• Title/Summary/Keyword: Modification

Search Result 9,123, Processing Time 0.04 seconds

Contribution of Customer Orientation to Emotional Labor and Customer-Related Social Stressors in School Foodservice Employees -Focus on Daegu and Gyeongbuk Provinces- (학교급식 조리종사원의 고객지향성이 감정노동과 고객관련 스트레스에 미치는 영향 -대구·경북지역을 중심으로-)

  • Lee, Kyung-A;Heo, Chang-Goo
    • Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
    • /
    • v.45 no.11
    • /
    • pp.1673-1680
    • /
    • 2016
  • The purpose of this study was to examine how customer orientation (CO) reduces employee stress to customers (CSS). As emotional labor strategies [surface acting (SA) and deep acting (DA)] may mediate a role between CO and CSS, we verified multiple parallel mediator roles of SA and DA between CO and CSS. Our survey was administered to 323 school foodservice employees in Daegu and Gyeongbuk. The results show that CO increased DA but did not decrease SA, and SA had a positive effect on CSS while DA did not influence CSS. These results did not support the parallel multiple mediator model. We conducted post-hoc model modification and proposed the serial multiple mediator model as a modified model. As a result, CO increased DA, DA reduced SA, and SA showed a positive relation with CSS. This double mediating effect through DA and SA between CO and CSS was significant. Based on these results, we found that CO did not have a direct effect on SA and CSS. DA did not directly reduce CSS while CO reduced SA and CSS through DA indirectly. DA had a negative effect on CSS through SA indirectly. Finally, implications and limitations of this are discussed.

Comparison of Liver, Kidney, Bone Metal Concentration in OhJeokSan-Treated Rats (오적산(五積散)을 투여한 흰쥐의 간장, 신장, 골중 금속농도 비교에 관한 연구)

