• 교육시설
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.25-35
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• 2002

This paper is to evaluate an open space on university campuses enclosed within buildings, with respect to building elevation a wall of an open space including outer wall materials and window forms and an open space itself. It uses case study methods to periodically know specific details about open spaces and surrounding buildings elevation. It was found, at first, that it was emphasized vertical elements on window frames as well as building elements in an era of the 1910's to the 1930's. It, however, was changed into emphasizing on horizontal features in the era of the 1960's to the 1970's. Meanwhile the period from the 1940's to the 1950's was a turning point. The horizontal style was continued until the 1980s and the style was changed into various style mixed with various types. Secondly, an open space was recognized as a valuable design criteria for a construction of buildings in the 1930s to the 1970s. It was, however, a forgotten criteria during the late 1970's and the 1980's because of short age of the construction budget of the government. In the 1990's, the importance of open space design reappeared on the design of a block plan. Thirdly, a design style of an open space was authoritarianism using symmetrical and magnificent style in the 1910's to the 1930's. The time of 1945 to the 1950's was a turning point from authoritarianism to an idea of efficiency. In the 1960's and the 1970s, an idea of efficiency emphasizing their functions was prevalent to the design of buildings and open spaces and this trend was continued until the 1980's. A romanticism was realized on the design of an open space and surrounded building's.

• 전기전자학회논문지
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.34-41
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• 1998

자기 띠 저장 시스템에서 데이터를 저장하고 복원할 수 있는 칩을 구현하였다. 구현된 칩은 아날로그 회로와 디지털 회로가 한 칩안에 같이 내장되어 있으며 F/2F 인코딩과 디코딩을 동시에 지원한다. 아날로그 부분은 초단 앰프, 첨두치 검출기, 비교기, 기준전압 생성회로 등으로 구현 되었으며 디지탈 회로 부분은 기준 윈도우 신호 발생부, F/2F 신호 길이를 측정하는 up/down 계수부, 비트 에러 검출부 및 기타 제어(control) 회로 등을 포함한다. 검출되는 신호특성을 파악하여 아날로그 회로부 설계를 최적화 함으로써 기존의 시스템에서 흔히 쓰이는 AGC(automatic gain control) 회로를 제거하였다. 또 일정한 비트의 길이를 초과한 파손 비트 또는 다분할로 파손된 비트 등을 감지한 경우 신속하게 기준 비트를 재 설정함으로서 데이터의 오인식을 없애주는 회로를 제안하였다. 제안된 회로는 $0.8{\mu}m$ CMOS N-well 일반 공정을 이용하여 구현 되었으며 3.3 V에서 부터 7.5 V의 공급 전압 범위에서 동작하도록 설계 되었다. 5 V의 전원 공급시 약 8 mW의 소모 전력을 보여 주고 있으며 칩 면적은 패드를 포함하여 $3.04mm^2(1.6mm{\times}1.9mm)$이다.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제34권4호
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• pp.411-423
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• 2011

This study was conducted to quantify soil $CO_2$ efflux using the continuous measurement method and to examine the applicability of an automatic continuous measurement system in a Korean deciduous broad-leaved forest. Soil respiration rate (Rs) was assessed through continuous measurements during the 2004-2005 full growing seasons using an automatic opening/closing chamber system in sections of a Gwangneung temperate deciduous forest, Korea. The study site was an old-growth natural mixed deciduous forest approximately 80 years old. For each full growth season, the annual Rs, which had a gap that was filled with data using an exponential function derived from soil temperature (Ts) at 5-cm depth, and Rs values collected in each season were 2,738.1 g $CO_2$ $m^{-2}y^{-1}$ in 2004 and 3,355.1 g $CO_2$ $m^{-2}y^{-1}$ in 2005. However, the diurnal variation in Rs showed stronger correlations with Ts (r = 0.91, P < 0.001 in 2004, r = 0.87, P < 0.001 in 2005) and air temperature (Ta) (r = 0.84, P < 0.001 in 2004, r = 0.79, P < 0.001 in 2005) than with deep Ts during the spring season. However, the temperature functions derived from the Ts at various depths of 0, -2, -5, -10, and -20 cm revealed that the correlation coefficient decreased with increasing soil depth in the spring season, whereas it increased in the summer. Rs showed a weak correlation with precipitation (r = 0.25, P < 0.01) and soil water content (r = 0.28, P < 0.05). Additionally, the diurnal change in Rs revealed a higher correlation with Ta than that of Ts. The $Q_{10}$ values from spring to winter were calculated from each season's dataset and were 3.2, 1.5, 7.4, and 2.7 in 2004 and 6.0, 3.1, 3.0, and 2.6 in 2005; thus, showing high fluctuation within each season. The applicability of an automatic continuous system was demonstrated for collecting a high resolution soil $CO_2$ efflux dataset under various environmental conditions.

