• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.17
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• pp.7-35
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• 2002

In many international financing transactions Korean companies are required to issue a guarantee. Thus far, however, legal issues on international guarantees have not been fully discussed in Korea. This is partly because most of the international guarantees are governed by a foreign law such as English law or the laws of the State of New York. In this articles the author examines major concepts or terms and conditions of a typical international guarantee, e.g., language on consideration, primary obligor, joint and several guarantee, unconditional and irrevocable guarantee, continuing guarantee, right of subrogation, representations and warranties, covenant or undertaking, currency indemnity, assignment, participation, governing law and jurisdiction clause, etc. For reference, standard forms of a guarantee and a standby letter of credit are attached to the article. In examining the terms and conditions, the author compares them with similar or equivalent concepts under Korean law. The author further discusses some Korean law issues that may arise under international guarantees governed by a foreign law. These issues include the application of the ultra vires doctrine under Article 34 of the Civil Code of Korea, the validity of an international guarantee which a Korean company has issued in violation of the guarantee ceiling set under Article 10 of the Law on Monopoly Regulation and Fair Trade of Korea and the validity of an international guarantee which a Korean party has issued in violation of the Foreign Exchange Transaction Law. In addition, the author discusses some issues under a so-called independent guarantee and a standby letter of credit. In this regard, reference is made to the Uniform Rules for Demand Guarantee (URDG), International Standby Practices (ISP98) and the Convention on Independent Guarantees and Stand-by Letters of Credit adopted by the United Nations in 1995. Finally, the author examines major terms and conditions of typical comfort letters and discusses some legal issues, such as the binding force of the comfort letter. In dealing with the issues the author underscores that to the extent the issues are not properly dealt with by an international norm such as Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits or ISP 98, the issues must be analyzed by reference to the governing law of the relevant instrument.

• Review of Korean Society for Internet Information
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.63-76
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• 2013

This short report introduces the general background why Brazil conference is being prepared and what topics would be undertaken and what goals are being taken into account. It overviews what differences from traditional telecommunication governance, internet governance has had in its historical development and how such differences had been formed from its technological differences and the regulatory policy shift from common carrier regulation to privatization. Moreover, the fact that open, voluntary, bottom-up, diverse stakeholder's participation had evolved throughout the historical development of the internet, had established the present multistakeholder governance model from technological standardization to addressing scheme policies. ICANN, which has governed internet addressing schemes since the earlier 2000s, had developed address policies including IANA function from Jon Postel and technical community's legacy management system into contract based formation between ICANN and gTLD, ccTLD registries. And it made dispute resolution policies responding to trademark disputes and resolved gTLD monopoly issue by introducing new TLD generation and the separation of registry and registar. However, there had been challenges on the legitimacy of ICANN due to its dependency on the Federal Government of the U.S. particularly in its oversight role over ICANN and IANA contract. WSIS raised up internet governance issues including addressing governance, and set up IGF as a discussion platform for multistakeholders to discuss and share all views on other internet related public policies. IGF's loose and non-binding discussion once frustrated governments and other stakeholders, but more focused discussion and visible outcomes have consolidated its unique role for internet governance discourses. Particularly, IGF addressed many emerging internet related issues like cybersecurity, privacy, net neuratlity, development related issues. WTPF of 2013, after WCIT debate on whether traditional telecommunication regulation could be applied to internet infrastructure, suggested other governance issues such as the transition to ipv6, IXP coordination etc. How to make sure the legitimacy of internet addressing governance and how and where other internet related public policies could be undertaken are fundamental tasks for internet governance. Brazil conference, which has been motivated by the breakdown of trust in internet governance from NSA mass surveillance revealed by Snowden, faces these questions and try to make consensus on principles, institutions and roadmap for internet governance in multistakeholder participation way.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.8
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• pp.81-86
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• 1967

Changes in the protein contents of various organs of the germinating soy bean as well as the effect of X-irradiation on the RNA content of cotyledon of it were investigated. 1) The protein content of germinating organs other than cotyledon increase while that of cotyledon decreases as germination proceeds, which is indicative of the fact that the former organs are anabolic and the latter catabolic in nature with regard to their protein metabolism during germination. 2) The cotyledon RNA content of soybean decreases until the 6 th day after germination initiated, and increases thereafter . When the seeds are exposed to $300{\gamma}$ X-irradiation, these tendencies seem to be accelerated, but when exposed to $600{\gamma}$ and $900{\gamma}$ X-irradiation the decrement of RNA in the early stage is prominent and the synthetic recovery in the later period is inhibited markedly due to radiation damage rather than radiation activation.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.609-627
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• 2010

