• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.53-59
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• 1996

Purpose : Radiation-induced alteration in the immune function is well known phenomenon in cancer patients. Our purpose is to evaluate the extent of immune suppression immediately after mediastinal or pelvic irradiation, which include significant volume of active bone marrow in adults. Materials and Methods'48 cancer patients with mediastinal(N=29) and pelvic irradiation(N=19) were the basis of this analysis. Age ranged from 36 to 76 and mean and median value was 57 years, respectively Sex ratio was 1.3(M: F=27/21). The immunological parameters were the complete blood cell(CBC) with differential cell(D/C) count, T cell subset(CD3, CD4, CD8 CDl9), NK cell test(CDl6, CD56), and serum immunoglobulin(IgG, IgA, IgM) level. Results : The mean value of white blood cell(WBC) was reduced from 7017 to 4470 after irradiation(p=0.0000). In the differential count, the number of lymphocyte, neutrophil, and basophil was markedly reduced with statistical significance(p<0.01) and the number of monocyte was not changed and, on the contrary, that of eosinophil was increased by irradiation. In the lymphocyte subpopulation analysis, the number of all subpopulations, CD3(T cell), CD4(helper T cell), CD8(suppressor T cell), CDl6(NK cell), CDl9(B, cell) was reduced with statistical significance. The mean ratio of CD4 to CD8 in all patients was 1.09 initially and reduced to 0.99 after radiotherapy(p=0.34) , but the proportional percentage of all subpopulations was not changed except CD19(B cell) after irradiation. In the immunoglobulin study, initial values of Ig G, Ig A, and Ig M were relatively above the normal range and the only Ig M was statistically significantly reduced after radiotherapy(p=0.02). Conclusion : Mediastinal and pelvic irradiation resulted in remarkable suppression of lymphocyte count in contrast to the relatively good preservation of other components of white blood cells. But the further study on the functional changes of lymphocyte after radiotherapy may be necessary to conclude the effects of the radiation on the immunity of the cancer Patients.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.115-133
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• 1974

Although considerable research has been done on the changes associated with age in the blood picture of domestic and laboratory animals, little work has been made of the changes occurring at different age in the blood picture of goats. And a comprehensive survey of the bood picture of Korean native goats has not been made. The object of the present investigation was to suggest standards for the blood picture of Korean native goats at frequent intervals from birth to maturity. The goats were kept under average farming conditions in this country. Observations were made at the following ages: at birth; 2,4 and 7 days; 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 weeks; 2.5, 3,6 and 12 months. Blood samples were drawn from the jugular vein. It was taken between 8 and 9 a.m. except those for the at-birth period. Erythrocyte and leukocyte enumerations and, determinations of hemoglobin in blood and hematocrit value were made in the usual manner. Reticulocytes were enumerated per 1,000 erythrocytes in blood smears stained with briIliant cresyl blue and counterstained with Wright's stain. Erythrocytes counts declined from $8.7{\times}10^8/mm^3$ at birth to a low of 7.0 at 4 days of age. These values increased to 11.5 at 5 weeks and reached a maximum of 14.0 at 3 months of age; it then fell to 11.5 at 12 months of age. Concentrations of hemoglobin in blood and hematocrit values were not related to the changes of erythrocyte counts. The values at birth were higher than at any other period during the first year of life. These fell from highs of 12.3 g/100 ml and 38.0 ml/100 ml to lows of 9.2 and 29 at 4 weeks for concentration of hemoglobin in blood and hematocrit value, respectively. There was a common pattern for the hematocrit value and hemoglobin in blood which showed three phases-a fall during the first month, a rise to the third month, and a fall to the mature level at 12 months of age. Mean corpuscular volume and mean corpuscular hemoglobin showed a common pattern. The values were $44.2{\mu}m^3$ and 14.2 pg at birth and fell, at first slowly and then rapidly, to reach adult levels of 24.1 and 7.9 at 6 weeks of age for mean corpuscular volume and mean corpuscular hemoglobin, respectively. Mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration was little affected by age. Reticulocyte was observed from birth to 4 weeks of age. Percentage of reticulocyte decreased from 0.85% at birth to 0.06% at 4 weeks of age. Total leucocyte counts increased from $5.64{\times}10^3/mm^3$ at birth to a maximum of 13.4 at 3 months; it then fell to 11.5 at 12 months of age. In differential counts myelocyte, juvenile and band form decreased with advancing age. No myelocyte and juvenile were seen after the age of 7 and 9 weeks, respectively, and band forms were rare after the age of 3 months. Percentage of mature neutrophil showed a quick decline from 52.5% at birth to reach a minimum level (34.5%) at 3 months of age; it then rose to 38% at 12 months of age. Percentage of lymphocyte increased from 39.2% at birth to maximum of 59% at 3 month of age; it then fell to 54.9% at 12 months of age. Percentage of monocyte was not affected with advance of age. Percentage of eosinophil and basophil were increased with advance of age to reach a maximum at 2 to 3 month of age. It then fell to adult level at 12 month of age.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.147-152
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• 1975

