• Molecules and Cells
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• v.38 no.11
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• pp.982-990
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• 2015

Exposure of the skin to ultraviolet radiation can cause skin damage with various pathological changes including inflammation. In the present study, we identified the skin-protective activity of 1,2,3,4,6-penta-O-galloyl-${\beta}$-D-glucose (pentagalloyl glucose, PGG) in ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation-induced human dermal fibroblasts and mouse skin. PGG exhibited antioxidant activity with regard to intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation as well as ROS and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) scavenging. Furthermore, PGG exhibited anti-inflammatory activity, inhibiting the activation of nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-${\kappa}B$) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling, resulting in inhibition of the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators. Topical application of PGG followed by chronic exposure to UVB radiation in the dorsal skin of hairless mice resulted in a significant decrease in the progression of inflammatory skin damages, leading to inhibited activation of NF-${\kappa}B$ signaling and expression of pro-inflammatory mediators. The present study demonstrated that PGG protected from skin damage induced by UVB radiation, and thus, may be a potential candidate for the prevention of environmental stimuli-induced inflammatory skin damage.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.39-66
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• 2015

Objectives The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of Sesamum indicum extracted (SEI) on atopic dermatitis in an in-vitro and in-vivo experiment using a MC/9 murine mast cells and a NC/Nga mouse. Methods In-vitro experiment, IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-13, TNF-${\alpha}$ and GM-CSF mRNA expression were evaluated by Real-time PCR, IL-13, MIP-$1{\alpha}$ production by ELISA and manifestations of NFAT-1, NFAT-2, c-jun, c-fos, NF-${\kappa}B$ p65 transcription factors by western blotting. In-vivo experiment, we measured WBC, Eosinophil, Neutrophil, and serum IL-5, IL-13 in NC/Nga atopic dermatitis mouse, IL-5, IL-13, IFN-${\gamma}$, IL-4 in the spleenocyte culture supernatant by ELISA, the absolute cell numbers of CD4+, CD8+, +Gr-1+CD11b, B220+CD23+ in the axillary lymph node (ALN), peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and dorsal skin tissue, IL-5, IL-13 by Real-time PCR, the distribution of tissue inflammation and cellular infiltration by H&E and toluidine blue. Results SEI decreased IL-4, IL-5, IL-6, IL-13, GM-CSF, TNF-${\alpha}$ mRNA expression, IL-13, MIP-$1{\alpha}$ production and the expression of transcription factors including NFAT-1, c-jun, NF-${\kappa}B$ p65 in MC/9 murine mast cells. SEI orally administration decreased cell number of WBC, Eosinophil, the level of serum IgE, total cell number of ALN and dorsal skin tissue, absolute cell number of CD4+, CD8+, B220+CD23+ in the ALN. SEI orally administration also increased absolute cell number of CD8+/CD3+ and decreased Gr-1+/CD11b+ in PBMCs, decreased CD4+ in dorsal skin tissue, inhibited IL-5, IL-13 mRNA expression. Infiltration levels of inflammatory immune cells, mast cells and thickness of epidermis decreased in dorsal skin tissue. Conclusions SEI can regulate allergic inflammatory response suppressed the gene expression and production of cytokines that mediate allergic reactions, and will be able to be effectively utilized in the treatment of atopic dermatitis future.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.42 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2009

The toxicity of two species of puffer fish, Takifugu poecilonotus (Heuinjeombok) and T. vermicularis (Gukmaeribok) collected from the coastal regions of Korea was determined using a mouse bioassay. In the T. poecilonotus collected in Jeju and Tongyeong, the proportion of toxic specimens containing ${\ge}10$ mouse units (MU) per gram exceeded 95% for the skin, liver, ovary, and fin, and approximately 30% for the testis and muscles. In each of the organs, the highest toxin levels were 79 MU/g in the muscle, hundreds (158-365) of MU per gram in the fin, intestine, testis, and gallbladder, but thousands (1,147-2,406) of MU per gram in the skin, liver, and ovary. In T. vermicularis collected from Incheon and Gunsan, the proportions of toxic specimens were 100% for the gallbladder, and 56-68% for the skin, fin, liver, and intestine however, no toxic muscle specimens were noted. The highest toxin scores were below 10 mouse units (MU) per gram in the muscle, 20-94 MU/g in the skin and fin, 319 MU/g in the intestine, and thousands (1,548-4,624) of MU per gram in the liver, gonad, and gallbladder. The toxicity in the muscle of T. vermicularis was deemed acceptable for human consumption, whereas the toxicities in the muscle of T. poecilonotus and the skin of both species of puffer fish were significantly high, such that special attention may be required when the fish is intended for human consumption.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.99-106
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• 2005