  • Park Chul-Soo;Lee Sun-Dong;Park Hae-Mo;Park Yeong-Chul
    • Journal of Society of Preventive Korean Medicine
    • /
    • v.6 no.2
    • /
    • pp.66-85
    • /
    • 2002
  • Traditional herbal medicine is used extensively among the Korean populations, and other Asian countries employ similar therapies as well In recent years, extensive focus was laid on adulteration of the herbal medicine with heavy metals. This may be mainly due to a soil contamination by an environmental pollution. The objective of this study is to identify the contents of various heavy metals in the blood from OhJeokSan-Decoction (OD) treated-rats. For this study, 13 kinds of metals including essential and heavy metals, i.e. Al, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se and Zn were analyzed by a slight modification of EPA methods and the following results are obtained. ; 1. There is no significant difference between the OD-treated groups and control group in liver, kidney, bone, brain, weight, food intake. 2. The amount of each metal analyzed in the liver are as follows; Al ; $0.235{\sim}4.215mg/kg$, As ; $0.103{\sim}0.461mg/kg$, Cd ; $0.005{\sim}0.010mg/kg$, Co ; $0.017{\sim}0.046mg/kg$, Cr ; $0.137{\sim}0.403mg/kg$, Cu ; $1.736{\sim}4.827mg/kg$, Fe ; $54.472{\sim}381.447mg/kg$, Hg ; not detected, Mn ; $1.159{\sim}2.803mg/kg$, Ni ; $0.007{\sim}0.095mg/kg$, Pb ; not detected, Se ; $0.682{\sim}1.887mg/kg$, Zn ; $10.213{\sim}26.119mg/kg$, by groups, respectively. In control and other experimental group, several metal (Co, Cu, Mn, Zn, As, Cr) has a significant difference, but in experimental I and other experimental II, III, IV, V groups, there are no significant difference. 3. The amount of each metal analyzed in the kidney are as follows; Al ; $1.712{\sim}31.230mg/kg$, As ; $0.062{\sim}0.439mg/kg$, Cd ; $0.010{\sim}0.062mg/kg$, Co ; $0.000{\sim}0.101mg/kg$, Cr ; $0.125{\sim}0.636mg/kg$, Cu ; $3.385{\sim}12.502mg/kg$, Fe ; $41.148{\sim}99.709mg/kg$, Hg ; $0.000{\sim}0.270mg/kg$, Mn ; $0.433{\sim}2.301mg/kg$, Ni ; $0.000{\sim}0.221mg/kg$, Pb ; $0.000{\sim}0.584mg/kg$, Se ; $0.540{\sim}1.600mg/kg$, Zn ; $8.775{\sim}17.060mg/kg$, by groups, respectively. The concentration of Cu, Se, Cr, and Hg are variated significantly in control and other experimental group, and Cu, Se, Cd, Cr are variated significantly in experimental I and other experimental II, III, IV, V groups. 4. The amount of each metal analyzed in the bone(tibia and fibula) are as follows; Al ; $9.557{\sim}119.464mg/kg$, As ; $0.139{\sim}12.250mg/kg$, Cd ; $0.000{\sim}0.295mg/kg$, Co ; $0.022{\sim}0.243mg/kg$, Cr ; $0.239{\sim}1.999mg/kg$, Cu ; $0.000{\sim}2.291mg/kg$, Fe ; $240.249{\sim}841.956mg/kg$, Hg ; $0.000{\sim}0.983mg/kg$, Mn ; $0.214{\sim}7.353mg/kg$, Ni ; $5.473{\sim}11.453mg/kg$, Pb ; $0.000{\sim}8.502mg/kg$, Se ; $0.000{\sim}3.005mg/kg$, Zn ; $61.158{\sim}195.038mg/kg$, by groups, respectively. The concentration of Se, Cd are variated significantly in control and other experimental groups, and Se is variated significantly in experimental I and other experimental II, III, IV, V groups. 5. Exceptionally several metal concentration is increased or decreased. but there is no significant harmful difference of metal concentration in the liver, kidney and bone, from the OD-treated-rats compared to those of the control group even if higher dosage($1{\sim}8$ times dosage of person) of OD was administered. Thus, it is expected that the herbal decoction in the traditional herbal medicine would not lay any burden on the body and the heavy metal toxins would not affect our physiological system. However, other kinds of herbal treatment, such as i.v. and i.p. should be considered in terms of metal toxicity in the body since the level of certain metal.

  • PDF

The Development of National Competency Standard(NCS) Regarding Casino Operations Management (카지노운영관리 직무에 관한 국가직무능력표준(NCS) 개발)

  • Kim, Dong-Yeon;Oh, Seung-Gyun;Koo, Ja-Gil;Kim, Jinsoo
    • 대한공업교육학회지
    • /
    • v.39 no.1
    • /
    • pp.143-163
    • /
    • 2014
  • This study developed a National Competency Standard(NCS) regarding the casino operations management based on the manual for developing National Competency Standard of 13 years and a revised classification system chart of the National Competency Standard. For the research method, this study developed a national competency standard of relevant jobs after going through review, consultation, modification, supplementation, and reporting procedures 10 times with development experts of the National Competency Standard, the industrial setting professionals, education and training experts, qualification(job analysis) experts, facilitators, and a working group of job verification committee based on the phased range and DACUM procedure of study. The major development results of this study are as follows. First, this study selected and defined duties based on the revised classification system chart of the National Competency Standard, then drew and developed total 8 ability units based on the applicable duties. Secondly, based on the developed ability units, total 27 ability unit factors were deduced and developed. Thirdly, a standard system by ability unit factor was developed based on the level of the national competency standard and revised classification system chart, then this study deduced and developed a supra-domain of the standard system by competency units using the standard tranquility value by these competency unit factors. Based on such development contents and guidelines for the national competency standard ability unit classification number, this study deduced and developed category numbers by relevant competency unit. Fourthly, total 27 relevant performance standard by competency units and knowledge, skill, and attitude were deduced and developed. Fifthly, this study deduced and developed a scope of application, work situation, evaluation guide, core competency, and development history in reference to the total 8 relevant competency units based on the duties.

