• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.199-207
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• 1986

The purpose of this study is two fold: 1) To find out if perceived parental child-rearing attitudes have any relationship with sex of children and education of the parents. 2) To investigate how and what extent perceived parental child-rearing attitudes affect the sex-role traits of children. In order to pursue the above purposes, the Bem Sex Role Inventory (BSRI) and perceived parental child-rearing attitudes questionnaire were administerd to 127 6th elementary school children in Gwang Ju. For data analysis, such techniques as multiple regression and pearson correlation were applied. The results of this study are summarized as follows: 1) Both boys and girls perceived more positive attitudes by mothers than by fathers 2) Some effects of sex differences and education of parents were found in the perceived parental child-rearing attitudes and sex-role traits of children. 3) Perceived parental attitudes had significant effects on children's sex-role traits.

• Human Ecology Research
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• v.58 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 2020

This study examined if the effect of family functioning on preschoolers' school readiness can be mediated by mothers' affective parenting and preschoolers' self-regulation in the year before children enter elementary school. This study analyzed the 7^th year data of panel study of Korean children collected by the Korean Institute of Child Care and Education. Statistical analysis included 1,513 pairs of 6-year-old children and mothers. Descriptive statistics analysis, correlation analysis, structural equation modeling, and bootstrapping analysis were conducted using SPSS 22 and Amos 20. The primary findings were as follows. First, the sub-factors of preschoolers' school readiness composed of children's social and emotional development, approach to learning, cognitive development and general knowledge, and communication were positively correlated with family functioning, mothers' affective parenting, and preschoolers' self-regulation. Second, the result of structural equation modeling showed that the indirect paths from family functioning to preschoolers' school readiness through mothers' affective parenting and preschoolers' self-regulation were significant, while the direct path was insignificant. Third, bootstrapping analysis showed that mothers' affective parenting and preschoolers' self-regulation fully mediated the relationship between family functioning and preschoolers' self-regulation. The findings provide the grounds for families and parents with preschool aged children to implement effective support practices to maintain a functional family system that can promote preschoolers' school readiness.

• Journal of Agricultural Extension & Community Development
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.35-72
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• 2011

Study on children from international marriage so far has been conducted focusing on the school-aged children, and it uniformly presents those children as a mere being with problem, overlooking regional variables of rural area. Hence, this study aims to seek various means of adaptation of children from international marriage by considering both variables rural area and adolescence. For this study, six children from international marriage living in the rural area of H county in Jeonlanamdo were chosen, in-dept interview were conducted, and Giorgi(1985) was used to analyze qualitative data. The results shows that these adolescences appear to have extensive experiences in the areas of learning, personal relationship, home and identity. Level of academic achievement was influenced by what school they attend to, and personal relationship aspect was affected by prejudice and discriminative perception from people around them. In addition, in home environment, hatred toward father, sympathy for mother, comparison with mothers who have great cultural adaptation skills, and pressure as the firstborn appear to be on the increase. Adolescent children tend to be addicted to internet games in order to escape from anxiety, experiencing identity crisis. They tend to be negative about international marriage of their parents, and exhibit behaviors refusing values and religious view of their parents. At the conclusion, limitation of the study and suggestion for further study are presented.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.46 no.8
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• pp.37-54
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• 2008

We developed an education program for parents of adolescents titled Parents from Mars getting through to children from Venus. The program consists of five two-hour sessions each with a different theme; (1) parent-child communication, (2) study activities, (3) computer use, (4) children's daily expenses, and (5) children's daily-life plan. The program was test-run with seventeen participants, which included mothers of 4th grade(elementary school) to 9th grade (middle school) children. Based on data analysis, we found that average satisfaction level was 3.80 out of 5.00 and average goal accomplishment level was 3.91 out of 5.00. Most of the participants agreed that the program helped them to understand their children's problems, to look back on themselves as parents, to plan ahead, and eventually to improve their relationship with their children. However, it was also pointed out that the program needed to put more emphasis on practical lessons rather than theoretical lectures. For example, the need for more audiovisual materials, and more practical training during each session was highlighted by participants.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.13-25
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• 1998