Skin is continously exposed to ultraviolet (UV) radiation, the major cause of skin disorders including skin aging. Chlorophylls were well known as photosensitizer initiating subsequent chemical reactions such as photooxidative deterioration of cellular structures. This experiment was designed to elucidate the effects of $\beta$-carotene and ascorbic acid with chlorophylls on UVB-induced photooxidation in linoleic acid emulsion model system and skin homogenate of ICR mouse. In linoleic acid emulsion model system, the addition of chlorophyll and $\beta$-carotene accelerated the photooxidation, while high concentration of ascorbic acid prevented. The combination of chlorophylls, $\beta$-carotene and ascorbic acid, which concentrations are simplified from mustard leaf kimchi, prevented UVB-induced photooxidation. Although single treatment of $\beta$-caretene accelerated photooxidaiton, $\beta$-caretene acted as antioxidant in the combination with ascorbic acid. Similarly the addition of individual chlorophylls and $\beta$-carotene accelerated the UVB-induced photooxidation in skin homogenate of ICR mouse. 50 ppm of ascorbic acid did not show the any preventive effect, however 500 ppm of ascorbic acid effectively prevented the oxidation. Photooxidation was prevented in the combination of chlorophylls and $\beta$-carotene with 500 ppm of ascorbic acid and concentration rate of ascorbic acid plays an important role in the prevention of UVB-induced photooxidation.

• The Journal of Pediatrics of Korean Medicine
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.29-59
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• 2016

Objectives PRAL (Prunus armeniaca Linne Var) has been known to suppress allergic reaction. However, the cellular target and its mechanism of action were unclear. This study was designed to investigate the effect of PRAL on RBL-2H3 mast cell, which is PMA-Ionomycin-induced activated in vitro and the effect of PRAL on the MNC/Nga mice that are DNCB-induced activated in vivo. Methods In this study, IL-4, IL-13 production were examined by ELISA analysis; IL-4, IL-13, IL-31, IL-31Ra, $TNF-{\alpha}$ and GM-CSF mRNA expression were examined by Real-time PCR; manifestations of AP-1 and MAPKs transcription factors were examined by western blotting in vitro. Then skin rashes have been evaluated and verified the distribution of mast cells by H&E and toluidine blue. Also, WBC, eosinophil and neutrophil, IgE level in serum, $IFN-{\gamma}$, IL-4, IL-5 in the splenocyte culture supernatant, the absolute cell numbers of $CD4^+$, $CD8^+$, $Gr-1^+CD11b^+$, $B220^+CD23^+$, $CD3^+CD69^+$ in the Axillary Lymph Node (ALN), PBMCs and dorsal skin and IL-5, IL-13, IL-31, IL-31Ra in the dorsal skin by Real-time PCR were all evaluated from the NC/BNga mice. Results As a result of this study, the mRNA expression of IL-4, IL-13, IL-31, IL-31Ra and $TNF-{\alpha}$ and IL-4, IL-13 production, shown in ELISA analysis, were suppressed by PRAL. Results from the western blot analysis showed decrease on the expression of mast-cell-specific transcription factors, including AP-1 and p-JNK, p-ERK. Histological examination showed that infiltration levels of immune cells in the skin of the AD-induced NC/Nga mice were improved by PRAL orally adminstration. Orally- administered PRAL group also showred decreased level of IgE in the serum. This group has shown decreased the level of IL-4, IL-5, but shown elevated $IFN-{\gamma}$ level in the splenocyte culture supernatant. The same group also has shown decreased cell numbers of $CD4^+$, $CD8^+$, $CD3^+CD69^+$ in the ALN, and $CD4^+$, $Gr-1^+CD11b^+$ in the dorsal skin. PRAL oral adminstration increased cell numbers of $CD4^+$, but decreased cell numbers of $CD8^+$, $Gr-1^+CD11b^+$, $B220^+CD23^+$ in the PBMCs. Conclusions Obtained results suggest that PRAL can regulate molecular mediators and immune cells that are functionally associated with atopic dermatitis (AD) induced in the NC/Nga mice. This may play an important role in recovering AD symptoms and suppressing pruritus.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.167-172
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• 2008

We compared the clinical efficacy of LED therapy using 880 nm and 630 nm LED to test collagen accumulations in subcutaneous tissue of mouse after LED irradiation by measuring the quantity of collagen. 880 nm and 630 nm LED was irradiated on the back of ICR mouse given at $10.8J/cm^2$ followed for 30 minutes everyday for 5 weeks. Histological observation was performed by Hematoxylin & Eosin staining and Masson's Trichrome collagen staining. We also used Sircol soluble collagen assay kit for measuring the amounts of collagen in the mouse skin tissue after 1, 3, and 5 weeks post LED irradiation, respectively. Collagen generation was found at subcutaneous tissue, and the quantity of collagen in 880 nm LED group had grown more than that of 630 nm LED group at 5 weeks follow-up later. About 75% more efficacies for collagen generation were found in the group of 5th week of 880nm LED irradiation. The efficacy of 880nm LED could be more useful than 630 nm LED for synthesizing collagens in mouse subcutaneous tissue as time followed.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.329-332
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• 2005

