• Journal of Korean Society of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.89-99
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• 1991

The metal concentrations in lungs from 12 coal workers' pneumoconiosis(CWP) patients and 6 controls, who were not exposed occupationally to coal mine dust and metals during their life time, were analyzed by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. 1. Copper, lead, nickel, magnesium, manganese, zinc and iron concentrations in lungs of CWP patients were $1.10{\pm}0.088$, $1.12{\pm}0.068$, $0.22{\pm}0.020$, $113.7{\pm}1.31$, $0.19{\pm}0.012$, $10.2{\pm}1.54$, $426.7{\pm}2.63{\mu}g/g$ wet weight. 2. Copper, lead, nickel, magnesium, manganese, zinc and iron concentrations in lungs of controls were $1.10{\pm}0.013$, $0.85{\pm}0.007$, $0.10{\pm}0.008$, $87.6{\pm}1.29$, $0.18{\pm}0.005$, $10.6{\pm}1.44$, $164.9{\pm}3.29{\mu}g/g$ wet weight. 3. The ratios of concentrations for copper, lead, nickel, magnesium, manganese, zinc, and iron in lungs for CWP patients and controls were 1 : 1, 1.32 : 1, 2.20 : 1, 1.30 : 1, 1.06 : 1, 0.92 : 1, 2.58 : 1, respectively. There were significant differences in concentrations of lead, nickel, magnesium, iron by group(p<0.05). 4. There was no significant difference in metal concentrations of right upper lobe, right lower lobe, left upper lobe and left lower lobe for both CWP patients and controls (p>0.05, p>0.05). 5. In CWP patients lead was well correlated with nickel showing a rank correlation coefficient of 0.533, and zinc was correlated with copper showing a rank correlation coefficient of 0.476. 6. The concentrations of copper, nickel, maganese, and zinc in Korean CWP patients were lower than those in foreign CWP patients.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.439-454
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to extensively identify $PM_{10}$ sources and to estimate their contributions to the study area, based on the analysis of the $PM_{10}$ mass concentration and the associated inorganic elements, ions, and total carbon. The contribution of $PM_{10}$ sources was estimated by applying a receptor method because identifying air emission sources were effective way to control the ambient air quality. $PM_{10}$ particles were collected from May to November 2007 in the Yongin-Suwon bordering area. $PM_{10}$ samples were collected on quartz filters by a $PM_{10}$ high-volume air sampler. The inorganic elements (Al, Mn, V, Cr, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, Si, Ba, Ti and Ag) were analyzed by an ICP-AES after proper pre-treatments of each sample. The ionic components of these $PM_{10}$ samples ($Cl^_$, $NO_3^-$, $SO_4^{2-}$, $Na^+$, $NH_4^+$, $K^+$, $Ca^{2+}$, and $Mg^{2+}$) were analyzed by an IC. The carbon components (OC1, OC2, OC3, OC4, OP, EC1, EC2 and EC3) were also analyzed by DRI/OGC analyzer. Source apportionment of $PM_{10}$ was performed using a positive matrix factorization (PMF) model. After performing PMF modeling, a total of 8 sources were identified and their contribution were estimated. Contributions from each emission source were as follows: 13.8% from oil combustion and industrial related source, 25.4% from soil source, 22.1% from secondary sulfate, 12.3% from secondary nitrate, 17.7% from auto emission including diesel (12.1%) and gasoline (5.6%), 3.1% from waste incineration and 5.6% from Na-rich source. This study provides information on the major sources affecting air quality in the receptor site, and therefore it will help us maintain and manage the ambient air quality in the Yongin-Suwon bordering area by establishing reliable control strategies for the related sources.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.18-23
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• 2006

Purpose : The reliability of hair mineral analyses regarding nutritional status, environmental exposure or diseases is controversial. The aim of this study was to determine the normal reference range of hair mineral concentration of Korean children. Methods : We examined hair mineral concentrations of 223 children(3-12 yrs old, 110 boys, 113 girls, mean age $8.8{\pm}2.2$ yrs old) living in the northern area of Seoul. The trace elements including six toxic elements(Al, As, Cd, Ba, Hg, Pb) and 11 nutritional elements(Na, Mg, P, K, Ca, Cr, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Se) were analyzed by inductive coupled plasma mass spectrometry(ICP-MS). Results : The mean concentrations of Ca and Mg were higher in girls than in boys. The mean concentrations of Cd, Pb and Cr were higher in boys than girls. The Zn, Ca, Mg, Cu and Hg levels in hair samples were positively correlated with increasing age. The Zn levels of the Korean children's hair samples appear to be lower than that of other countries' reference values. Conclusion : There are considerable differences in hair mineral concentrations by age, sex and race. Additional research is needed to establish Korean reference values, and to evaluate the usefulness of hair mineral analyses as a screening tool for nutrition- and environment-related childhood diseases.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.38 no.8
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• pp.459-467
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• 2016

In order to assess the pollution status and distribution characteristics of PM and PM-bound species, PM10 samples were collected using mini-volume air sampler at the subway cabin in Daejeon city. Measurements of about 24 elements including toxic metals (e.g., As, Cr, Mn, V, Zn) in PM10 were made by instrumental neutron activation analysis and X-ray fluorescence. The average PM10 concentration was $59.3{\pm}14.5{\mu}g/m^3$ in the subway cabin with a range of 42.2 to $97.4{\mu}g/m^3$, while the associated elemental concentrations were varied in the range of $10^{-3}$ to $10^5ng/m^3$. It was found that the concentration of Fe ($12.5{\mu}g/m^3$) was substantially higher than any other element. The Fe concentration was apportioned by about 20% of the PM10 concentration. The results of factor analysis indicate that there are no more than six sources in the cabin (e.g., brake-nonferrous metal particle, resuspended rail dust, fuel combustion, vehicle exhaust, black carbon, Cr-related).

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.769-774
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• 1993

Defatted rice bran was microparticulated using fluidized bed opposed jet mill and air-classified at different air classifying wheel speed (ACWS) in Turboplex classifier. The median particle size and the standard deviation decreased, and concomitantly the specific surface area increased generally with increasing ACWS. The protein, fat and ash contents of the recovered rice bran increased with ACWS. The contents of minerals; magnesium, zinc, iron and manganese; increased positively with ACWS. The phytic acid content, however, was slightly higher at middle ACWS. The dietary fiber content was highest in the ACWS 15,000 rpm fraction showing 31.47%. Higher ACWS resulted in lighter colored powder. The water holding capacity (WHC) showed the maximum value at ACWS 12,000 rpm and decreased with increasing ACWS, while the oil holding capacity (OHC) increased with ACWS. The rheological property of the microparticulated rice bran/water suspension fitted to the linear model. The yield stress and viscosity of the suspension increased with ACWS. The shape of microparticulated rice bran at ACWS 21,000 rpm was spherical, and the median particle size was $3.7{\mu}m$. When cake was prepared with substitution of microparticulated rice bran at 5%, the cake height and volume increased remarkably.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.806-811
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• 2003

Effects of pH, temperature, light, sugars, organic acids, metal ions, ascorbic acid, thiamine nicotinic acid and pyridoxine on the stability of the color of the cranberry solution were investigated. The pH had marked influences on the color of the cranberry solution: i.e., the color of the cranberry solution was more intense at low pH. It showed characteristic bathochromic shift as the pH of the solution increased. The half-lives of olor value were 34 days at 37$^{\circ}C$, 91 mins at 9$0^{\circ}C$ and 29 mins at 12$0^{\circ}C$. Light gave an adverse effect to the stability of the color. The color degradation can be minimized by shielding the light from the cranberry solution. Among the sugars tested, fructose was the most deleterious followed by sucrose, galactose, maltose and glucose. Fumaric acid was found to be the most effective in stabilizing the color followed by citric acid, malic acid, acetic acid, while tartaric acid was found to be deleterious. Among the metal ions tested N $a^{+}$ and $Mg^{2+}$ were found to be effective in stabilizing the color, while M $n^{2+}$ was found to be the most deleterious followed by F $e^{2+}$, $K^{+}$ and $Ca^{2+}$. Ascorbic acid was found to be deleterious considerably followed by thiamine, while nicotinic acid and pyridoxine were found to be effective in stabilizing the color feebly.or feebly.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.33 no.1 s.89
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• pp.31-37
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• 2000

For the purpose of surveying the physicochemical composition of sediment collected from Kwangyang Bay, the percentage of water loss, COD, $H_2S$, grain size and 10 heavy metals were studied at 17 sites. During the surveying period, the changes of the percentage of water loss were appeared $35.5\;{\sim}\;53.8%$. COD and $H_2S$ were showed $3.8\l{\sim}\;12.9\;mg/g$, and $0.1\;{\sim}11.4\;{\mu}g/g$, respectively, In composition of grain size on the sediment, percentages of grain sizes under $74\;{\mu}m$ were varied from 40.5% to 86.7% and above $74\;{\mu}m$ were varied from 11.5% to 43.0%. From the spatial distribution of heavy metal using contour map, we can suppose some heavy metal discharges which affect sediment of Kwangyang Bay, It was estimated that Shinpung creek, Ssang-bong creek, and draining area of sewange treatment plant were the main discharge among the heavy metal output sources. By comparison between present study and heavy metal guideline of nonpolluted sea sediment that is provided by EPA, US, it was showed that the contents of Pb and Hg were acceptable but contents of Mn, Zn, Cu, Fe, As, and Cr were higher than those of EPA guideline.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.590-603
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• 2006

Size-and time-resolved aerosol samples were collected using an eight-stage Davis rotating unit for monitoring (DRUM) sampler from 23 March to 29 April 2001 at Gosan, Jeju Island, Korea, which is one of the super sites of Asia-Pacific Regional Aerosol Characterization Experiment(ACE-Asia). These samples were analyzed using synchrotron X-ray fluorescence for 3-hr average concentrations of 19 elements including Al, Si, S, Cl, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Br, Rb, and Pb. The size-resolved data sets were then analyzed using the positive matrix factorization(PMF) technique to identify possible sources and estimate their contributions to particulate matter mass. PMF analysis uses the uncertainty of the measured data to provide an optimal weighting. Twelve sources were resolved in eight size ranges($0.09{\sim}12{\mu}m$) and included continental soil, local soil, sea salt, biomass/biofuel burning, coal combustion, oil combustion, municipal incineration, nonferrous metal source, ferrous metal source, gasoline vehicle, diesel vehicle, and volcanic emission. The PMF result of size-resolved source contributions showed that natural sources represented by local soil, sea salt, continental soil, and volcanic emission contributed about 79% to the predicted primary particulate matter(PM) mass in the coarse size range ($1.15{\sim}12{\mu}m$) while anthropogenic sources such as coal combustion and biomass/biofuel burning contributed about 58% in the fine size range($0.56{\sim}2.5{\mu}m$). The diesel vehicle source contributed mostly in ultra-fine size range($0.09{\sim}0.56{\mu}m$) and was responsible for about 56% of the primary PM mass.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.383-390
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• 1990

Alcoholic distillery waste was utilized as dual purposes to produce citric acid and to reduce the amount of waste to be treated. Enzyme and acid hydrolysis of this waste were studied to suggest effective way of present purpose. Enzymatic hydrolysis of this naked barley alcoholic distillery waste by $\alpha$-and $\beta$-amylase gave glucose as 8g/l concentration at $55^{\circ}C$ for 6 hours, which produced 1g/l citric acid and 5.33g/l mycelial. This waste material hydrolyzed with 25% HCl at $120^{\circ}C$ showed 21.5g/l glucose and produced 1.75g/l citric acid with 4.9g/1 mycelial. The glucose concentration was decreased to 3.44g/l by further 2nd acid hydrolysis because the monosugars were decomposed at prolonged hydrolysis conditions. The addition of 3g/l $NH_4NO_3$ increased the mycelial growth but reduced the amount of citric acid formed. The formation of citric acid was increased at low concentration of manganese ion.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.345-350
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• 2006

This study investigated the removal of recalcitrant organics in dyeing wastewater using a fluidized bed reactor(FBR) that contained cell-immobilized pellets. The pellets were manufactured and condensing the gel phase by mixing PEG-polymer and cells to form micro-porous PEG-polymer pellets whose size were ${\Phi}\;4mm{\times}H\;4mm$ on average. An industrial activated sludge without any pre-adaptation was used for the cell immobilization because it gave an equivalent removal efficiency to a pre-adapted sludges. The feed was obtained from an effluent of a biological treatment plant, which contained $SCOD_{Cr}$ of 330 mg/L and $SBOD_5$ of 20 mg/L. The $SCOD_{Cr}$ removal efficiency was over 45% and the effluent $COD_{Mn}$ concentration was less than 100 mg/L at HRTs from 6 to 24 hrs. The optimum HRT in the FBR was determined as 12 hrs considering the removal efficiency and cost. When a raw wastewater containing 768 mg/L of $COD_{Cr}$ was fed to the FBR, the effluent $COD_{Cr}$ concentration increased only slightly, giving a 70% of $COD_{Cr}$ removal or a 97% of $BCOD_5$ removal. This indicated that the FBR had an excellent capability of biodegradable organics removal also. In conclusion, the FBR could be applied to textile wastewater treatment in place of an activated sludge process.