Aim：We think that the most important etiology in parent abuse is the psychodynamic and psychopathology in the family. So, we investigated the adolescents being admitted in SNMH, whose chief complaints were parent abuse. We were trying to explore families psychodynamic and psychopathology, especially mother-child interaction and to differentiate them in according to developmental psychopathology. Method：Our objects were the adolescent patients admitted in SNMH from 1987 to 1997 because they attacked parents verbally and physically. We examined 21 adolescents except those with psychosis, organic mental disorder, autism and mental retardation by means of interview or chart review. Result and Conclusion：The number of male patients was 14 and the number of female patients was 7. The most common diagnosis was conduct disorder and borderline personality disorder. The mean age was in the mid-teens. We observed 4 subgroups that were divided developmentally in object relation. 1) Symbiotic group with mother：(1) They did not separate and remain in symbiotic relationships with their mothers based on insecure attachment. Fathers were abscent emotionally and physically, and their mothers were prominent in close relationships with the patients in their family , where as the patients were the only man in the family. Adolescents entered the second separation-individuation. They expressed anger and internal tension involved with the close attachment with their mothers and also attempted separation from their mothers through physically attacking them. (2) These patients had suffered from physical illness and developmental delay since birth. Therefore the parents overprotected their children. The children had persistent infantile omnipotence and fantasies of power, so they could not deal with unrealistic states, adapt to reality, and depended on their parents overtly. They easily acted out unless their demands were fulfilled. 2) Borderline personality disorder：We observed deficiencies in care taking. Their parents had personality problems and immaturity. They coulden’t help their children to be separated in the rapproachment phase. Their conflict about dependence-independence was revived in the second separation-individuation adolescent period. We understand parent abuse as an attempt to overcome the conflict. 3) Conduct disorder：They did not build up basic attachment with their parents. They think of their parents as only a means of fulfilling their needs. When patients’ need were not fulfilled and remained in a conflicted state, they attacked their parents, unable to control their aggressions and impulses.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.29-59
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• 1988

Empathy was defined in this study as the vicarious affective response of a person to the perceived experience of another. The purpose of this study was to study the relationship between empathic development of children and intimacy with parents, socio-economic status, and children's empathic response to specific affective situations happy, sad, angry and fearful. The subjects for this study were 8-, 10-, and 12-year-old children attending an elementary school located in Seoul. Among the subjects, 158 boys and 149 girls lived with their parents, and 20 boys and 35 girls were reared in orphanges. They were from a residential area with higher, middle, and lower class families. The instruments consisted of two modified empathy measures and two questionnaires developed by the researcher. One of the empathy measures was based on Feshbach & Roe's affective situation test for empathy. In order to determine the eight themes, 20 children were interviewed individually about situations that made them "happy, sad, angry, and afraid". From the pool of responses, eight themes representing happy, sad, angry and fearful situations were selected. Each story consisted of a series of three pictures accompanying narration. Another modified empathy measure was developed by the researcher based upon Bryant's empathy scale. This measure consisted of 17 statements describing happy, sad, angry and fearful situations. The items in this scale were selected from a pilot study. The two questionnaires developed by the researcher were to test children's intimacy for their parents and feminity. The data was analyzed with T-test and F-test. Children's intimacy with their parents, particularly, son's intimacy with their mothers, was a significant variable in empathic development. Children living with their parents had higher scores on Feshbach & Roe's Empathy Test than those brought up in orphanages. In general, the older the children the higher the empathy score. Girls were more empathic than boys on Bryant's scale. The subjects showed their highest empathy score in the sad, and the lowest in the fearful situation. The older the children the higher the empathy score in the sad and angry situations. These results reflected children's life experiences and cultural differences. Particularly, mother-son intimacy found in this study contrasts with the mother-daughter intimacy found in American studies.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.153-167
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• 2004

The purpose of this study was to investigate the difficulties, conflicts, and communications between female-headed single parents and their children, their child rearing methods and attitude, and the political suggestions for the welfare in those families. The in-depth interviews were conducted for 7 women in Gyonggi-Do and Chungnam-Do on March 3-27, 2003. The interviewees were selected for the mothers whose children were enrolled either elementary schools or middle schools. The contents of interviews were receded to be analyzed by qualitative method. The results were as follows; first, female-headed single parent families were in low economic status with unstable employment condition. Secondly, women in that families were confronted with psychological problems because of their multiple roles and low income. Third, although they had a controlled child rearing method, they used much reinforcement and praise. Thirdly, they were in need of the aids for the basic life such as housings and their children's private institute expenses. Finally, they required the repealing of an existing birthright system.