'The Same Scenery' and 'a Different Landscape' Included in "Real-Scenery Landscape Painting", an Essay to Determine Meaning - Centering around Paintings of Chong Seok Jeong in the 18th-19th Centuries - (실경산수화에 담긴 '같은 경관' 그러나 '다른 풍경', 그 의미 찾기 - 18.19C 총석정 그림을 중심으로 -)

  • Rho, Jae-Hyun;Jang, Il-Young
    • Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
    • /
    • v.36 no.5
    • /
    • pp.82-93
    • /
    • 2008
  • This research focused on the process in which 'the same scenery' is recognized and represented as 'a different landscape' to determine the symbols and meaning of the scenery and landscape included in real-scenery landscape paintings of the 18th-19th centuries. As a result of analyzing the visual points, the content and expressions of 25 real-scenery landscape paintings of Chong Seok Jeong(叢石亭), it can be seen that the transmission of a kind of semiotic landscape on the basis of a specific symbol was accomplished naturally through imitation and representation for the purpose of the expression of Chong Seok Jeong-like idealized scenery. This shows that the unique images of Chong Seok Jeong have long been passed down after taking root as a unique benchmark The meaningful symbol of 'a strange Saseonbong(四仙峰)', which is broken by the spray after rising high, and 'a pine forest' have both been transmitted as being in the manner of Chong Seok Jeong. This has been equipped with the stereo-type scene by being a collective symbolization as the psycho-scenes in memory element of Chong Seok Jeong. Through the pictures of both Gyeomjae(謙齋) and Danweon(檀園), the process by which a specific painter's pictures become acculturated is highly interesting. The scenery expressed in these pictures was clearly that of a landscape of which its particularly emotions and remembrances were repainted through the experience of several places and original sketches. This can be explained as the concept in which the image from 'a specific scenery' gained through actual experience, that is, a personal feeling, has been expressed. The picture that was expressed as a different figure even at the same visual point for the same scenery is the result that was redefined through the scenery subject's recognition. Also, the modification of the scenery object can be colorful through meditation and Sachu(邪推: guessing with wicked doubt). The scenery recognized newly through adoption, omission and emphasis, it is 'the specific scenery' in the heart and is a figure having been more similar to 'a landscape' if the objective life reproduction before being acculturated is a figure similar to the scenery. So, the concept looks like being very persuasive that 'the nature with objectivity captured sensuously' simply is the scenery, and that 'the subjective phenomenon having acquired the cultural nature by being introspected in the method of aesthetic nostalgia is a landscape'.

The Implications and Characteristics of the Policies for Park and Green Spaces in England (영국 공원녹지 정책의 최근 경향과 특성)

  • Kim, Yun-Geum;Choi, Jung-Min
    • Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
    • /
    • v.40 no.2
    • /
    • pp.86-96
    • /
    • 2012
  • Recently parks and green spaces contribute not only as a place of leisure but also for environmental welfare, social education, new jobs and $CO_2$ Emissions Reduction. Parks and green spaces are understood as urban infrastructures like roads and rivers. They are also included in social infrastructures like education, culture, and welfare facilities. These changes are applied to policies for parks and green spaces, many governments and local authorities make investments on them. The modification of policies for parks and green spaces in England is a good example about this trend From this view point, this study now deals with the changing process of policies, results, and evaluation. Some implications have been deducted. The first is the inducement in participation in policies and implementation of practices through policy papers. They are more practical than written laws which are composed of abstract sentences and generalizations. Secondly, the status of parks and green spaces is highly raised with the establishment of CABE Space and so on. This organization controls many different policies and programs related to parks and green spaces. Third is the funding for the improvement of parks and green spaces. Fourth, are the short-term measures, such as funding and management, and the long-term measures such as pursuing building of partnership and training. Fifth, the government strives to establish its partnership with the local authorities and communities through a spectrum of support in terms of information, monitoring, and developing good practices among networks. Finally, parks and green spaces are being addressed from multiple directions through the participation of numerous agents like voluntary groups, development companies, communities and so on. Recently, in Korea, the influences of the Sunset Law for Park Site, Landscape Architecture Law, Urban Forest Law, and other related ordinances have encouraged the review on the policies on parks and green spaces needed. However, there are not many studies about them. Owing to these reasons, the cases of England will he helpful.

