• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.69-77
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• 2006

This paper studied the effects of consumers' fashion item sales promotion attitude, depending on different sales promotions (monetary vs. non monetary) and sales promotion benefit timing (immediate vs. delayed) in fashion stores (high involvement product brand vs. low involvement). Three hypotheses were developed. H1; Monetary promotion is more effective than non-monetary promotion in fashion stores. H2; Immediate benefit is more effective than delayed benefit for both monetary and non-monetary promotions in fashion stores. H3; High-involvement fashion brand is more promotion elastic than low-involvement. Data were solicited from 300 female college student and $2{\times}2{\times}2$ between subjects experiment were designed. The results found out that monetary sales promotion effect was more positive than non-monetary and H1 was supported. Furthermore immediate benefit method was more effective than delayed benefit and H2 was supported as well. Significant interaction between sales promotion type and benefit timing was obtained. However, brand involvement effect was not found to the sales promotion attitudes.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.277-286
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• 2019

The study aims to analyze the influence of egoistic, altruistic and biospheric value on green functional benefit, green monetary cost, green satisfaction and green loyalty. The study analyzes the effect of green functional benefit and green monetary cost on green satisfaction and green loyalty, as well as green satisfaction on green loyalty. The study employs quantitative methods with customers who have green brand purchase experience in Indonesia. Non-probability sampling was conducted using purposive sampling method based on predetermined criteria, which are customers who have already purchase and use green brand products. A total of 402 samples were analyzed using Structural Equation Modelling. The result shows that the data support hypotheses on egoistic and biospheric value, hypotheses on green functional benefit effect to green satisfaction and green loyalty, as well as green monetary cost effect to green loyalty. The other hypotheses are not supported by data. As a conclusion, it is egoistic and biospheric value that has positive effect on green loyalty, while green functional benefit and green monetary cost act as mediation between the value orientation and green loyalty. As managerial implication, green brand marketing strategy should incorporate egoistic and biospheric values in messages in advertising and promotion.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.638-650
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to do an exploratory analysis on the expectation of Chinese high-school students on the benefits of higher education. Higher education benefits were categorized into monetary-investment benefit, non monetary-investment benefit and consumptive benefit. The differences in expectation according to independent student factors and family background were analyzed. The survey data on every high school's 300 students and 300 their parents total 1200 in 2 high schools in YanTai was put into the analysis. The differences among groups and items were analyzed using Cross tabulation, ANOVA, etc with SPSS. The major findings are as follows. First, Chinese high-school students' overall expectation on higher education benefits was high. Second, Expectation on higher education benefits differed according to independent student factors, such as gender, academic year, grade, etc. Third, expectation on higher education benefits differed according to factors of family background. Fourth, level of expectation on higher education benefits between parents and students differed. In the future, the government should consider such various expectations and differences when dealing with higher education policies and university operation.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.78-84
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• 1997

The specific purpose of this study is to develop the numerical guide for the cost-benefit analysis of ORE ($/person-Sv reduction) to meet the criterion of ALARA in the design stage of the KNGR. In deriving the guide, the risk factor which is defined by the risk to unit collective radiation exposure dose (deaths/person-Sv) and the monetary value of human life ($/death) are required. The risk factor has been estimated from various clinical data accumulated for a number of years and continuously modified. And the monetary value of human life is usually quantified using the human capital approach. In this study, the risk to radiation exposure perceived by a group of people is investigated through an extensive poll survey conducted among university students in order to modify the existing risk factor for radiation exposure. And in evaluating the monetary value of human life, the QOL factor is introduced in order to incorporate the degree of public welfare or quality of life. As a result of study, a value within the range of 151, 000~172, 000 dollars per person-Sv reduction is recommended as the appropriate interim numerical guide for cost-benefit analysis of ORE to meet the criterion of ALARA in the design stage of the KNGR. A poll survey was also conducted in order to see whether the public acceptance cost of nuclear power should be incorporated in developing the guide, and the result of study shooed that such a cost does not need to be considered.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.85-90
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• 2001

The conflicts between environment protection and economic development are becoming increasingly important in environmental decision making of Nakdong River Basin. A science-based evaluation system is now needed to represent both the environmental values and the economic values with a common measure. EMERGY, spelled with an \"m\" evaluates both the work of river and that of human in generating products and services. The monetary cost-benefit analysis and the environmental accounting by EMERGY analysis were applied to determine whether there will have a net benefit in environmental decision making of Nakdong River Basin. Based on the results of the environmental accounting, all alternatives which related to environmental decision making of Nakdong River Basin show that more and more of EMERGY cost becomes needed than the a EMERGY benefit from getting water to drink in the lower basin. From these results, for selecting alternatives to manage water quantity and quality that is sustainable in the environmental use and economic development, environmental accounting concepts must be considered, and the economic structure of Nakdong River Basin should be changed from the present industrial structure to social-economic based on ecological-recycling concept for the sustainable use of Nakdong River.ong River.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.65-81
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• 2020