Finding the ideal location for your business is one of the most critical and important steps you will have to undertake. Otherwise, done in the wrong way you will only end up paying an expensive cost for an unsuitable location. Therefore to select the perfect location for your business, this study makes a reasonable and simple model for retail shops by calculating occupation population for each store applying Huffs "Probability Theory" to Hypermarket in Seoul. Then this study, based on occupation population, has divided every unit section (dong scale) into 4 market types which represent the state of the competitive markets, including monopoly, oligopoly, competitive, and noncompetitive markets. Consequently, the most reasonable place to locate a new store is where it can take most of the customers, that is, a place which can take non-competitive market as much as possible and is distant far enough from competitive market where competition is severe.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.60-68
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• 2003

Now the development of using a internet and security equipment is Processed actively. But It is presented problems about compatability and availability between variable equipment as several protocol. It is able to occur the Problem which is not considered efficiency as monopoly security equipment for the standardization of some vendor As a using of VPN gateway equipment. the same equipments have been actually used only for sale a communication equipment which are not confirmed(authenticate) between of mutual equipments. These problem is remain which are not considered suitable network environment and Position by mutual authentication Processing. Because it is considered for only sale a equipment of several vendor. And You will be remain where is unable to protect from attack of using the same equipment, and You will need a actually Protected method. By authentication system of base on Pn , although there is an intended attack from the third intruder, users can be protected with safe from the physical attacks since he is not a Permitted user by employing CA-VPN gateway that is more viable than the previous VPN connection in its security and certification.

• THE INTERNATIONAL COMMERCE & LAW REVIEW
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• v.37
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• pp.161-185
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• 2008

In 2006, the share of fisheries distribution in Busan amounted to 1.9 million ton, which was 41 percent of the whole country. In details, coastal fishery 334 thousand ton(14% of the whole country), deep sea fishery 452 thousand ton(82%), import fishery 964 thousand ton(70%), export fishery 157 thousand ton(43%) were distributed in Busan region, respectively. According to distribution share, import(50%), deep sea fishery(24%), coastal fishery(18%), export(8%) are main category of fisheries distribution in Busan. After the institutional changes in 1997, that is, from monopoly to the competitive systems are implemented, the share of sales volume through a home trust market decreased gradually since 2000. Especially, the share of direct sales in farming fisheries sector amounted to 73.8 percent of total production volume, 80.7 percent of production value in 2005. Furthermore, the share of fisheries sale through e-commerce is increasing owing to the growth of IT and competitive price of its products. and the sale share of large discount store is also on the 10% more increase. Hereafter these structure changes of fisheries distribution in Busan will be more intensified. Therefore, after reflecting the change in distribution policy of Busan Fisheries, the directions of distribution policy should be established, as follows. $\cdot$ Distribution policy to prepare for increasing of non-trust market sales $\cdot$ Fisheries distribution policy to prepare for increasing of direct transaction like e-commerce $\cdot$ Distribution policy to prepare for increasing of sales ratio in large discount store $\cdot$ Distribution policy for making up sound purchasing circumstance of Fisheries $\cdot$ Distribution policy for reducing the fisheries distribution cost $\cdot$ Distribution policy to prepare for increasing of direct carrying the deep sea fisheries and import fisheries to Seoul and $Inch'{\breve{o}}n$ section $\cdot$ Distribution policy for implementing the information system for managing fisheries transaction $\cdot$ Distribution policy for advancing the export & import management of fisheries $\cdot$ Distribution policy for establishing transaction principle reflecting the peculiarity in fishery distribution(to enacting independent fishery law)

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.121-127
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• 1988

