• ETRI Journal
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.127-136
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• 2024

The Korean language has written (formal) and spoken (phonetic) forms that differ in their application, which can lead to confusion, especially when dealing with numbers and embedded Western words and phrases. This fact makes it difficult to automate Korean speech recognition models due to the need for a complete transcription training dataset. Because such datasets are frequently constructed using broadcast audio and their accompanying transcriptions, they do not follow a discrete rule-based matching pattern. Furthermore, these mismatches are exacerbated over time due to changing tacit policies. To mitigate this problem, we introduce a data-driven Korean spoken-to-written transcription conversion technique that enhances the automatic conversion of numbers and Western phrases to improve automatic translation model performance.

• Spatial Information Research
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.147-163
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• 1994

This paper presents three methods of generating the transportation network data out of the topological geographic database in the hope that the conversion of the geographic database file containing the topology to the conventional node-link type trans¬portation network file may facilitate the integration between transportation planning mod¬els and GIS by alleviating the inherent problems of both computing environments. One way of the proposed conversion method is to use the conversion software that allows the bi-directional conversion between the UTPS (Urban Transportation Planning System) type transportation planning model and GIS. The other two methods of data structure conversion approach directly transform the GIS's user-level topology into the transportation network data topology, and have been introduced with codes programmed with FORTRAN and AML (Arc Macro Language) of ARC/INFO. If used successfully, any approach would not only improve the efficiency of transportation planning process and the associated decision-making activities in it, but enhance the productivity of trans¬portation planning agencies.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.808-814
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• 2010

Activities of nanostructure HZSM-5 and Co-ZSM-5 catalysts (with different Co-loading) for catalytic conversion of ethyl acetate and toluene were studied. The catalysts were prepared by wet impregnation method and were characterized by XRD, BET, SEM, TEM and ICP-AES techniques. Catalytic studies were carried out inside a U-shaped fixed bed reactor under atmospheric pressure and different temperatures. Toluene showed lower reactivity than ethyl acetate for conversion on Co-ZSM-5 catalysts. The effect of Co loading on conversion was prominent at temperatures below $400^{\circ}C$ and $450^{\circ}C$ for ethyl acetate and toluene respectively. In a binary mixture of organic compounds, toluene and ethyl acetate showed an inhibition and promotional behaviors respectively, in which the conversion of toluene was decreased at temperatures above $350^{\circ}C$. Inhibition effect of water vapor was negligible at temperatures above $400^{\circ}C$. An artificial neural networks model was developed to predict the conversion efficiency of ethyl acetate on Co-ZSM-5 catalysts based on experimental data. Predicted results showed a good agreement with experimental results. ANN modeling predicted the order of studied variable effects on ethyl acetate conversion, which was as follows: reaction temperature (50%) > ethyl acetate inlet concentration (25.085%) > content of Co loading (24.915%).

• The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.63-70
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• 2013

In previous research, we suggested a business process structured query language(BPSQL) for information extraction and retrieval in the business process framework, and used an existing query language with the tablization for each layer within the framework, but still had a problem to manually build with the specification of each layer information of BFP. To solve this problem, we suggest automatically to build the schema based business process model with model-to-text conversion technique. This procedure consists of 1) defining each meta-model of the entire structure and of database schema, and 2) also defining model transformation rules for it. With this procedure, we can automatically transform from defining through meta-modeling of an integrated information system designed to the schema based model information table specification defined of the entire layer each layer specification with model-to-text conversion techniques. It is possible to develop the efficiently integrated information system.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.16 no.8
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• pp.427-434
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• 2016

This paper focuses on a real-time hardware processing by implementing the ARM Cortex-M4 based embedded system, using a conversion algorithm from a muscular sense to both visual and auditory elements, which recognizes rotations of a human body, directional changes and motion amounts out of human senses. As an input method of muscular sense, AHRS(Attitude Heading Reference System) was used to acquire roll, pitch and yaw values in real time. These three input values were converted into three elements of HSI color model such as intensity, hue and saturation, respectively. Final color signals were acquired by converting HSI into RGB color model. In addition, Three input values of muscular sense were converted into three elements of sound such as octave, scale and velocity, which were synthesized to give an output sound using MIDI(Musical Instrument Digital Interface). The analysis results of both output color and sound signals revealed that input signals of muscular sense were correctly converted into both color and sound in real time by the proposed conversion method.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Telematics and Electronics D
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• v.36D no.2
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• pp.81-89
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• 1999