Purpose - This research aims to investigate how consumers' eco-friendly product choice ratio changes as the benefits of eco-friendly products are framed as (1) non-monetary benefits, (2) monetary gain integrated with the loss or (3) monetary gain segregated from the loss. Design/methodology/approach - A mixed-design, scenario-based choice experiment was conducted. A series of chi-square tests and residual analyses were conducted to analyze the data. Findings - When the monetary gain was larger or slightly smaller than the loss, the participants' eco-friendly product choice ratio was higher when the monetary gain was integrated with the loss than those in the other two conditions. When the monetary gain was significantly smaller than the loss, the participants' eco-friendly product choice ratio was lower when the monetary gain was integrated with the loss than those in the other conditions. The ratio did not differ between the latter two conditions. Research implications or Originality - This research shows that marketers should frame the benefits of eco-friendly products and their costs in different manners depending on the relative magnitudes of them. This research also complements the existing literature by comparing the effectiveness of non-monetary framing of eco-friendly product benefits with that of monetary framing following hedonic editing hypothesis.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.30 no.1D
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• pp.61-70
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• 2010

In case of low benefit project with low traffic or high-priced project, existing analysis of cost and benefit tends to present a low feasibility. However, considering the improvement of environment, intensification of disaster prevention, public stability of countryside area and formation of good scenery, these projects can have a feasibility. This paper analyzes and summarizes the indirect benefit of some ripple effects, caused by road projects, and presents the methodology and process in order to change the indirect benefit into monetary value.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.15 no.7
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• pp.489-499
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• 2015

The purpose of this study is to identify factors affecting piracy of online digital contents, focusing on relative awareness of illegal duplications, compared to legal duplication. To do this, the current study integrates factors proposed in existing literature and the previous studies based on the theory of planned behavior and accesses them from cost-benefit point of view. Main findings are summarized as followed;- First, with regard to relative benefits gained by illegal duplication, it is shown that monetary and psychological utility have positive effects on attitudes and behaviors of illegal duplication. Particularly, it is found that monetary incentive is the main cause of illegal duplication as monetary gains are major factors affecting illegal duplication behaviors. Second, it is suggested that ethical cost is a definitive factor that has negative effects on illegal duplication behaviors while technological cost has also significant effects on illegal duplication behaviors. Third, it is confirmed that there is a significant relationship between attitudes and behaviors of illegal duplication. This result shows that an attitude to illegal duplication is antecedent of behaviors as the belief and the value regarding illegal duplication can lead actual behaviors.

• Asia Marketing Journal
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.99-123
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• 2008

Consumer satisfaction/dissatisfaction is key determinant of brand loyalty and store patronage behavior. But the results of many customer satisfaction surveys implemented by department stores show that consumer satisfactions do not predict the actual patronage behaviors well. The main reason of these surprising results would be that the consumer satisfaction indexes do not include some important determinants of consumer satisfaction. Many customer satisfaction surveys mainly focus on the evaluation of functional benefits including product assortments, merchandise prices and locational convenience. Recent studies indicate that emotional/hedonic benefits strongly influence the consumer satisfaction, intention to repurchase and intention to revisit. Our study suggests that both functional values and hedonic values should be included in developing the index of consumer satisfactions. The purpose of our study is to investigate the relationship between shopping value and consumer satisfaction, and actual patronage behavior. Shopping values is defined as the difference between total benefits and total shopping costs. Total benefits include the dimensions of product quality, service quality, and hedonic benefits. Total costs are classified as the monetary costs and non-monetary cost. The conceptual framework developed for this empirical study is as follows.

• The Journal of Society for e-Business Studies
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.91-112
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• 2006

Unlike typical corporate investments, IT expenditures have direct impact on many aspects of a business, including those that are difficult to quantify. Therefore, financial indicators alone do not do justice to the full effect of an If investment. Proposed in this paper is a methodology to measure the return on IT investments, including non-financial impacts expressed in terms of monetary values. This methodology shows tangible cost as well as hidden cost by analyzing total cost of ownership. The methodology also produces ROI by performing cost benefit analysis including financial and non-financial factors. This paper suggests a more objective validation of If's impact on the business activities. It rationalizes investment priorities and provides a systematic approach to effective IT investment.