• Advances in Computational Design
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.195-207
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• 2020

The present study focuses on the application of artificial neural network (ANN) and Multiple linear Regression (MLR) analysis for developing a model to predict the unconfined compressive strength (UCS) and split tensile strength (STS) of the fiber reinforced clay stabilized with grass ash, fly ash and lime. Unconfined compressive strength and Split tensile strength are the nonlinear functions and becomes difficult for developing a predicting model. Artificial neural networks are the efficient tools for predicting models possessing non linearity and are used in the present study along with regression analysis for predicting both UCS and STS. The data required for the model was obtained by systematic experiments performed on only Kaolin clay, clay mixed with varying percentages of fly ash, grass ash, polypropylene fibers and lime as between 10-20%, 1-4%, 0-1.5% and 0-8% respectively. Further, the optimum values of the various stabilizing materials were determined from the experiments. The effect of stabilization is observed by performing compaction tests, split tensile tests and unconfined compression tests. ANN models are trained using the inputs and targets obtained from the experiments. Performance of ANN and Regression analysis is checked with statistical error of correlation coefficient (R) and both the methods predict the UCS and STS values quite well; but it is observed that ANN can predict both the values of UCS as well as STS simultaneously whereas MLR predicts the values separately. It is also observed that only STS values can be predicted efficiently by MLR.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.14-21
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• 2005

By using PCR with nirS gene primers, three nirSharboring denitrifying bacteria (strain N6, strain N23, and strain R13) were newly isolated from activated sludge of a weak municipal wastewater treatment plant. Small-subunit rRNA gene-based analysis indicated that strain N6, strain N23, and strain R13 were closely related to Arthrobacter sp.,Staphylococcus sp., and Bacillus sp., respectively. In an attempt to identify their roles in biological nitrate and nitrite removal from sewage, we investigated their specific denitrification rates (SDNRs) for $NO_-^3$ - and $NO_-^2$ - in various cultures. All purecultures of each isolated nirS-harboring bacterial strain could remove $NO_-^3$ - and $NO_-^2$ - simultaneously in high efficiency, and the carbon requirements for $NO_-^3$ - removal of strain N6 and strain R13 were effectively low at 3.1 and 4.1 g COD/g $NO_3N$, respectively. In the case of mix-cultures of the strains (N6+N23, N6+R13, N23+R13, and N6+N23+R13), their SDNRs for $NO_-^3$ - were also effective, and their carbon requirements for $NO_-^3$ - removal were also effective at 3.0- 3.8 g COD/g NO3N. However, all tested mix-cultures accumulated $NO_-^2$ - in their culture media. On the other hand, the continuous culture of activated sludge mixed with strain N6 showed no significant increase of $NO_-^3$ - removal in comparison with strain N6's pure culture. These results suggest that nitrate and nitrite removal in biological wastewater treatment might be dependent on complicated bacterial interactions, including several effective denitrifying bacteria isolated in this study, rather than the specific bacterial types present and the number of bacterial types in activated sludge.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제22권7호
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• pp.1048-1053
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• 2009

The present study was conducted to determine the effects of chitosan on nitric oxide (NO) content and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) activity in serum, and relative expression of iNOS mRNA in the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum of broiler chickens. A total of 240 one-day-old Arbor Acre mixed-sex broiler chickens were randomly allotted to six dietary treatments with five replicates in each treatment and eight chickens in each replicate. The broiler chickens in the six treatments were fed the basal diet supplemented with 0 (control), 0.05, 0.2, 0.5, 1.0 or 2.0 g/kg chitosan. The trial lasted for 42 days. The results showed that dietary chitosan enhanced NO content and iNOS activity in serum as well as iNOS mRNA expression in the duodenum and ileum of broiler chickens in a quadratic dose-dependent manner (p<0.05), and improved jejunum iNOS mRNA expression in a quadratic dose-dependent manner (p<0.10) with increasing addition of chitosan. Chicks fed a diet containing 0.5-1.0 g/kg chitosan had higher NO content and iNOS activity in serum as well as small-intestinal iNOS mRNA expression compared with birds given the control diet, but positive effects of chitosan tended to be suppressed when addition of chitosan in the diet was increased to 2.0 g/kg. These results implied that there was a threshold level of chitosan inclusion beyond which progressive reductions in serum NO content and small intestinal iNOS expression occured, and the regulation of chitosan on immune functions in chickens is probably associated with activated expression of iNOS and NO secretion.

