• 대한기계학회논문집A
• /
• 제41권6호
• /
• pp.455-467
• /
• 2017

본 논문에서는 원통형 다층 이종 금속 용접부를 대상으로 유한요소 해석을 수행하여, 열원 입력 방법과 용접 비드 생성 방법이 용접 잔류 응력 분포에 미치는 영향을 고려하였다. 열원 입력 방법은 열속 입력 방법과 온도 경계조건 입력 방법으로 나누어 비교하였고, 용접 비드 생성 방법은 요소망 생성 방법과 평온 요소망 방법으로 나누어 비교하였다. 두 열원 입력 방법에 따른 열 해석 결과는 차이가 있었으나, 응력 해석 결과는 유사하였다. 이것은 고온(약 $1000^{\circ}C$ 이상)에 노출되었던 영역이 비슷하고, 고온에서 재료의 강도가 매우 낮아 용접 비드의 온도가 용접잔류응력에 미치는 영향이 미미하기 때문이다. 두 용접 비드 생성 방법의 용접 잔류응력 분포는 유사하였지만 요소망 생성 방법 적용 시 용접 비드 경계에서 겹침과 들뜸이 발생하였다. 대변형이 발생하는 모델의 용접부 형상을 정확하게 모사하기 위해서는 평온요소망이 더 적합하다고 판단된다.

• Journal of Welding and Joining
• /
• 제27권4호
• /
• pp.54-59
• /
• 2009

In the process to manufacture for metallic structures, control of welding deformation is one of an important problems connected with reliability of the manufactured structures so that welding deformation should be measured and controlled with quickly and actively. Also, welding parameters which have as lot of effects on welding deformation such as arc voltage, welding current and welding speed can also be controlled. The objectives for this study were to develop a simple 2-D FEM to calculate not only the transient thermal histories but also the sizes of fusion and heat-affected zone (HAZ) in multi pass arc welds including the butt and fillet weld type with dissimilar thickness, and to concentrate on a developed model for the finding the parameters of Godak's moving heat source model based on a GA. The developed model includes a GA program using MATLB and GA toolbox, and a batch mode thermal model using ANSYS software. Not only the thermal model was verified by comparison with Goldak's work but also the developed model was validated with molten zone section experimental data.

• 한국안전학회지
• /
• 제27권3호
• /
• pp.15-19
• /
• 2012

The fatigue behavior of AM60 magnesium alloy produced by equal channel angular pressing(ECAP) process was investigated through fatigue lifetime and fatigue crack propagation rate tests. The grain structure of the material was refined from 19.2 ${\mu}m$ to 2.3 ${\mu}m$ after 6 passes of ECAP at 493 K. The yield strength(YS) and ultimate tensile strength (UTS) increase after two passes but decrease with further pressing, although the grain size becomes finer with increasing pass number. The softening effect due to texture anisotropy overwhelmed the strengthening effect due to grain refinement after 2 passes. A large enhancement in fatigue strength was achieved after two ECAP passes. The current finding suggests that two passed material is better than the multi-passed material in view of the static strength and fatigue performance.

• 한국재료학회지
• /
• 제30권5호
• /
• pp.246-251
• /
• 2020

The annealing characteristics of cold-rolled Al-6.5Mg-1.5Zn-0.5Fe-0.5Mn alloy, newly designed as an automobile material, are investigated in detail, and compared with those of other aluminum alloys. Using multi-pass rolling at room temperature, the ingot aluminum alloy is cut to a thickness of 4 mm, width of 30 mm, and length of 100 mm to reduce the thickness to 1 mm (r = 75 %). Annealing after rolling is performed at various temperatures ranging from 200 to 500 ℃ for 1 hour. The specimens annealed at temperatures up to 300 ℃ show a deformation structure; however, from 350 ℃ they have a recrystallization structure consisting of almost equiaxed grains. The hardness distribution in the thickness direction of the annealed specimens is homogeneous at all annealing temperatures, and their average hardness decreases with increasing annealing temperature. The tensile strength of the as-rolled specimen shows a high value of 496 MPa; however, this value decreases with increasing annealing temperature and becomes 338 MPa after annealing at 400 ℃. These mechanical properties of the specimens are compared with those of other aluminum alloys, including commercial 5xxx system alloys.

