• Journal of Positioning, Navigation, and Timing
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.33-41
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• 2015

Compact Network Real-Time Kinematic (RTK) is a method that combines compact RTK and network RTK, and it can effectively reduce the time and spatial de-correlation errors. A network RTK user receives multiple correction information generated from reference stations that constitute a network, calculates correction information that is appropriate for one's own position through a proper combination method, and uses the information for the estimation of the position. This combination method is classified depending on the method for modeling the GPS error elements included in correction information, and the user position accuracy is affected by the accuracy of this modeling. Among the GPS error elements included in correction information, tropospheric delay is generally eliminated using a tropospheric model, and a combination method is then applied. In the case of a tropospheric model, the estimation accuracy varies depending on the meteorological condition, and thus eliminating the tropospheric delay of correction information using a tropospheric model is limited to a certain extent. In this study, correction information modeling accuracy performances were compared focusing on the Low-Order Surface Model (LSM), which models the GPS error elements included in correction information using a low-order surface, and a modified LSM method that considers tropospheric delay characteristics depending on altitude. Both of the two methods model GPS error elements in relation to altitude, but the second method reflects the characteristics of actual tropospheric delay depending on altitude. In this study, the final residual errors of user measurements were compared and analyzed using the correction information generated by the various methods mentioned above. For the performance comparison and analysis, various GPS actual measurement data were collected. The results indicated that the modified LSM method that considers actual tropospheric characteristics showed improved performance in terms of user measurement residual error and position domain residual error.

• 제어로봇시스템학회논문지
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.443-448
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• 2014

Soft errors in memory devices that caused by radiation are the main threat from a reliability point of view. This threat can be commonly overcome with the combination of SEC (Single-Error Correction) codes and scrubbing technique. The interleaving architecture can give memory devices the ability of tolerating these soft errors, especially against multiple-bit soft errors. And the interleaving distance plays a key role in building the tolerance against multiple-bit soft errors. This paper proposes a reliability model of an interleaved memory device which suffers from multiple-bit soft errors and are protected by a combination of SEC code and scrubbing. The proposed model shows how the interleaving distance works to improve the reliability and can be used to make a decision in determining optimal scrubbing technique to meet the demands in reliability.

• 한국멀티미디어학회논문지
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.287-295
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• 2005

정보통신 단말기에서 한글을 쉽고 빠르게 입력 할 수 있는 방법을 모색하기 위해 한글 자음과 모음의 표기법 및 조합 원리를 분석하여 한글 자모 집합보다 작은 크기의 기본 자모 집합으로 한글을 입력하는 방법을 제시하였다 그 결과로 자음의 경우 기본 자음과 기능키를 이용하여 자음들을 조합하고, 모음은 8개의 기본모음으로부터 모음의 조합 원리 및 가획 원리에 의해 입력키가 할당되지 않은 모음을 조합하는 방식을 제안하였다. 특히, 유사 자소간의 에러 발생시에 지움 버튼을 사용하는 불편함을 해소하기 위해 자소간의 전환이 가능한 오류 수정 방식을 도입하였을 뿐만 아니라, 사용자가 입력 방식에 쉽게 익숙해질 수 있도록 입력방식을 다양화함으로써 사용자 편의 성 을 추구하였다 기존의 천지인, 나랏글 방식과 비교했을 때 사용자 편의성과 입력의 신속성, 에러 수정의 용이성 측면에서 매우 효율적임을 확인하였다.

• International Journal of Aeronautical and Space Sciences
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.75-82
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• 2009

In this parer, we propose a new way of improving DGNSS service using combination of multiple SBAS information. Because SBAS uses Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO) satellites, it has very large coverage but it can be unavailable in urban canyon because of visibility problem. R. Chen solved this problem by creating Virtual Reference Stations (VRS) using the SBAS signal [1]. VRS converts SBAS signal to RTCM signals corresponding its location, and broadcast the converted RTCM signals over the wireless internet. This method can solve the visibility problem cost effectively. Furthermore it can solve DGNSS coverage problem by creating just a transmitter instead of a reference station. Developing above method, this paper proposes the methods that integrate two or more SEAS signals into one RTCM signal and broadcast it. In Korea, MSAS signal is available even though it is not officially certified for Korean users. As a Korean own SBAS-like system, there is the internet-based KWTB (Korean WADGPS Test Bed) which we developed and released at ION GNSS 2006. As a result, virtually two different SBAS corrections are available in Korea. In this paper, we propose the integration methods for these two independent SBAS corrections and present the test results using the actual measurements from the two systems. We present the detailed algorithm for these two methods and analyze the features and performances of them. To verify the proposed methods, we conduct the experiment using the logged SBAS corrections from the two systems and the RINEX data logged at Dokdo monitoring station in Korea. The preliminary test results showed the improved performance compared to the results from two independent systems, which shows the potential of our proposed methods. In the future, the newly developed SBASs will be available and the places which can access the multiple SBAS signals will increase. At that time, the integration or combination methods of two or more SBASs will become more important. Our proposed methods can be one of the useful solutions for that. As an additional research, we need to extend this research to the system level integration such as the concept of the decentralized W ADGPS.