Although considerable research has been done on the blood picture of the horse, hot-blooded and cold-blooded, little work has been made of the blood picture of the army pack horse, Jeju horse. The object of the present investigation was to make good this deficiency, and to suggest standard for the blood picture of army pack horses kept under the regular military training and the ideal feeding in the heart of a mountain. Blood samples were drawn from the jugular vein through a 15-gauge bleeding needle from 41 males and 28 females, aging 3 to 9 years old. It was taken between seven and nine o'clock in the morning. Animals were handled as quietly as possible to avoid any excitation. No restraint other than a halter was used. Enumeration of erythrocyte, total and differential leukocyte count, determination of hemoglobin in blood, and the value of packed cell volume were male in the usual manner, and erythrocytic constant was calculated by the method of Wintrobe. Erythrocyte count was $7.83{\pm}0.20(4.95{\sim}11.05){\times}10^6/mm^3$(SE). This value was much lower than hot-horses, but slightly higer than the values of cold-horse reported from foreign country. Concentration of hemoglobin in blood was $13.0{\pm}0.33(9.5{\sim}17.8)g/100ml$. This value was much higher than that of cold-horses observed by the other authors, approaching to the values of hot-horses. Packed cell volume was $32.1{\pm}0.92(22{\sim}42)ml/100ml$. This vague was a little higher than that of the other cold-horses. Mean corpuscular volume was $41.5{\pm}1.20(26.6{\sim}59.3){\mu}m^3$. This value matched so well with the other results recorded by various investigators. Mean corpuscular hemoglobin and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration were $16.9{\pm}0.43(12.3{\sim}25)$ pg and $41.0{\pm}0.45(29.1{\sim}51.1)g/100ml$, respectively. These values were significantly higher than the values found by the other investigations. Total leukocyte enumeration was $10.5{\pm}0.41(5.6{\sim}17.9){\times}10^3/mm^3$, being considered as normal. And differential leukocyte count of neutrophil was $44.5{\pm}2.23(15{\sim}76)%$, $5,527{\pm}234(2,231{\sim}9,144)/mm^3$, of lymphocyte $50.5{\pm}1.19(19{\sim}77)%$, $4,307{\pm}125(1,456{\sim}11,098)/mm^3$, of monocytel (0~4)%, $105(0{\sim}352)/mm^3$, of eosiophil 3.2(0~14)%, $340(0{\sim}1,232)/mm^3$ and of basophil 0.25(0~3)%, $23(0{\sim}236)/mm^3$. The percentage of the differential count obtained from the present work showed a good agreement with the results of various authors. Of the horses examined monocyte was found from 42 horses, eosinophil from 62 horses and basophil from 10 horses. No significant differences recognized between male and female horses, and the effect of age was not observed between three to nine years old. Judging from the blood picture of the present investigation, it could be stated that the army pack horses on training were kept better than the average farming conditions.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.157-170
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• 2008

Purpose: This prospective study was conducted to reveal the haematological index change by low level radiation exposure in radiological environment our hospital workers. Materials and Method: We gathered the cumulative dose by Thermoluminenscent Dosimeters (TLD) over 9-yr period and examined hematological index counts change (RBC, Hb, Platelet, WBC, Monocyte, Lymphocyte, Neutrophilic, Basophilic, Eosinophilic) both occupational workers and controls. Of a total 370 occupational workers and 335 controls were compared. Results: This analysis has led to the following general observations 1) The average cumulative dose in male and female were $9.65{\pm}15.2\;mSv$, $4.82{\pm}5.55\;mSv$ respectively. 2) In both male and female, there were very low relationship between occupation period and cumulative dose (r< ${\pm}0.25$). 3) Occupation period was more increased, in male, WBC counts decreased and increased workers, RBC counts decreased workers were more than controls group (p<0.05). In female, WBC counts decreased and increased workers and W-eosino counts decreased workers were more than controls group (p<0.01). 4) Cumulative dose was more increased, in male, W-Lympho counts decreased workers and Platelet counts deceased workers were more than controls group (p<0.05). In female, W-lympho counts decreased workers and RBC counts decreased workers were more than controls group (p<0.05). Conclusions: We can find some kinds of blood index abnormal distribution in occupational radiation workers by comparing with controls. Occupational workers cannot avoid radiation exposure, in spite of the control it. Actually low level radiation adverse effect occurred not dose but probability. So workers must always try to reduce exposure by ourselves, furthermore as long as possible the government should provide rapidly that national system on radiation control for worker's health.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.217-224
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• 2017