Among various wavelength conversion technologies, that using the cross-gain modulation in laser diode makes it possible to deal with the high speed signal quite simply and efficiently. In this paper, presented was the applicability of an improved time-domain large-signal dynamic model as a CAD tool to analyzed the characteristics of SSGDBR(Superstructure Grating Distributed Bragg Reflector) laser diodes used for wavelength converters. Using this model, it was shown that this kind of wavelength converter can provide the widely tunable wavelength conversion of the high speed data above 10 Gbps. We also investigated the effect of input optical power and the bias current on the characteristics of the device such as extinction ration and eye diagram. The modeling results show very similar trend to the experimental reports.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.127-133
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• 2011

${\beta}$-Galactosidase was immobilized on chitosan bead by covalent bonding using glutaraldehyde. The characteristics of the immobilized enzyme were investigated. Maximum immobilization yield of 75% was obtained on chitosan bead. Optimum pH and temperature for the immobilized enzyme was 7.0 and $50^{\circ}C$, respectively. The immobilized enzyme showed a broader range of pH and temperature compared to a free one. A mathematical model for the operation of the immobilized enzyme in a packed-bed reactor was established and solved numerically. Under different inlet lactose concentrations and feed flow rate conditions, lactose conversion was measured in a packed-bed reactor. The experimental results of continuous operation in a packed-bed reactor were compared to theoretic results using Michaelis-Menten kinetics with competitive product inhibition and external mass transfer resistance. The model predicted the experimental data with errors less than 5%. Process optimization of continuous operation in a packed-bed reactor was also conducted. In a recirculation packed-bed operation, conversion of lactose was 97% in 3 hours. In a continuous packed-bed operation, the effect of flow rate and initial lactose concentration was investigated. Increasing flow rates and initial lactose concentration decreased the conversion of substrate.

• Land and Housing Review
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.115-123
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• 2022

Recently, the adoption of BIM technology in domestic civil engineering projects has continually increased both in its numbers and scope. However, the BIM model was developed and used after the 2D design was developed instead of creating the BIM model from the conceptual design phase. BIM must be used throughout every phase of design and construction to use BIM for its original purpose. However, if BIM application is applied in heavy civil projects without a step-by-step guideline, it can confuse the market and face industry resistance to using BIM. Therefore, BIM is currently being used step by step in the civil engineering field by using BIM as a conversion design. However, the BIM conversion design method, currently being performed in the Preliminary design stage, has many difficulties due to low work efficiency. This paper analyzes the existing process of converting a 2D design into a 3D BIM model while addressing the issues related to its low work efficiency. To this end, a novel approach to 2D to BIM conversion for the design development stage is proposed.

• Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.74-83
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• 2017

The recently introduced public rental housing REITs was just different the business structure from the existing public rental housing system and the basic supply system is the same. So the ownership conversion for public house over 10 years rental duration is possible after half of the obligated rental duration according to the agreement between lessor and lessee. However rental business operators are likely to have a negative attitude to the early ownership conversion because of less expected profit. Thus, there is a need for an analysis of proper early ownership conversion moment that can achieve public purposes while ensuring the profitability of public rental housing REITs. In this study, the characteristics of the ownership conversion rights that can lessee to exercise considered to be options. Also the nature of 'REITs', 'public rental housing REITs' is considered to be affected by the macroeconomic variables. Thus, this study analyzed the value for ownership conversion in the public rental housing REITs according to real option scenarios reflecting macroeconomic variables. As a result, according to the change of the variation rate of the macroeconomic variables, it was found that with adjustable early ownership conversion time using the DCF(Discounted Cash Flow) model. Therefore, it is possible to ensure profitability of early ownership conversion by predicting the variation of variables.

• Proceedings of the IEEK Conference
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• 1998.06a
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• pp.34-37
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• 1998

Signal Attenuation in the design of satellite channel is due mostly to rain. In this paper, the rain rate characteristics based on the recent year(1994-1996) data for Changwon-Masan were approximated to Moupfouma distribution, and the parameters of distribution were calculated from a simple conversion method of 1-h rate to 1-min rain rate data. From rain rate characteristics, the rain attenuation was estimated and compared with CCR model, Global model and SAM model.