• Journal of Positioning, Navigation, and Timing
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• 제7권4호
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• pp.245-253
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• 2018

The current SBAS service does not provide a method to integrate multiple SBAS corrections. This paper proposes a positioning method to effectively integrate multiple SBAS and multiple GNSS. In the method, the final position is obtained by the weighted sum of the positions obtained from the combination of GNSS and SBAS. Since each position is independently computed and combined using flexible weights, it has a simple structure that can easily cope with various environments. In order to verify the operation and performance of the proposed method, raw measurements of GNSS and SBAS were collected using commercial receivers. The experiments using real signals show that the combined use of two SBAS corrections was more accurate by 0.05~0.4m(2dRMS) than using only one SBAS correction. To improve the position accuracy, this paper considered the integration of multi-GNSS and multi-SBAS, which was not found in other existing studies. The proposed method is expected to be a core technology for designing multi-GNSS navigation receivers considering multi-SBAS corrections. The importance of the method will be increased as KPS and KASS also available in near future.

• 한국항행학회논문지
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• 제15권5호
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• pp.705-713
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• 2011

본 논문에서는 Network RTK 보정정보 생성 프로세스에서 핵심 process인 기준국간 미지정수 결정을 위해 Hatch filter를 이용한 방법과 L1/L2 측정치 조합을 활용하는 방법에 대해 소개하고 시뮬레이션 데이터 및 실측 데이터를 활용하여 그 성능을 비교 및 검증하였다. 각각의 방법에 대해 수식 전개를 수행하였으며, 사용자 성능 검증을 위해서 다중 기준국 네트워크에 대해 생성한 보정정보와 사용자 위치에서 생성한 보정정보의 차이값을 비교하였다. 각각의 기준국간 미지정수 결정 방법을 실측 데이터에 적용하여 사용자 성능을 예측한 결과, Hatch filter를 사용한 경우에는 단일 기준국 RTK 기반의 방법에 비해 다중 기준국 네트워크에서 생성된 보정정보를 사용하는 것이 사용자 성능을 크게 향상시키는 결과를 확인하였다. 그러나 사용자의 미지정수에 영향은 없으나, 상당한 크기의 바이어스 오차가 포함되는 것을 확인하였고 그 원인에 대해 분석하였다. L1/L2 측정치 조합을 이용한 경우, Hatch filter를 사용한 방법에 비해 사용자에 발생하는 오차의 크기가 훨씬 감소하였으며 잔차의 경향성도 훨씬 감소한 것을 확인하였다.

• 한국소성가공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국소성가공학회 1997년도 춘계학술대회논문집
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• pp.50-54
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• 1997

An expert drawbead model is developed to model a cranky drawbead in the finite element analysis of stamping processes. The expert model calculates the drawbead restraining forces (DBRF's) and bead-exit thinning, which are boundary conditions. DBRF's are calculated by considering bending force, unbending force, and friction force in order. Bead-exit thinning are due to the bending and tension during the deformation. The DBFR's and thinning computed form the mathematical model for the basic beads are compared with measurements and correction factors compensating for the differences are found using the multiple linear regression method. The composition beads are assumed to be a combination of basic beads so that the DBRF's and bead-exit thinning are computed to the sum of those of basic beads.