Carbon monoxide (CO), a reaction product of cytoprotective enzyme heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), is a gaseous messenger with anti-proliferative, anti-apoptotic, and anti-inflammatory actions in many cell types. Here, we investigated the role of CO on the process of monocyte differentiation induced by phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) in human monocytic THP-1 cells. CORM-2 (tricarbonyldichlororuthenium (II) dimer, $Ru2Cl_4(CO)_6$), a CO-releasing compound, decreased a marked cell adherence with a slight reduction of proliferation in monocytic THP-1 cells treated with PMA. And, CORM-2 significantly inhibited expression of differentiation markers such as CD14, CD11b plus CD18 (macrophage-1 antigen, Mac-1 or complement receptor 3, CR3) and phagocytosis of carboxylate-modified red fluorescent latex beads, in PMA-stimulated THP-1 cells. For the further experiments, differentiation of PMA-treated cells was enhanced after the initial 2 days stimulus by removing the PMA-containing media then incubating the cells in fresh media for a another 4 days. And, we observed the secretion of inflammatory cytokines and phagocytosis in differentiated macrophages. Treatment with CORM-2 significantly abolished the secretion of IL-6, $TNF-{\alpha}$ and phagocytosis using fluorescence-conjugated E. coli (K-12 strain) bioparticles in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated differentiated macrophages. In conclusion, these results suggest that CO inhibits the differentiation of monocytic THP-1 cells as well as the activation of differentiated macrophages.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.980-987
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• 2003

In this report, we investigated the detoxication effects of Saururus chinenis, Geranium nepalense, Lonicera japonica, Cassia obtusifolia, Glycyrrhiza uralensis, or their mixtures by employing acute toxicity tests for nicotine and dioxin. When fatal doses $(LD_{100}\;=\;42\;mg/kg)$ of nicotine were injected into the abdominal cavities of ICR mice, those treated with OHEM showed delayed paralysis, half the duration of hyperactivity, and a 73 % survival rate. The results revealed the strong detoxicating effects of the mixtures. We also measured the amount of the degradation product of nicotine and cotinine in humans. Consumption of OHEM promoted (he more specific) the metabolic pathways of nicotine, increasing continine excretion by 1.5 times. As a result the amount of cotinine in urine was reduced to less than 5% after treatment with OHEM. In order to test the toxicity of dioxin, we used TcnN(SD)BR rats exposed to TCDD. While TCDD treatment reduced the blood levels of hemoglobin and platelet, OHEM consumption relieved these effects and, furthermore, helped to recover the number of platelet to the normal level (p<0.05). Moreover, neutrophils (%) and monocytes (%), which were reduced by the injection of TCDD, recovered to normal levels upon treatment with OHEM. The amount albumin reduced by TCDD (p<0.05) normalized, while the activities of GOT and GTP increased by TCDD were reduced. Increases in total cholesterol and neutral fatty acids induced by TCDD were also reduced by OHEM injection (p<0.05). In the kidney, TCDD-induced rises in creatinine were suppressed by OHEM treatment, while decreases in iron levels from TCDD were raised to normal. The treatment of TCDD had more toxic effects in the blood and pancreas than on the liver, kidney and heart. On the other hand, the detoxication of OHEM had significant effects on the liver and pancreas. The normalization by OHEM of various clinical abnormalities induced by TCDD demonstrates the detoxicating effect of OHEM that ameliorates systemic metabolism not properly functioning.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.35-51
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• 2013

The aims of this study was to observed an effect of antioxidative in cardiac muscle of high fat diet induced obesity rat by treadmill exercise with intensity and time. Thirty-two Sprauge-Dawley rats which were divided into four group. Normal, Control(high fat diet induced obesity rat), Experimental I(high intensity intermittent exercise in high fat diet induced obesity rat), Experimental II(moderate intensity endurance exercise in high fat diet induced obesity rat). The results of this study were as follows: 1. In change of body weight, the outcome of each group significantly difference compared with control. Also, 1 to 3 weeks significantly different compared with pre valu experimental I and II(p<0.001). 2. In change of lipid profile, the outcome of each group significantly difference compared with control(p<0.001). Difference between experimental I and II is not significantly. 3. In change of antioxidative enzymes(SOD, CAT, GPx) in myocardium, there are significant difference between control and experimental II, and also between control and experimental I(p<0.001). 4. In change of antioxidative protein MCR-1, the outcome of each group significantly difference compared with control(p<0.01). Experimental II was most significantly difference than the other group(p<0.001). The above results suggest that treadmill exercise effectively reduced in fat. It would be considered that moderate intensity endurance exercise has an effects on improved antioxidative enzyme in cardiac muscle of high fat diet induced obesity rat.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.51 no.5
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• pp.437-447
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• 2001

