Browse > Article

Size-resolved Source Apportionment of Ambient Particles by Positive Matrix Factorization at Gosan, Jeju Island during ACE-Asia  

Moon K.J. (Department of Air Quality Research, National Institute of Environmental Research)
Han, J.S. (Department of Air Quality Research, National Institute of Environmental Research)
Kong, B.J. (Department of Air Quality Research, National Institute of Environmental Research)
Jung, I.R. (Department of Air Quality Research, National Institute of Environmental Research)
Cliff Steven S. (The DELTA Group, University of California Davis)
Cahill Thomas A. (The DELTA Group, University of California Davis)
Perry Kelvin D. (Meteorology Department, University of Utah)
Publication Information
Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment / v.22, no.5, 2006 , pp. 590-603 More about this Journal
Abstract
Size-and time-resolved aerosol samples were collected using an eight-stage Davis rotating unit for monitoring (DRUM) sampler from 23 March to 29 April 2001 at Gosan, Jeju Island, Korea, which is one of the super sites of Asia-Pacific Regional Aerosol Characterization Experiment(ACE-Asia). These samples were analyzed using synchrotron X-ray fluorescence for 3-hr average concentrations of 19 elements including Al, Si, S, Cl, K, Ca, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu, Zn, As, Se, Br, Rb, and Pb. The size-resolved data sets were then analyzed using the positive matrix factorization(PMF) technique to identify possible sources and estimate their contributions to particulate matter mass. PMF analysis uses the uncertainty of the measured data to provide an optimal weighting. Twelve sources were resolved in eight size ranges($0.09{\sim}12{\mu}m$) and included continental soil, local soil, sea salt, biomass/biofuel burning, coal combustion, oil combustion, municipal incineration, nonferrous metal source, ferrous metal source, gasoline vehicle, diesel vehicle, and volcanic emission. The PMF result of size-resolved source contributions showed that natural sources represented by local soil, sea salt, continental soil, and volcanic emission contributed about 79% to the predicted primary particulate matter(PM) mass in the coarse size range ($1.15{\sim}12{\mu}m$) while anthropogenic sources such as coal combustion and biomass/biofuel burning contributed about 58% in the fine size range($0.56{\sim}2.5{\mu}m$). The diesel vehicle source contributed mostly in ultra-fine size range($0.09{\sim}0.56{\mu}m$) and was responsible for about 56% of the primary PM mass.
Keywords
DRUM sampler; Size distribution; Trace elements; PMF; Source apportionment;
Citations & Related Records
Times Cited By KSCI : 1  (Citation Analysis)
연도 인용수 순위
1 Begun, B.A., E. Kim, S.K. Biswas, and P.K. Hopke (2004) Investigation of sources of atmospheric aerosol at urban and semi-urban areas in Bangladesh, Atmospheric Environment, 38, 3025-3038   DOI   ScienceOn
2 Cahill, T.A., C. Goodart, J.W. Nelson, R.A. Eldred, J.S. Nasstrom, and P.J. Feeny (1985) Design and evaluation of the DRUM impactor, Proceedings of the International Symposium on Particulate and Multi-Phase Processes (vol. 2), edited by: Ariman, T. and Nejat, T., Taylor and Francis, Philadelphia, Pa., pp. 319-325
3 Davis, B.L., L.R. Johnson, D.T. Griffen, W.R. Phillips, R.K. Stevens, and D. Maughan (1981) Quantitative Analysis of Mt. St. Helens Ash by X-Ray Diffraction and X-Ray Fluorescence Spectrometry, Journal of Applied Meteorology, 20, 922-933   DOI
4 Paatero, P. (2000) User's Guide for Positive Matrix Factorization programs PMF2 and PMF3, Part 1: tutorial
5 Paatero, P. and U. Tapper (1993) Analysis of different modes of factor analysis as least squares fit problem, Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems, 18, 183-194   DOI   ScienceOn
6 Paatero, P. and U. Tapper (1994) Positive matrix factorization: a non-negative factor model with optimal utilization of error estimates of data values, Environmetrics, 5, 111-26   DOI
7 Paatero, P., P.K. Hopke, X.H. Song, and Z. Ramadan (2002) Understanding and controlling rotations in factor analytic models, Chemometrics and Intelligent Laboratory Systems, 60, 253-264   DOI   ScienceOn
8 Bench, G., P.G. Grant, D. Ueda, S.S. Cliff, K.D. Perry, and T.A. Cahill (2002) The use of STIM and PESA to respectively measure profiles of aerosol mass and hydrogen content across mylar rotating drug impactor samples, Aerosol Science and Technology, 36, 642-651   DOI   ScienceOn
9 Watson, J.G., J.C. Chow, Z. Lu, E.M. Fujita, D.H. Lowenthal, D.R. Lawson, and L.L. Ashbaugh (1994) Chemical Mass Balance source apportionment of $PM_{10}$ during the Southern California Air Quality Study, Aerosol Science and Technology, 21, 136
10 Draxler, R. and G.D. Hess (2004) Description of the HYSPLIT_4 modeling system, NOAA Technical MEmorandum ERL ARL-224, 28pp., Air Resources Lab., Silber Spring, Meryland
11 He, K., F. Yang, Y. Ma, Q. Zhang, X. Yao, C.K. Chan, S. Cadle, T. Chan, and P. Mulawa (2001) The characteristics of $PM_{2.5}$ in Beijing, China, Atmospheric Environment, 35, 4959-4970   DOI   ScienceOn