Perspectives on the Characteristics and Meanings as of a Traditional Ecological Landscape as Dangsan Forest and Dangsan Ritual Place in Seoseong-ri, Wando-gun (완도군 서성리 당산숲.당산제 공간의 전통생태경관적 특성 및 의미 고찰)

  • Choi, Jai-Ung;Kim, Dong-Yeob;Kim, Mi-Heui;Jo, Lock-Whan
    • Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
    • /
    • v.30 no.1
    • /
    • pp.135-145
    • /
    • 2012
  • Traditional village forests called Dangsan forests and Bibo forests in Korea represent an unique cultural landscape with a history of more than several hundred years. Feng-shui forest in China, Satoyama and Shinto shrine forest in Japan are recognized internationally as 'traditional ecological landscapes'. Dangsan forests and Bibo forests have been preserved through generations in the villages, and are no less valuable than Feng-shui forest, and Satoyama. However, the names of Dangsan forest and Bibo forest have not been well recognized worldwide. Dangsan forest in Seoseong-ri, Wando-gun is located on a mountain slope at a riparian forest. It consists of an evergreen broadleaf forest and Carpinus laxiflora forest. The characteristics of Dangsan forest in Seoseong-ri could be found at 10 sacrifice offering places. Two Dangsan trees on the coastal area are included in the sacrifice offering places. Cultural heritage can retain their value when they are fully sustained. Additional construction, demolition or modification should be banned. Furthermore, all means must be taken to facilitate the preservation of monuments and the value and meanings pertaining to them should not be distorted. In a respect of authenticity, Dangsan forest in Seoseong-ri, Wando-gun seems to have original Dangsan culture based on animism with a philosophic background, where a religious service for the mountain god is held at rock of mountain god, and Dangsan ritual is held at shrine on January 8 at 4:00 am by lunar calendar. Relating to the conservation and management of cultural heritage in international discussion, the importance is that whether there is sustainability on the right to the enjoyment of cultural heritage. Dangsan forest in Seoseong-ri is leaved alone to the public. The forest need a social mechanism to support the recovery of deformed shrine and to heighten public awareness of Dangsan forest in order to claim the value as a unique traditional ecological landscape in Korea.

Modification of the Cox-Maze Procedure for Atrial Fibrillation with Large Left Atrium ; Development of Surgical Technique to Increase the Left Atrial Contractility (좌심방 확장을 동반한 심방세동에 대한 Cox-Maze 수술법의 변형 -수술후 좌심방 수축력의 증진을 위한 수술법의 개량-)

  • 강창현;김기봉;손대원
    • Journal of Chest Surgery
    • /
    • v.32 no.3
    • /
    • pp.249-254
    • /
    • 1999
  • Background: Recovery of the left atrial contractile function after the Cox-Maze procedure is related to the size of the left atrium. We have postulated that if too wide area of the atrium were isolated electrically, then the atrial contractile function would be impaired postoperatively. We have modified the Cox-Maze procedure to dissect each pair of the pulmonary veins separately instead of the conventional pulmonary vein encircling incision, and compared the atrial contractile function after each procedure. Material and Method: From February 1995 to October 1997, 55 cases of the Cox-Maze procedure were performed in mitral valvular heart disease. We excluded the cases that did not covert to sinus rhythm. The patient groups were divided according to the interpulmonary vein distance(IPVD) and the procedure performed. Group I was IPVD under 6.5 cm(n=30), group II was IPVD over 6.5cm and the conventional Cox-Maze III procedure was performed(n=16), and group III was IPVD over 6.5cm and the modified Cox-Maze procedure was performed(n=9). Result: Atrial contractile function was evaluated by the echocardiography follow-up between 6 months to 12 months. The right atrial contractile function recovered gradually, the recovery rate after long-term follow-up was 90% in group I, 81% in group II, and 100% in group III(p>0/05). In the left atrium the recovery rate was 63% in group I, 31% in group II(p=0.03), and 66% in group III(p>0.05). Conclusion: The modified Cox-Maze procedure may have beneficial effects on the recovery of the left atrial contractile function, however, there are no statistically significant values. Therefore, further evaluation of this procedure is necessary.