• 한국수자원학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국수자원학회 2010년도 학술발표회
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• pp.268-272
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• 2010

The research presented here represents a collaborative effort with the SFWMD on developing scenarios for future climate for the SFWMD area. The project focuses on developing methodology for simulating precipitation representing both natural quasi-oscillatory modes of variability in these climate variables and also the secular trends projected by the IPCC scenarios that are publicly available. This study specifically provides the results for precipitation modeling. The starting point for the modeling was the work of Tebaldi et al that is considered one of the benchmarks for bias correction and model combination in this context. This model was extended in the framework of a Hierarchical Bayesian Model (HBM) to formally and simultaneously consider biases between the models and observations over the historical period and trends in the observations and models out to the end of the 21st century in line with the different ensemble model simulations from the IPCC scenarios. The low frequency variability is modeled using the previously developed Wavelet Autoregressive Model (WARM), with a correction to preserve the variance associated with the full series from the HBM projections. The assumption here is that there is no useful information in the IPCC models as to the change in the low frequency variability of the regional, seasonal precipitation. This assumption is based on a preliminary analysis of these models historical and future output. Thus, preserving the low frequency structure from the historical series into the future emerges as a pragmatic goal. We find that there are significant biases between the observations and the base case scenarios for precipitation. The biases vary across models, and are shrunk using posterior maximum likelihood to allow some models to depart from the central tendency while allowing others to cluster and reduce biases by averaging. The projected changes in the future precipitation are small compared to the bias between model base run and observations and also relative to the inter-annual and decadal variability in the precipitation.

• Journal of the korean society of oceanography
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.163-170
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• 1997

Some CMP gathers acquired from shallow marine seismic reflection survey in offshore Korea do not show the hyperbolic trend of moveout. It originated from so-called swell effect of source and streamer, which are towed under rough sea surface during the data acquisition. The observed time deviations of NMO-corrected traces can be entirely ascribed to the swell effect. To correct these time deviations, a residual statics is introduced using Genetic Algorithms (GA) into the swell correction. A new class of global optimization methods known as GA has recently been developed in the field of Artificial Intelligence and has a resemblance with the genetic evolution of biological systems. The basic idea in using GA as an optimization method is to represent a population of possible solutions or models in a chromosome-type encoding and manipulate these encoded models through simulated reproduction, crossover and mutation. GA parameters used in this paper are as follows: population size Q=40, probability of multiple-point crossover P$_c$=0.6, linear relationship of mutation probability P$_m$ from 0.002 to 0.004, and gray code representation are adopted. The number of the model participating in tournament selection (nt) is 3, and the number of expected copies desired for the best population member in the scaling of fitness is 1.5. With above parameters, an optimization run was iterated for 101 generations. The combination of above parameters are found to be optimal for the convergence of the algorithm. The resulting reflection events in every NMO-corrected CMP gather show good alignment and enhanced quality stack section.

• Spatial Information Research
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.111-121
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• 2007

GPS의 3차원 위치결정은 코드파와 반송파를 이용한다. 하지만 이동체에 대한 cm 수준의 정확도를 획득하기 위해서는 정확한 기지점의 성과를 이용한 GPS 반송파 상대측위, 즉 RTK-GPS 기법을 수행하여야 한다. 이 때 두 대의 수신기 사이의 거리가 증가할수록 기선장에 따른 오차가 증가하여 기준국과 사용자 수신기의 거리를 $10{\sim}20km$ 정도로 제한하고 있다. 따라서 사용자는 깊은 내륙, 연안 해역 등과 같은 기준국과 이동체의 이격이 수십 km로 증대되는 지역에서는 기준국 설치의 문제를 포함하고 있으며 독자적인 기준국을 설치하여야 하는 인력 및 장비의 부담을 가지게 된다. 이를 극복하기 위해 본 연구에서는 네트워크 기반의 GPS 반송파 상대측위 방식을 제안하였으며 GPS 네트워크 처리 프로그램인 DAUNet을 개발하였다. 기선장에 따른 오차보정량 산출을 위해 선형보간알고리즘 방식에 기반한 함수모델과 통계모델을 제시하였으며, 오차보정량의 보간은 면보정매개변수 방식을 제안하였다. 기존 단일기준국 방식은 기선장에 따른 오차를 소거하지 못하였지만 본 연구에서는 사용자 수신기와 평균 30km 떨어진 3대의 기준국을 이용하여 기선장에 따른 오차보정량을 소거 혹은 감소시킬 수 있었다. 따라서 사용자는 네트워크 기반의 GPS 반송파 상대측위 방식을 이용하여 이동체에 대한 10cm 이하 수준의 정확도를 획득할 수 있었다.