• 대한화학회지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.67-77
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• 1978

착물의 분자궤도함수를 중심 금속이온의 핵을 원점으로 하는 함수들을 기저함수 집합으로 하여 일점 전개하고, 그 결과를 섭동론적인 입장에서 해석했다. $KNiF_3$의 결정구조 (perovskite structure)내에 존재하는 공유결합성이 비교적 작은 $[NiF_6]^{4-}$의 경우에도, 리간드의 배위로 인한 섭동으로 중심 금속이온의 $e_g$궤도함수와 $t_{2g}$궤도함수에 g궤도함수 이상의 각운동량을 갖는 들뜬상태 배치가 상당히 크게 섞여 들어온다는 것과, 이들 궤도함수들이 갖는 변형이 서로 다르다는 것을 발견했다. 여기서 MO계산에 의해 얻어지는 $e^*_g$궤도함수와 $t^*_{2g}$궤도함수 사이의 에너지차는 결정장 이론에서 정의되는 단일한 파라미터로서 10Dq의 의미는 갖지 못하며, 엄밀한 입장에선 그와 같은 파라미터는 정의될 수 없음을 밝혔다.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• 제10권6호
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• pp.188-197
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• 2010

Background: Lichen-derived glucans have been known to stimulate the functions of immune cells. However, immunostimulatory activity of glucan obtained from edible lichen, Umbilicaria esculenta, has not been reported. Thus we evaluated the phenotype and functional maturation of dendritic cells (DCs) following treatment of extracted glucan (PUE). Methods: The phenotypic and functional maturation of PUE-treated DCs was assessed by flow cytometric analysis and cytokine production, respectively. PUE-treated DCs was also used for mixed leukocyte reaction to evaluate T cell-priming capacity. Finally we detected the activation of MAPK and NF-${\kappa}B$ by immunoblot. Results: Phenotypic maturation of DCs was shown by the elevated expressions of CD40, CD80, CD86, and MHC class I/II molecules. Functional activation of DCs was proved by increased cytokine production of IL-12, IL-$1{\beta}$, TNF-${\alpha}$, and IFN-${\alpha}/{\beta}$, decreased endocytosis, and enhanced proliferation of allogenic T cells. Polymyxin B, specific inhibitor of lipopolysaccharide (LPS), did not affect PUE activity, which suggested that PUE was free of LPS contamination. As a mechanism of action, PUE increased phosphorylation of ERK, JNK, and p38 MAPKs, and enhanced nuclear translocation of NF-${\kappa}B$ p50/p65 in DCs. Conclusion: These results indicate that PUE induced DC maturation via MAPK and NF-${\kappa}B$ signaling pathways.

• 한국학교수학회논문집
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.315-325
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• 2005

학교교육에서 수학은 분명한 하나의 독립된 교과이다. 그러나 수학의 기능과 역할은 다른 교과와 결합할 때 보다 뚜렷해진다. 예를 들어, 과학문제를 해결하기 위해서 수학을 사용하였다면 수학의 가치뿐만이 아니라 수학의 과학에 대한 역할을 어느 정도 이해할 수 있을 것이다. 이와 같이 수학의 기능을 이해하려면 수학의 응용문제를 다루면서 공부하는 것이 일반적이다. 하지만 응용문제에서 수학은 하나의 보조적 역할이므로 학생들은 수학의 기능을 간과하기 쉽다. 그러므로 응용문제 또는 통합교과적인 문제에서 수학을 정확히 이해하고, 활용능력을 향상시키기 위해서는 수학적 영역을 따로 분리해서 이해시키도록 하는 편이 좋다. 본 논문에서는 이와 관련한 하나의 교수방법을 제시한다.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제25권12호
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• pp.1689-1699
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• 2016

The growth conditions of planted trees, invasion of nuisance herbaceous species, competition between species, and effects of erosion control were monitored over five years in a riparian greenspace in Gapyeong County that was established through multilayered and grouped ecological planting. Of 156 trees planted in the upper and middle layers, 5.8% died. This tree death was attributed to poor drainage or aeration in the rooting zone from the clay-added root ball and too deep planting as well as a small-sized root ball and scanty fine roots. Of all the trees, 21.6% grew poorly due to transplant stress in the first year after planting, but they started to grow vigorously in the third year. This good growth was largely associated with soil improvement before planting, selection of appropriate tree species based on growth ground, and control of dryness and invasive climbing plants through surface mulching and multilayered/grouped planting. Mixed planting of fast-growing species as temporary trees was desirable for accelerating planting effect and increasing planting density. Thinning of fast-growing trees was required in the fifth year after planting to avoid considerable competition with target species. To reduce the invasion of herbaceous and climbing plants that oppress normal growth of planted trees, higher density planting of trees (crown opening of about 15%), woodchip mulching to a 10-cm depth, and edge planting 2 m wide were more effective than lower density planting (crown opening of 70%), no surface mulching, and no edge planting, respectively. This reduction effect was especially great during the first three years after planting. Nuisance herbaceous plants rarely invaded higher density planting with woodchip mulching over the five years. Higher density planting or woodchip mulching also showed much greater erosion control through rainfall interception and buffering than lower density planting with no mulching did. Based on these results, desirable planting and management strategies are suggested to improve the functions of riparian greenspaces.