HPMC-based novel gel formulations for the transdermal delivery of testosterone (TS) were developed, and the effect of various skin permeation enhancers was studied in vitro and in vivo. In vitro hairless mouse skin permeation of TS from the gel was investigated using Keshary-Chien diffusion cells for 8 hours at $37^{\circ}C$. In vivo plasma concentration profiles of TS after applying the gel on the abdominal skin of rat were determined using a commercial radioimmunoassay kit. Hairless mouse skin permeation of TS increased with the addition of permeation enhancers both in vitro and in vivo. Combination of diethanolamine (2%) and N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP, 6%) was the most effective among tested. Plasma concentration of TS significantly increased for at least 24 hours with the addition of diethanolamine and NMP. These results suggest the feasibility of the development of a HPMC-based gel formulation for the transdermal delivery of TS.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.317-323
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• 2009

Chronic exposure of solar ultraviolet (UV) light to human skin results in photoaging with wrinkle formation. This study was performed to investigate anti-wrinkle effects of Lindera obtusiloba extract (LO) on UVB-induced wrinkle formation. We first measured cell proliferation and type I pN collagen synthesis activities in normal human dermal fibroblasts. Cell proliferation and type I pN collagen synthesis were increased by 33.8 % and 91.8 %, respectively, compared with no treatment control. SKH-1 hairless mice were topically applied 5 % LO solution for 10 weeks with UVB irradiation three times a week. After 10 weeks, a visual assessment and replica assay were performed on each mouse. According to visual assessment of close-up photos and skin replica, application of 5 % LO solution inhibited UV-induced wrinkle formation in mouse skin as compared to the vehicle-applied control mice. These results indicated that LO could protect skin wrinkle formation caused by chronic photo-irradiation in hairless mice.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.48 no.6
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• pp.700-703
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• 2010

In this study, plant extracts including Eucommia ulmoides Oliv. and Phellodendron amurense were studied to test possible application for cosmetics and skin related medicine. Anti-oxidation effect of plant extracts was measured by DPPH free radical scavenging activity and it was insignificant at low concentration, however, it was as good as vitamin C, excellent anti-oxidation agent, at $1000{\mu}g/ml$. Anti-bacterial effect was tested by disc diffusion method, and plant extracts showed mild anti-bacterial effect for normal skin flora, Staphylococcus epidermidis while it indicated strong anti-bacterial effect for acne inducing Propionibacterium acne. Therefore it had powerful potential for anti-acne material because of selectivity. Anti-atopic dermatitis effect was tested by hairless mouse and plant extracts recovered damaged skin to near normal condition after 14 days of treatment. IgE concentration in treated mouse was decreased 16% compared with control. From the research, plant extracts indicated strong anti-acne and anti-atopic dermatitis effect, and showed strong potential for cosmetics and skin related medicine.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.115-123
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• 2004

Geniposide and its related iridoid compounds have been used in traditional herbal medicine for thε treatment of Jaundice hepatic diseases and various inflammatorys. For the purpose to increase trandsdermal absorption, the hydrolyzed products of Gardeniae Furctus were identified and assayed of active ingredients and investigated trandsdermal absorption and anti-inflammatory effects. Geniposide was hydrolyzed to genipin by ${\beta}-glucosidase$ and it was suggested that genipin was more suitable form than geniposide for transdermal absorption by its lipophilic property. Using Franz type diffusion cell and the skin of hairless mouse, the permeation rate of hydrolyzed products and their emulsion preparation were determined. Genipin have more increased absorption ratio through the skin of hairless mouse than geniposide. Also, the emulsion of hydrolyzed products of extracts showed higher permeability than that of nonhydrolyzed preparations. After 9 hours $280.85\;{\mu}g/cm^2$ of genipin was absorbed and $193.52\;{\mu}g/cm^2$ in case of geniposide. The Js of geniposide and genipin were $26.27{\pm}4.11\;{\mu}g/cm^2/hr$ and $40.35{\pm}5.04\;{\mu}g/cm^2/hr$ respectively. After carrageenan injection, the swelling was increased repidly to 24 hr and maintained as plateau. but emulsion group weer reached about 2.5 mL and the swelling decreased successively form 24 hr to 72 hr. The anti-inflammation effects of extracts and hydrolyzed products emulsion were increased with significant difference with control group after 24 hr, 48 hr and 72 hr. In carrageenan induced edema, inhibition of swelling was increased in case of hydrolyzed product emulsion compare with nonhydrolyzed group at 24 hr, 48 hr and 72 hr after swelling. In histological study, the anti-inflammatory effects of hydrolyzed products were remarkable at 48 hr and 72 hr compare with nonhydrolyzed. Hydrolyzed products of Gardeniae Fructus extracts containing genipin would be a suitable preparation to increase the transdermal absorption and anti-inflammatory effects.