• 한국해양공학회지
• /
• 제25권6호
• /
• pp.66-71
• /
• 2011

Recently, the production of shipbuilding and offshore plant industries, with a trend toward large structures, has led to an increased use of high strength ultra-thick plates. The use of ultra-thick plates increases the welding tasks, and the welding process generates distortion and residual stress in the weldment because of the rapid heating and cooling. Welding distortion and residual stress in the welded structure resulte in many troubles such as deformation and life deterioration. In particular, the welding residual stress has an important effect on welding deformation, fatigue, buckling strength, brittleness, etc. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the residual stress at a multi-pass weldment using an experimental method for EH36 high-tension steel. In this experimental method, AIS3000 was used to measure the residual stress of a welded part, HAZ, and base metal; EPMA and XRD were used to study the material properties.

• 한국재료학회지
• /
• 제33권11호
• /
• pp.439-446
• /
• 2023

Changes in the microstructure and mechanical properties of as-roll-bonded AA6061/AA5052/AA1050 three-layered sheet with increasing annealing temperature were investigated in detail. The commercial AA6061, AA5052 and AA1050 sheets with 2 mm thickness were roll-bonded by multi-pass rolling at ambient temperature. The roll-bonded Al sheets were then annealed for 1 h at various temperatures from 200 to 400 ℃. The specimens annealed up to 250 ℃ showed a typical deformation structure where the grains are elongated in the rolling direction in all regions. However, after annealing at 300 ℃, while AA6061 and AA1050 regions still retained the deformation structure, but AA5052 region changed into complete recrystallization. For all the annealed materials, the fraction of high angle grain boundaries was lower than that of low angle grain boundaries. In addition, while the rolling texture of the {110}<112> and {123}<634> components strongly developed in the AA6061 and AA1050 regions, in the AA5052 region the recrystallization texture of the {100}<001> component developed. After annealing at 350 ℃ the recrystallization texture developed in all regions. The as-rolled material exhibited a relatively high tensile strength of 282 MPa and elongation of 18 %. However, the tensile strength decreased and the elongation increased gradually with the increase in annealing temperature. The changes in mechanical properties with increasing annealing temperature were compared with those of other three-layered Al sheets fabricated in previous studies.

• 한국군사과학기술학회지
• /
• 제22권4호
• /
• pp.492-500
• /
• 2019

Equal channel angular pressing(ECAP) is a severe plastic deformation technique capable of introducing large shear strain in bulk metal materials. However, if an ECAPed material has an inhomogeneous microstructure and anisotropic mechanical properties, this material is difficult to apply as structural components subjected to multi-axial stress during use. In this study, extruded oxygen-free copper(OFC) rods with a large diameter of 42 mm are extruded through ECAP by route Bc up to 12 passes. The variations in the microstructure, hardness, tensile properties, and microstructural and mechanical homogeneity of the ECAPed samples are systematically analyzed. High-strength OFC rods with a homogeneous and equiaxed-ultrafine grain structure are obtained by the repeated application of ECAP up to 8 and 12 passes. ECAPed samples with 4 and 8 passes exhibit much smaller differences in terms of the average grain sizes on the cross-sectional area and the tensile strengths along the axial and circumferential directions, as compared to the samples with 1 and 2 passes. Therefore, it is considered that the OFC materials, which are fabricated via the ECAP process with pass numbers of a multiple of 4, are suitable to be applied as high-strength structural parts used under multi-axial stress conditions.