Samples of Red Ginseng, which had been. manufactured and packaged by the ' Korean Monopoly Corporation, were stored under ambient temperatures and humidities (12-$28^{\circ}C$ and 55-68 percent) during one to nine years to examine their browning reaction and antioxidant activity. The brown-color intensity of the Red Ginseng samples increased significantly according to increasing storage period. The pH of the aqueous extracts of the samples also increased slightly during the storage, The former seemed to indicate that extensive browning reactions had taken place in the samples during the long storage, The browning reactions seem to be due to mutual reactions of by-products in the final stage rather than to reactions between free amino acids and free sugars in the initial stage of the maillard browning reactions during the storage. The reducing powers of aqueous and ethanol extracts and antioxidant activity of ethyl acetate extracts of the Red Ginseng samples increased with increasing storage time, The increase in the reducing power and antioxidant activity appeared to be directly attributable to the increased amounts of nonenzymatic browning reaction products formed progressively during the long storage periods.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.111-118
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• 2017

The Legal Consciousness is a feeling or attitude toward the law from the people. Most Korean had a traditional consciousness that did not consider the law so friendly, also, the perception of law is also very negative is the common result of various investigations so far. This is caused by a distrust of the political power that operates the law than just distrust of law. Moreover, it is a serious problem that these negative attitudes are getting stronger over time. Especially when looking at the situation of the monopoly of government affairs in Park Geun-hye administration, the law was not a means of realizing social justice on the side of the socially weak, it has come to the fact that the law has been recognized as a tool of oppression by the ruling group, which seizes power in a fraudulent manner and accumulates economic wealth. It was a really ridiculous incident. In addition, not all citizens need to be experts in law, but the law is a bowl for society, and filling the bowl is a moral form or value of society in general. And since society has a peculiar law, and the modern state has the rule of law as its basic principle, most human acts have a direct relationship with law. In particular, it is true that the problem of the legal consciousness of college students is frequently mentioned today. Therefore, in this study, through the examine the contents of the legal consciousness of the K university female students in Gwangju and will consider the cause of this.

• Journal of Korean Society of Archives and Records Management
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.47-66
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• 2011

An exclusive monopoly on public sector information has been faced with dramatic changes. The movement of Government 2.0, which is described as meeting of Web 2.0 technologies and public services, provides a new paradigm for public information services, and spreads rapidly into many western countries. However, due to the absence of domestic Government 2.0 cases, our academic discussion on Government 2.0 ends up in the introduction of oversea cases and in a theoretical diagnosis. In the context, this study focuses on the first two cases of Government 2.0 in South Korea; Gwacheon Parliament's 'Local Parliament 2.0' and Seoul Metropolitan Office of Education's 'Seoul Education 2.0' along with theoretical debates on concepts of public sector information and Government 2.0. The case study reveals the role of Freedom of Information Center not only as a think tank, but also a policy coordinator for implementing Government 2.0 movements. As a conclusion, the study presents elements for public sector information services and proposes a planning model of Government 2.0.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.226-233
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• 2011

Exactly 25 years after the Chernobyl nuclear disaster, 11th of March 2011 the Fukushima nuclear accident occurred in Japan and was ranked at level 7 same to the Chernobyl. A Korean and Japanese joint civil survey was conducted around Fukushima on April 13-17. The radiation survey data clearly shows a large hotspot area between 20 km and 50 km radius north and west direction from the accident reactors, with the highest radiation recorded being 55.64 ${\mu}Sv/hr$ in the air, 99.89 ${\mu}Sv/hr$ in the surface air, and 36.16 ${\mu}Sv/hr$ in a car, respectively. 3.65 ${\mu}Sv/hr$ in the air and 6.89 ${\mu}Sv/hr$ in the surface air were detected at the playground of an elementary school in Fukushima City. Spring came with full cherry blossoms in Fukushima, but it was silent spring of radiation contamination. Interviews with Fukushima nuclear refugees reveal serious problems about Japanese nuclear safety systems, such as there was no practical evacuation drill within 1-10 km and no plan at all for 10-30 km areas. Several reforms items for Korean nuclear safety system can be suggested: minimization of accident damage, clear separation of regulatory and safety bureaus with a new and independent administrating agency, community participation and agreement regarding the safety system and levels, which is the major concern of 80% Korean. To tackle threats of nuclear disaster in neighboring nations like China, a new position entitled 'Ambassador for nuclear safety diplomacy' is highly necessary. The nuclear safety of Korea should no longer be the monopoly of those nuclear engineers and limited technocrats criticized as a 'nuclear mafia'.