v.13 no.11
    • /
    • pp.5879-5882
    • /
    • 2012
  • Breast cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths among women worldwide, including Thailand. In the present study, the differential mRNA expression of SVEP1, LPHN3, KLB, ITGA7, SEMA3G, TNS1 and MMP13 genes was examined in breast cancer using quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (QRT-PCR). Among these genes, increased LPHN3 and MMP13 mRNA expression levels correlated with axillary-node metastasis (P=0.02). Multiple logistic regression analysis revealed that LPHN3 and MMP13 mRNA expression is significantly associated with axillary node status in breast cancer (P=0.04).

A Hierarchical Model for Mobile Ad Hoc Network Performability Assessment

  • Zhang, Shuo;Huang, Ning;Sun, Xiaolei;Zhang, Yue
    • KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
    • /
    • v.10 no.8
    • /
    • pp.3602-3620
    • /
    • 2016
  • Dynamic topology is one of the main influence factors on network performability. However, it was always ignored by the traditional network performability assessment methods when analyzing large-scale mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) because of the state explosion problem. In this paper, we address this problem from the perspective of complex network. A two-layer hierarchical modeling approach is proposed for MANETs performability assessment, which can take both the dynamic topology and multi-state nodes into consideration. The lower level is described by Markov reward chains (MRC) to capture the multiple states of the nodes. The upper level is modeled as a small-world network to capture the characteristic path length based on different mobility and propagation models. The hierarchical model can promote the MRC of nodes into a state matrix of the whole network, which can avoid the state explosion in large-scale networks assessment from the perspective of complex network. Through the contrast experiments with OPNET simulation based on specific cases, the method proposed in this paper shows satisfactory performance on accuracy and efficiency.

Validation of Customized Cancer Panel for Detecting Somatic Mutations and Copy Number Alterations

  • Choi, Su-Hye;Jung, Seung-Hyun;Chung, Yeun-Jun
    • Genomics & Informatics
    • /
    • v.15 no.4
    • /
    • pp.136-141
    • /
    • 2017
  • Accurate detection of genomic alterations, especially druggable hotspot mutations in tumors, has become an essential part of precision medicine. With targeted sequencing, we can obtain deeper coverage of reads and handle data more easily with a relatively lower cost and less time than whole-exome or whole-genome sequencing. Recently, we designed a customized gene panel for targeted sequencing of major solid cancers. In this study, we aimed to validate its performance. The cancer panel targets 95 cancer-related genes. In terms of the limit of detection, more than 86% of target mutations with a mutant allele frequency (MAF) <1% can be identified, and any mutation with >3% MAF can be detected. When we applied this system for the analysis of Acrometrix Oncology Hotspot Control DNA, which contains more than 500 COSMIC mutations across 53 genes, 99% of the expected mutations were robustly detected. We also confirmed the high reproducibility of the detection of mutations in multiple independent analyses. When we explored copy number alterations (CNAs), the expected CNAs were successfully detected, and this result was confirmed by target-specific genomic quantitative polymerase chain reaction. Taken together, these results support the reliability and accuracy of our cancer panel in detecting mutations. This panel could be useful for key mutation profiling research in solid tumors and clinical translation.

Molecular Parameters for Assessing Marine Biotoxicity: Gene Expressions of Rockfish (Sebastes schlegeli) Exposed to Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons

  • Woo, Seon-Ock;Yum, Seung-Shic;Park, Hong-Seog;Jung, Jee-Hyun;Lee, Suk-Chan;Kim, So-Jung;Lee, Taek-Kyun
    • Molecular & Cellular Toxicology
    • /
    • v.3 no.4
    • /
    • pp.267-272
    • /
    • 2007
  • Environmental and anthropogenic changes affect the health and stability of marine ecosystem. In this study we aimed to identify molecular biomarkers for ecotoxicological pollutants risk assessment in the rockfish (Sebastes schlegeli). We designed primers based on conserved sequences by multiple alignments of target genes from related species, and cloned the partial cDNAs of cytochrome P450 (CYP1A1), glutathione S-transferase (GST), metallothionein (MT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), ubiquitin (UB), vitellogenin (VTG) and $\beta$-actin by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) from S. schlegeli. Northern blot results indicated that these six genes expressions were significantly induced by benzo[a]pyrene (BaP, 1 ${\mu}M$) and that the level of each of their transcripts increased in BaP-exposed rockfish in a time-dependent manner. This study suggests that transcriptional changes in these six genes may be used for monitoring environmental exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs).