• The KIPS Transactions:PartB
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• v.16B no.5
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• pp.427-434
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• 2009

With the rapid evolution of the Internet and mobile environments, text including spelling errors such as newly-coined words and abbreviated words are widely used. These spelling errors make it difficult to develop NLP (natural language processing) applications because they decrease the readability of texts. To resolve this problem, we propose a spelling error correction model using a spelling error correction dictionary and a newspaper corpus. The proposed model has the advantage that the cost of data construction are not high because it uses a newspaper corpus, which we can easily obtain, as a training corpus. In addition, the proposed model has an advantage that additional external modules such as a morphological analyzer and a word-spacing error correction system are not required because it uses a simple string matching method based on a correction dictionary. In the experiments with a newspaper corpus and a short message corpus collected from real mobile phones, the proposed model has been shown good performances (a miss-correction rate of 7.3%, a F1-measure of 97.3%, and a false positive rate of 1.1%) in the various evaluation measures.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.50 no.6
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• pp.1043-1048
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• 2012

In this study, activated carbons (ACs) were modified as electrode materials for an electric double layer capacitor (EDLC) by controlling oxygen- and nitrogen-containing functional groups. The morphological and chemical properties of ACs were analyzed through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer, automatic elemental analyzer (EA) and Boehm titration. Also, charge/discharge tests were performed to investigate the EDLC performance. Oxygen- and nitrogen-containing functional groups were introduced on the surface of ACs through acid and urea treatments, respectively. ACs with nitrogen-containing functional groups showed 2 mA increase of gravimetric discharge capacity and quick achievement of maximum charge/discharge performance. However, ACs with oxygen-containing functional groups showed low discharge capacity and its gradual decrease during further cyclic test, since the functional groups interrupted adsorption/desorption of charges in the electrolyte on the surface of ACs.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2017.06a
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• pp.294-294
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• 2017

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is one of the main agricultural crops in Asian countries, including Korea, and is considered as the most important staple food in the world. Rice is also processed into flour, which is consumed through various foods such as cake, noodle, bread, and confectionary. Rice flour quality is highly dependent on variety and milling conditions. Producing rice flour with fine particles is more difficult than wheat flour because of its grain hardness. The Korean rice varieties representing different amylose contents were selected for this study. The relationship between the morphological and starch characteristics of rice kernels and the appropriate varieties for producing good-quality, dry-milled rice flour were examined. The hardness of the rice kernels was determined by measuring the pressure at the grain breakage point. The damaged starch content of the rice flour was determined using a Megazyme starch damage assay kit. The particle-size distribution of the rice flour was measured as the volume-base distribution using a laser-diffraction particle size analyzer. The mean particle-size distribution of the dry-milled flour obtained was between $65.3{\sim}105.1{\mu}m$ among the rice varieties. The opaque, non-glutinous, Seolgaeng rice demonstrated a narrow peak at the fine size, whereas the entire particle-distribution range for other varieties was wide. Seolgaeng exhibited significantly lower damaged starch content of dry-milled flour than the other varieties (p < 0.05). Seolgaeng showed lowest in energy consumption on rice flour production with 200 mesh particle size. Accordingly, it is possible to produce dry-milled rice flour which is similar to wheat flour that would considerably reduce milling costs.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.159-165
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• 2008

Morphological and physicochemical changes of a woman's virgin hair treated with various dye depths were investigated by using scanning electron microscopy and thermal analyzer. With the hair treated with the dye of the high brightness level, the speed of weight decrease was slower than compared with thermal analysis weight of a normal hair sample. We confirmed that the moisture content and protein composition of hair were changed depending on level depth of coloring agent. Moreover oxidative residues and dye molecules penetrated into the hair cause chemical changes of hair structure. As a result, the heat reaction speed of hair treated with high level coloring agent was made slower than normal hair.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.275-288
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• 1995

The inhibitory effect of cell wall extracts of streptococci, have been investigated to know host-parasite relationship or pathogenesis of abscess formation. Streptococci isolated from the infected root canals were sonicated to get cell wall extracts which have been known as one of the factors of pyogenesis. Lymphocytes separated by density gradient were stimulated with phytohemagglutinin and exposed to cell wall extracts of Streptococcus sanguis, S. mitis, S. uberis, S. mutans (ATCC 10449), and S. faecalis (ATCC 19433). [$^3H$]-thymidine uptake of lymphocytes was analyzed with scintillation counter and lactate dehyrogenase (LD) activity was measured with autochemistry analyzer. S. faeealis had the strongest inhibitory effect. beginning at $100\;{\mu}g/ml$ concentration of sonic extracts. S. sanguis and S. mitis had inhibitory effect at $300\;{\mu}g/ml$, while S. uberis and S. mutans showed no inhibitory, effect on DNA syntheis even at $300\;{\mu}g/ml$. Each streptococci showed different inhibitory effect on the DNA synthesis of lymphocytes, which finding indicated wide spectrum of susceptibility of lymphocytes according to streptococcus spp. There were no significant difference of LD activities between control and each streptococcal extracts. Streptococcal sonic extracts did not affect the morphological findings or number of colonies activated lymphocytes. These finding suggested the inhibitory effect of sonic extract of streptococci to lymphocytes could be detected by DNA synthesis inhibition, not by cellular membrane damage.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.281-286
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• 2014

Objectives : The aim of this study is to evaluate the surface changes of enamel specimen, tooth structure by toothpastes in child and adult. Methods : Experimental teeth were collected from extracted human primary teeth. 120 enamel specimens were prepared by cutting the teeth into $2{\times}3{\times}2mm$ blocks using diamond saw and the specimens were assigned to 3 groups. Group 1 was used as control with no treatment. Group 2 was treated with child toothpaste and Group 3 was treated with adult toothpaste on primary enamel surface for 3 minutes daily over 4 weeks. The specimens were immersed into individual container having artificial saliva and the artificial saliva was changed every day. The electron probe micro analyzer(EPMA) provided weight percent(wt%) of calcium(Ca) and phosphorous(P) on enamel surface. The morphology was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy(SEM). Data were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance(ANOVA) and Tukey's test post-hoc test using SPSS(Version 20, SPSS Inc., Chicago, USA). Level of significance was set at 0.05. Results : The surface changes of the primary teeth revealed a significant difference during 4 weeks. Calcium(Ca) and phosphorous(P) levels were found the weight percent difference and a rough enamel surface was seen on SEM after adult toothpaste application. Conclusions : The changes in Ca and P and the morphological surface were affected by the primary tooth treated with adult toothpaste. Enamel surface showed significant differences during 4 weeks.

• Annual Conference on Human and Language Technology
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• 2007.10a
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• pp.189-193
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• 2007

In this paper, we designed a methodology to expand the WordNet. We added unknown terms like IT technical terms to the existing WordNet by using web search. The WordNet is an online taxonomy representing the relationships among terms, but it usually showed limitation to contain new technical terminologies. That's why we tried to expand the WordNet. Firstly, when we met unregistered terms in WordNet, we built a query of those terms for web search. Given a web search results, we tried to find out terms with a high-level relatedness with the unregistered terms. We used the Korean Morphological Analyzer to score the relatedness between terms and located the unregistered term as a hyponym of terms with high score of relatedness.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.36 no.2
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• pp.267-274
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• 2016

The purposes of this study were to investigate the impacts of concentration levels of whey protein isolate (WPI) and inulin on the formation and physicochemical properties of WPI/inulin nano complexes and to evaluate their potential prebiotic effects. WPI/inulin nano complexes were produced using the internal gelation method. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and particle size analyzer were used to assess the morphological and physicochemical characterizations of nano complexes, respectively. The encapsulation efficiency of resveratrol in nano complexes was studied using HPLC while the potential prebiotic effects were investigated by measuring the viability of probiotics. In TEM micrographs, the globular forms of nano complexes in the range of 10 and 100 nm were successfully manufactured. An increase in WPI concentration level from 1 to 3% (w/v) resulted in a significant (p<0.05) decrease in the size of nano complexs while inulin concentration level did not affect the size of nano complexes. The polydispersity index of nano complexes was below 0.3 in all cases while the zeta-potential values in the range of -2 and -12 mV were observed. The encapsulation efficiency of resveratrol was significantly (p<0.05) increased as WPI and inulin concentration levels were increased from 1 to 3% (w/v). During incubation at 37℃ for 24 h, WPI/inulin nano complexes exhibited similar viability of probiotics with free inulin and had significantly (p<0.05) higher viability than negative control. In conclusions, WPI and inulin concentration levels were key factors affecting the physicochemical properties of WPI/inulin nano complexes and had potential prebiotic effect.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.389-396
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• 2017

Background: Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer is wood-cultivated ginseng (WCG) in Korea which depends on an artificial forest growth method. To produce this type of ginseng, various P. ginseng cultivars can be used. To obtain a WCG similar to wild ginseng (WG), this method is usually performed in a mountain using seeds or seedlings of cultivated ginseng (CG) and WG. Recently, the WCG industry is suffering a problem in that Panax notoginseng (Burk.) F. H. Chen or Panax quinquefolium L. are being sold as WCG Korean market; These morphological similarities have created confusion among customers. Methods and Results: WCG samples were collected from five areas in Korea. After polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification using the primer pair labeled with fluorescence dye (FAM, NED, PET, or VIC), fragment analysis were performed. PCR products were separated by capillary electrophoresis with an ABI 3730 DNA analyzer. From the results, WCG cultivated in Korea showed very diverse genetic background. Conclusions: In this study, we tried to develop a method to discriminate between WCG, P. notoginseng or P. quinquefolium using simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. Furthermore, we analyzed the genetic diversity of WCG collected from five cultivation areas in Korea.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.39 no.5
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• pp.831-843
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• 2019

The purposes of this research were to form chitosan oligosaccharide (CSO)/A2 ${\beta}$-casein nano-delivery systems (NDSs) and to investigate the effects of production variables, such as CSO concentration levels (0.1%, 0.2%, and 0.3%, w/v) and manufacturing temperature ($5^{\circ}C$, $20^{\circ}C$, and $35^{\circ}C$), on the production and physicochemical characteristics of CSO/A2 ${\beta}$-casein NDSs to carry resveratrol. The morphological characteristics of CSO/A2 ${\beta}$-casein NDSs were assessed by the use of transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and particle size analyzer. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was applied to determine the entrapment efficiency (EE) of resveratrol. In the TEM images, globular-shaped particles with a diameter from 126 to 266 nm were examined implying that NDSs was successfully formed. As CSO concentration level was increased, the size and zeta-potential values of NDSs were significantly (p<0.05) increased. An increase in manufacturing temperature from $5^{\circ}C$ to $35^{\circ}C$ resulted in a significant (p<0.05) increase in the size and polydispersity index of NDSs. Over 85% of resveratrol was favorably entrapped in CSO/A2 ${\beta}$-casein NDSs. The entrapment efficiency (EE) of resveratrol was significantly (p<0.05) enhanced with an increase in manufacturing temperature while CSO concentration level did not significantly affect EE of resveratrol. There were no significant (p<0.05) changes observed in the size and polydispersity index of NDSs during heat treatments and storage in model milk and yogurt indicating that CSO/A2 ${\beta}$-casein NDSs exhibited excellent physical stability. In conclusion, the CSO concentration level and manufacturing temperature were the crucial determinants affecting the physicochemical characteristics of CSO/A2 ${\beta}$-casein NDSs containing resveratrol.