  • PDF

Leptomycin B Increases Radiosensitization by Trichostain A in HeLa Cells (HeLa세포주에서 Leptomicin B에 의한 Trichostain A의 방사선 감작효과의 증가)

  • Kim, In-An;Kim, Jin-Ho;Shin, Jin-Hee;Kim, Il-Han;Kim, Jae-Sung;Wu-Hong, Gyun;Chie, Eui-Kyu;Kim, Yong-Ho;Kim, Bo-Kyung;Hong, Se-Mie;Ha, Sung-Whan;Park, Chan-Il
    • Radiation Oncology Journal
    • /
    • v.23 no.2
    • /
    • pp.116-122
    • /
    • 2005
  • Purpose: Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDIs) are emerging as potentially useful components of anticancer therapy and their radiosensitizing effects have become evident. Specific HDAS are now available that preferentially inhibit specific HDAC classes; TSA inhibits Class I and II HDACs, and SK7041 inhibits Class I HDACs. Materials and methods: We tested the differential radiosensitization induced by two different classes of HDIs in HeLa cells. We next tested the hypothesis that p53 expression in cancer cells may influence the susceptibility to HDIs by using pharmacologic modification of the p53 status under an isogenic background. Results: It is interesting that p53 expression in the HeLa cells clearly increased the degree of radio-sensitization by TSA compared to that of the class I specific inhibitor SK7041. This suggests that p53 may, in part, be responsible for the mechanistic role for the greater radiosensitization induced by Class I & II inhibitors compared to that of the class I specific inhibitors. Thus, these studies are useful in distinguishing between events mediated solely by the Class I HDACS versus those events involving the other classes of HDACS as well. Conclusion: The anticancer efficacy of targeting Class I and II HDACS, in conjunction with radiation therapy, may be further enhanced by the restoration of p53 expression.

Immunogenicity of Synthetic Peptide Specific for Major Immunogenic Determinat of Hepatitis B Surface Antigen (B형간염(型肝炎) 표면항원(表面抗原)의 주면역원(主免疫原) 결정기(決定基)에 특이(特異)한 합성(合成) Peptide의 면역원성(免疫原性)에 관한 연구(硏究))