• 대한기계학회논문집A
• /
• 제34권10호
• /
• pp.1479-1485
• /
• 2010

최근 와이어의 생산성 및 고강도화를 위한 고탄소강의 고속신선으로 인해 와이어 표면의 급격한 온도상승으로 잔류응력이 크게 증가하는 문제점이 발생되고 있다. 와이어의 다단 신선 공정시에는 소성변형과 마찰열에 의하여 와이어 내부의 온도가 더욱 크게 상승하게 된다. 특히, 고속 신선의 경우 마찰에 의한 온도구배가 더욱 크게 되어 와이어 표면층에 축방향 인장 잔류응력을 과도하게 발생시킨다. 따라서, 본 연구에서는 먼저 표면 온도 상승과 축방향 잔류응력과의 관계를 규명한 다음에 와이어의 평형온도 예측 모델을 제안하고, 이를 토대로 표면 온도 상승에 의한 축방향 잔류응력 예측식을 개발하였다. 고탄소강(0.82%C)소재의 다단신선 실험을 통해 얻어진 시편에 대하여 X 선 회절을 이용하여 잔류응력을 측정하여 제안된 예측식을 검증하였다.

• 한국소성가공학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국소성가공학회 2004년도 제5회 압연심포지엄 신 시장 개척을 위한 압연기술
• /
• pp.307-316
• /
• 2004

This study examined the cause of the wrinkle defect which is frequently encountered in wire rod rolling of low carbon steel$(C0.08\~0.13wt.\%)$. Even a small defect on the surface of rolled bars can easily develop into fatal cracks during cold heading process of low carbon steel, and it is therefore necessary to minimize inherent defects on the surface of hot rolled bars. Hot rolling process of low carbon steel was analyzed to identify the cause of the wrinkle defect in conjunction with FE analysis. The integrated analysis revealed that the wrinkle defect initiated in the first stage of rolling, and it was at the billet edge where severe deformation and drastic temperature drop were present. To elucidate the micro-mechanical mechanism of the wrinkle defect, hot compression tests were carried out at various temperatures and strain rates using Gleeble-3800. The surface profile of the each other compressed specimens was compared, and rough surface lines were observed at relatively low temperatures. Those surface defects can develop into wrinkles during multi-pass rolling. To control the wrinkle defect in rolling, it is necessary to design an adequate caliber which can minimize the loss of ductility, and thereby prevent flow localization. To use the result of this study fur other steels, the quantitative measure of the wrinkle defect and flow localization parameter should be proposed.

• 한국재료학회지
• /
• 제29권6호
• /
• pp.392-397
• /
• 2019

A cold roll-bonding process is applied to fabricate an AA6061/AA5052/AA6061 three-layer clad sheet. Two AA6061 and one AA5052 sheets of 2 mm thickness, 40 mm width, and 300 mm length are stacked, with the AA5052 sheet located in the center. After surface treatment such as degreasing and wire brushing, sample is reduced to a thickness of 1.5 mm by multi-pass cold rolling. The rolling is performed at ambient temperature without lubricant using a 2-high mill with a roll diameter of 400 mm at rolling speed of 6.0 m/sec. The roll bonded AA6061/AA5052/AA6061 complex sheet is then hardened by natural aging(T4) and artificial aging(T6) treatments. The microstructures of the as-roll bonded and age-hardened Al complex sheets are revealed by optical microscopy; the mechanical properties are investigated by tensile testing and hardness testing. After rolling, the roll-bonded AA6061/AA5052/AA6061 sheets show a typical deformation structure in which grains are elongated in the rolling direction. However, after T4 and T6 aging treatment, there is a recrystallization structure consisting of coarse equiaxed grains in both AA5052 and AA6061 sheets. The as roll-bonded specimen shows a sandwich structure in which an AA5052 sheet is inserted into two AA6061 sheets with higher hardness. However, after T4 and T6 aging treatment, there is a different sandwich structure in which the hardness of the upper and lower layers of the AA6061 sheets is higher than that of the center of the AA5052 sheet. The strength values of the T4 and T6 age-treated specimens are found to increase by 1.3 and 1.4 times, respectively, compared to that value of the starting material.