12 Mamuro, T.A. and T.K. Mizohata (1979b) Elemental Compositions of Suspended Particles Released from Iron and Steel Works, Annual Report of the Radiation Center of Osaka Prefecture, 20, 1928
13 Bates, T.S., B.J. Huebert, J.L. Gras, B. Griffiths, and P.A. Durkee (1998) The international global atmospheric chemistry (IGAC) project's first aerosol characterization experiment (ACE 1)-Overview, Journal of Geophysical Research, 103, 16297-16318   DOI
14 Perry, K.D., T.A. Cahill, R.C. Schnell, and J.M. Harries (1999) Long-range transport of anthropogenic aerosols to the national Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration baseline station at Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawaii, Journal of Geophysical Research, 104, 18521-18533   DOI
15 Cao, L., W. Tian, B. Ni, Y. Zhang, and P. Wang (2002) Preliminary study of airborne particulate matter in a Beijing sampling station by instrumental neutron activation analysis, Atmospheric Environment, 36, 1951-1956   DOI   ScienceOn
16 Hien, P.D., V.T. Bac, and N.T.H. Thinh (2004) PMF receptor modeling of fine and coarse $PM_{10}$ in air masses governing monsoon conditions in Hanoi, northern Vietnam, Atmospheric Environment, 38, 189-201   DOI   ScienceOn
17 Carrico, C.M., P. Kus, M.J. Rood, P.K. Quinn, and T.S. Bates (2003) Mixtures of pollution, dust, sea salt, and volcanic aerosol during ACE-Asia: Radiative properties as a function of relative humidity, Journal of Geophysical Research, 108 (D23), 8650, doi:10.1029/2003JD003405   DOI
18 Mamuro, T.A. and T.K. Mizohata (1979a) Elemental Compositions of Suspended Particles Released from Various Boilers, Annual Report of the Radiation Center of Osaka Prefecture, 20, 917
19 US EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency) (1987) Protocol for applying and validating the CMB model, EPA-450/4-87-010
20 Lee, E., C.K. Chan, and P. Paatero (1999) Application of positive matrix factorization in source apportionment of particulate pollutants in Hong Kong, Atmospheric Environment, 33, 3201-3212   DOI   ScienceOn
21 Small, M., M.S. Germani, W.H. Zoller, and J.L. Moyers (1981) Fractionation of Elements During Copper Smelting, Environmental Science and Technology., 15, 299-304   DOI   ScienceOn
22 Cheng, Z.L., K.S. Lam, L.Y. Chan, T. Wang, and K.K. Cheng (2000) Chemical characteristics of aerosols at coastal station in Hong Kong-I. Seasonal variation of major ions, halogens and mineral dusts between 1995 and 1996, Atmospheric Environment, 34, 2771-2783   DOI   ScienceOn
23 Han, J.S., K.J. Moon, S.J. Lee, Y.J. Kim, S.Y. Ryu, S.S. Cliff, S.M. Yi (2006) Size-resolved source apportionment of ambient particles by positive matrix factorization at Gosan background site in East Asia, Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics, 6, 211-223   DOI
24 Cahill, T.A. and P. Wakabayashi (1993) Compositional analysis of size-segregated erosol samples, in Measurement Challenges in Atmospheric Chemistry, American Chemical Society Advances in Chemistry Series No. 232, L. Newman, Ed., pp. 211-228
25 Kang, C.M. (2002) Characteristics of the Fine Particles and Source Apportionments using the CMB model in Seoul Area, Doctoral dissertation, Konkuk University, Seoul, Korea
26 Raes, F., T. Bates, F. McGovern, and M.V. Liedekerke (2000) The 2nd Aerosol Characterization Experiment (ACE-2): General overview and main results, Tellus, 52B, 111-125
27 Watson, J.G. (1979) Chemical Element Balance Recetor Model Methodology for Assessing the Source of Fine and Total Suspended Particulate Matter in Portland, Oregon, PhD Thesis, Oregon Graduate Center, Beaverton
28 Chueinta, W., P.K. Hopke, and P. Paatero (2000) Investigation of sources of atmospheric aerosol at urban and suburban residential area in Thailand by positive matrix factorization, Atmospheric Environment, 34, 3319-3329   DOI   ScienceOn
29 Han, J.S., K.J. Moon, S.J. Lee, J.E. Kim, and Y.J. Kim (2005) Size distribution characteristics of particulate mass and ion components at Gosan, Korea from 2002 to 2003, Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment, 21(E1), 23-35   과학기술학회마을
30 Kim, E., T.V. Larson, P.K. Hopke, C. Slaughter, L.E. Sheppard, and C. Claiborn (2003) Source identification of $PM_{2.5}$ in an arid Northwest U.S. City by positive matrix factorization, Atmospheric Research, 66, 291-305   DOI   ScienceOn
31 Han, J.S., K.J. Moon, J.Y. Ahn, Y.D. Hong, Y.J. Kim, S.Y. Ryu, S.S. Cliff, T.A. Cahill (2004) Characteristics of ion components and trace elements of fine particles at Gosan, Korea in spring time from 2001 to 2003, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 92, 73-93   DOI   ScienceOn
32 Huebert, B.J., T. Bates, P.B. Russel, G. Shi, Y.J. Kim, K. Kawamura, G. Carmichael, and T. Nakajima (2003) An overview of ACE-Asia: Strategies for quantifying the relationships between Asian aerosols and their climatic impacts, Journal of Geophysical Research, 108 (D23), 8633, doi:10.1029/2003JD003550   DOI
33 Paatero, P. (1996) User's Guide for Positive Matrix Factorization Programs PMF2.EXE and PMF3.EXE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki
34 Song, X.H., A.V. Pollissar, and P.K. Hopke (2001) Sources of fine particle composition in the northeastern US, Atmospheric Environment, 35, 5277-5286   DOI   ScienceOn