Background: TNF-alpha is related to the generation of lung fibrosis in patients with UIP. The precise mechanism leading to lung fibrosis by TNF-alpha is unknown. However, the activation of a transcription factor like AP-1(down stream of c-jun N-terminal kinase, JNK) by TNF-alpha may be related to the induction of fibrogenic cytokines like PDGF or IGF-I. Furthermore, JNK was reported to be activated in the radiation-induced lung fibrosis model. This study examined JNK activity in patients with UIP. Methods : The expression of phosphorous JNK(p-JNK), macrophage/monocyte specific markers, CD68, and cytokeratin was evaluated by immunohistochemical(IHC) staining of lung tissues from patients with UIP and lung cancer. An in vitro kinase assay was performed with alveolar macrophages obtained by a bronchol-avleolar lavage from patients with UIP and healthy persons as the control. Results : The IHC stain showed that p-JNK is expressed in the almost all of the alveolar macrophages and smooth muscle cells in patients with UIP. In case of the normal areas of the lung from patients with lung cancer, the alveolar macrophages showed little p-JNK expression. Interestingly, increased JNK activity was not found in the in vitro kinase assay of the alveolar macrophages obtained from both patients with UIP and healthy persons as the control. Furthermore, 10 ng/mL of TNF-alpha failed to increase the JNK activity of the alveolar macrophages in both patients with UIP and healthy people. Conclusion : The JNK was activated constitutionally in patients with UIP. However, the role of JNK in the pathogenesis of lung fibrosis needs to be clarified.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.25 no.7
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• pp.801-809
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• 2015

Homotypic cell adhesion (homotypic aggregation) in activated monocytes plays a central role in physiological and pathological processes including inflammatory responses, differentiation and migration. The extract of the Prunus mume Sieb. et Zucc. fruit (Maesil) has potential benefits to human health; such as anti-viral, anti-microbial, and anti-cancer activities. Indeed, Maesil extract may modulate inflammatory responses via interference with homotypic aggregation in monocytes. In the present study, the molecular mechanisms underpinning the therapeutic efficacy of Maesil extract in inflammatory diseases were investigated. It was found that Maesil extract inhibited homotypic aggregation in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated monocytes. This was mediated by reduction of nitric oxide (NO) production, partly via inhibition of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) expression in LPS-activated THP-1 cells. It was confirmed that NO inhibition is a key mechanism in Maesil induced blockade of monocyte aggregation through identification of reversal of this inhibitory effect by the NO-producing agent S-nitroso-N-acetyl penicillamine (SNAP). In addition, Maesil extract significantly attenuated LPS-induced IκB-α phosphorylation and NF-κB translocation into the nucleus. In conclusion, Maesil extract exerts anti-inflammatory effects via inhibition of homotypic aggregation of LPS-activated monocytes through mechanisms involving the suppression of NO production and NF-κB activity, suggesting Maesil extract as a potential therapeutic candidate for the prevention and treatment of chronic inflammatory diseases.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.19 no.11
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• pp.1658-1665
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• 2009

This study was carried out on thirty men to define the association of inflammatory markers with physiological factors on one-time aerobic exercise (for 15 min. Post-exercise interleukin-6 (IL-6), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), heart rate (HR), systolic blood pressure (SBP), and pulsatility and resistance index of middle cerebral artery (PI and RI, respectively) levels were elevated compared to those measured pre-exercise. Total leukocyte and platelet counts, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), free radical (FR), and low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) levels tended to decrease after exercise. Pre-exercise IL-6 levels were positively correlated with pre-exercise SBP levels, while post-exercise IL-6 level was positively correlated with post-exercise PI and RI levels. Post-exercise, hs-CRP levels were negatively related to SBP and HR. Pre-exercise, FR levels were positively associated to SBP, DBP, and HR. Post-exercise FR levels were negatively related to the post-exercise blood flow velocity in middle cerebral artery. Pre-exercise erythrocyte indices (RBC, MCV, MCH, and MCHC levels) were in inverse proportion to pre-exercise IL-6 levels. Post-exercise FR levels were inversely related to post-exercise total leukocyte, lymphocyte, monocyte, and MCH levels. Pre-exercise $Mg^{++}$ levels were in inverse proportion to pre-exercise IL-6, hs-CRP, or FR levels. These findings suggest that one-time aerobic exercise offers a significant relationship between inflammatory markers and some biochemical markers or electrolytes. Further studies need to be carried out for investigation of differences between genders or age groups following one-time or regular aerobic exercise.