• Journal of East-West Nursing Research
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.26-32
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• 2017

Purpose: The study aimed to establish a theoretical basis for nursing intervention to improve the quality of life during early adult by identifying emotional intelligence, his or her parents' child rearing attitudes and self-identity and analyzing how the parents' child rearing attitudes and self-identity influence on emotional intelligence during that period. Method: Data were collected from August 20 2011 to September 30, 2011. Two hundred men and women who lived in the areas of Seoul and Gyeong-gi Province were recruited. A total of 189 questionnaires were used for final analysis. Collected data were analyzed through SPSS/WIN18.0. Result: The participants' emotional intelligence and self-identity proved to have positive relationship. The participants' emotional intelligence also had the positive relationship with their mothers' and fathers' child rearing attitudes. The research shows that the mother's child rearing attitude(${\beta}=.40$, p<.001), the father's child rearing(${\beta}=.10$, p<.001) and self-identity(${\beta}=.23$, p<.001) can determine emotional intelligence to a degree of 43.4% and the mother's attitude was the most influential. Conclusion: It is necessary that emotional intelligence should be enhanced referring to the two variables in nursing intervention. Furthermore, parents whose children are in childhood or adolescence need to be educated about the importance of the parents' child rearing attitudes.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.1-19
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• 2016

This study attempted to assess the durability of the trend in increasing childcare time and to get some clues based on research findings to make efficient policy interventions in case there is a need to continue or reverse course for such trend. In doing so, a total of 9,668 diaries from the 2004, 2009, and 2014 Korean Time Use Survey were analyzed targeting parents with a preschooler as their eldest child. Parental time was regressed on parents' weekly work hours, mother's relative income, parents' education and gender role attitudes. Furthermore, increase in parental childcare time was decomposed into parts that were attributable to differences in the means and slopes of associated factors. Analytic results revealed that; parents' weekly work hours were associated with time spent on childcare from 2004 to 2014; the negative relationship between mother's relative earnings and her childcare time in 2004 and 2009 was reversed to a positive one in 2014; parent's education had stronger positive effects on father's than on mother's childcare time; parents' gender role attitudes had a weak association with childcare time; social and cultural changes such as decrease in work hours, higher education, more egalitarian gender role attitudes, and rise in women's wages contributed to the increase in parental childcare time, but in a different way for mothers and fathers. By taking into account the social and cultural context behind the changes, this study is able to provide a more constructive implications for childcare policy in Korea.

• Korean Journal of Culture and Social Issue
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.103-137
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• 2004

This study examines the basis of trust in relationships by adolescents and their parents using the indigenous psychological approach. Using the indigenous methodology, adolescents were asked the reasons why they trusted their mother, father, friends, and teachers. Parents were asked why they trusted their children, spouse and their children's teachers. A total of 1,737 participants completed an open-ended survey: 579 adolescents (274 middle school and 305 high school students) and their parents (579 fathers) and (579 mothers). The results indicate that adolescents trust their parents because of their sacrifice, followed by consanguinity (i.e., blood relationship), respect, their trust in me, dependability, and their advice and counseling. The reasons why adolescents trust their teachers is because of the academic guidance they provide, unconditional trust of teachers, their concern and care, respect for teachers, advice and counseling they provide, they are like parents, and because of their sacrifice for the students. The reasons for trusting their friends are as follows: Dependability, closeness, unconditional trust of friends, their understanding of me, and their emotional support. The reasons why parents trust their children are: Children's sincerity, honesty, consanguinity, parents' expectation and communication with the children, children's obedience, and since they are diligent in their schoolwork. The reasons for trusting one's spouse are reported to be sincerity, their sacrifice for the family, honesty, unconditional trust of a spouse, and because of mutual support. The reasons why parents trust their children's teachers are reported as follows: Unconditional trust of teachers, their sacrifice for the students, and their sincerity. There were no significant differences across the type of school and academic grades in terms of trust of parents. However, middle school students are more likely to trust their teachers, and high school students are more likely trust their friends. The male students rather than female students and those students with higher academic grades are more likely to trust their parents, friends, and teachers. For parents, there were no significant differences across age, sex, and educational status concerning the trust of their children, spouse, and children's teachers. There was a positive correlations between parents' trust of their spouse and children and their children's trust of their parents. There was also a positive correlations of mothers' trust of children's teachers and the children's trust of their teachers.