  • Shin, Kwang-soon;Han, Su-nam
    • Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
    • /
    • v.25 no.1
    • /
    • pp.7-17
    • /
    • 1985
  • Many investigators have been pursuing various attempts so far to produce hepatitis B surface antigen(HBsAg) vaccines using the techniques such as isolation from plasma of chronic HBsAg carrier, recombinant DNA technique or preparation of synthetic peptides specific for immunogenic determinants. Hepatitis B virus can not grow on any cell lines by the tissue culture technique at the present time. The plasma of chronic HBsAg carrier is expensive and its source is limited. The HBsAg from the recombinant DNA technique gave still very low yield. Another approach, therefore, has been initiated to develop a synthetic hepatitis B virus vaccine. The possible use of several distinct synthetic vaccines in prophylaxis can be facilitated by availability of full synthetic immunogens. Peptides synthesized for potential application as antiviral vaccines have been mostly tested in the form of conjugates with carrier proteins, although the free synthetic peptide can be immunogenic. To understand basic knowledges on the antigenicity and immunogenicity of a synthetic peptide specific for major immunogenic determinant of HBsAg, a nonapeptide, $H_2N^{139}Cys-Thr-Lys-Pro-Thr-Asp-Gly-^{146}Asn-Aba$ COOH, which corresponds to HBsAg amino acid residues 139 to 147, was synthesized by the Merrifield's solid-phase method with a slight modification. The antigenicity and immunogenicity of this specific synthetic peptide were examined comparing with purified plasma-derived natural HBsAg. The results obtained are as follows; 1. The peptide synthesized showed the identical amino acid composition to the theoretical value. The degree of purification and molecular weight were acertained by methods of high performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. 2. Using m-maleimidobenzoyl-N-hydroxysuccinimide ester as a conjugating agent, the synthetic peptide was conjugated to rabbit albumin and ${\gamma}$-globulin, tetanus and diphtheria toxoids, and keyhole limpet hemocyanin. Their conjugation yields were 8.3, 9.5, 15.8, 13.5, and 11.2%, respectively. 3. The natural HBsAg was purified from plasma of chronic HBsAg carrier. By the electron microscopic observation of the purified natural HBsAg preparation, no Dane particles were observed and the preparation showed negative DNA polymerase activity. 4. Antigenicity of the synthetic peptide and the plasma-derived natural HBsAg was determined by competition radioimmunoassay using $^{125}I$-natural HBsAg. Their 50% inhibitions appeared as $90{\mu}g/ml$ and $0.12{\mu}g/ml$ for the synthetic peptide and the natural HBsAg, respectively. This indicates that the former was about 750-fold less antigenic than the latter. 5. Immunogenicity of the synthetic peptide was determined by administering the peptide-carrier conjugates into rabbits with and without Freund's complete adjuvant. Regardless the carrier proteins and adjuvant, positive immune responses to the synthetic peptide were observed. The higher antibody titers, however, were shown in the groups administered with Freund's complete adjuvant. 6. Immunizing dose 50% in mice of the various peptide-carrier conjugates was 5.47, 6.00, 65.16, 31.25 and $13.03{\mu}g/dose$ for rabbit albumin and ${\gamma}$-globulin, tetanus and diphtheria toxoids, and keyhole limpet hemocyanin, respectively, while the natural HBsAg showed $0.65{\mu}g/dose$. 7. It was postulated that homologous proteins prefer to heterologous ones as the carriers.

  • PDF

Application Rate Modification of Paddy Herbicide Quinclorac Depending on Different Cultural Patterns (벼 작부양식(作付樣式)의 차이(差異)에 따른 제초제(除草劑) QUINCLORAC 의 선택활성(選擇活性) 변동(變動))

  • Guh, J.O.;Im, W.H.;Han, S.U.;Kuk, Y.I.
    • Korean Journal of Weed Science
    • /
    • v.12 no.2
    • /
    • pp.124-131
    • /
    • 1992
  • Not only reducing the carry-over effects of quinclorac [3, 7-dichloro-8-quinoline carboxylic acid] used in paddy field to some following vegetable crops but also rationalizing agro-ecology conservation and farm economy, the reducing feasibility of application rates by various cropping patterns and application timing after rice seeding and transplanting. Four cropping patterns namely dry direct seeding(DDS), flooded direct seed(FDS), transplanting of 8 days old early seedlings(EST) and 25 days old machinery seedling(MST) were experimented with 7 application timings as 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30 days after seeding/transplanting and 9 levels of application rates as 0, 75, 150, 225, 300, 375, 450, 525, and 600g ai/ha of the chemical, respectively. Within the maximum permitted limit of rice phytotoxicity, the minimum application rate of quinclorac to complete control of Echinochloa crus-galli as influenced by various cropping patterns with application timing could be evaluated as follows : A. Dry direct seeding : The minimized application rate at application timing upto 10 days after seeding (DAS) was counted 150g ai/ha, and delaying upto 15-30 DAS, the rates were increased upto 225-525g ai/ha. B. Flooded direct seeding and transplanting : The application rates were minimized 75g ai/ha at application timing upto 10 days after seeding/transplanting(DAS/T), 150g ai/haupto 15 DAS/T, and 225g ai/ha at later than 20 DAS/T, respectively.

  • PDF