• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.385-389
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• 2004

The antibody-mix sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Ab-mix sELlS A) system was developed in order to simultaneously detect the extracellular polysaccharide (FPS) of Aspergillus, Penicillium, or Fusarium species using one detection system. The detection limit and detection range of the Ab-mix sELISA towards EPS of Penicilliun citrinum were not changed, and those towards Fusarium moniliforme EPS were changed a little compared to that of individual sandwich ELISA [9, 10]. The fungal culture filtrates of Aspergillus and Penicillium species showed nearly similar reactivity towards Ab-mix sELISA as that of sELISA using the MAb lB8 alone [9]. Also, the fungal culture filtrates of Fusarium species showed nearly the same reactivity towards Ab-mix sELISA as that of sELISA using the MAb lB8 alone [10]. Thus, this ELISA system showed that the three genera of molds, Aspergillus, Penicillium, or Fusarium, which are three major important molds producing mycotoxins in food or agricultural commodities, could be detected at the same time, using one detection system.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.251-257
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• 2001

Listeria monocytogenes와 L. ivanovii는 인간과 동물에 대한 식품 유래성 병원성 세균이다. Listeria 속에는 이들 병원균 외에 비병원성세균인 L. innocua, L, welshimeri, L. seeligeri, L.grayi 등 이 포함되어 있기에, 식품검사에서 배양법을 사용하는 종래의 Listeria의 검출방법은 시간과 많은 실험을 필요로 한다. 이런 이유 등으로 Literia의 종동정과 검출을 위한 신속한 검출법으로 Lis-mix multiplex PCR검출법 (Bubert et al., 1999)이 개발되었다. 본 연구에서는 식품검사에 활용하기 위한 실용적인 Lis-mix multiplex PCR 방법을 개발하고, 아울러 새로운 Siw-mixIII PCR 검출법을 개발하였다. 이 방법을 사용하여 식품에서 분리된 총 69개의 Listeria 균주를 성공적으로 종동정할 수 있었으며, Siw-mixIII multiplex PCR방법을 사용하여 L. ivanovii, L.welshimeri, L.seeligeri를 한번의 PCR로 검출 및 종동정을 할 수 있었다.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제47권2호
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• pp.147-155
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• 2007

We investigated the safety, immunogenicity and protectivity of mix-crude outer membrane protein (cOMP) vaccine against salmonellosis in animals. The mix-cOMP vaccine was extracted from Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium (ST) and Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis (SE) and Salmonella enterica serovar Braenderup (SB) isolated from pigs. The mix-cOMP vaccine gave significantly higher antibody response than ST-bacterin and ST-cOMP vaccine in guinea pigs. The survival rates of mix-cOMP vaccinated groups showed significantly higher (100%) than those (0-20%) of unvaccinated control group, challenged with 3 species of Salmonella (ST, SE and SB) in mice. Vaccinated groups in pigs showed reduction of clinical signs, increase of average weight gains, decrease of bacterial recovery rates, compared with unvaccinated groups. Especially, the survival rates (100%) of vaccinated groups in chickens showed higher than that (0%) of unvaccinated group. Based on these results, we suggest that the mix-cOMP Salmonella vaccine developed in this study will be effective for the protection against Salmonellosis caused by the various serotypes Salmonella species in animals.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제34권1호
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• pp.11-22
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• 2018

Type VI secretion system (T6SS) has been discovered in a variety of gram-negative bacteria as a versatile weapon to stimulate the killing of eukaryotic cells or prokaryotic competitors. Type VI secretion effectors (T6SEs) are well known as key virulence factors for important pathogenic bacteria. In many Burkholderia species, T6SS has evolved as the most complicated secretion pathway with distinguished types to translocate diverse T6SEs, suggesting their essential roles in this genus. Here we attempted to detect and characterize T6SSs and potential T6SEs in target genomes of plant-associated and environmental Burkholderia species based on computational analyses. In total, 66 potential functional T6SS clusters were found in 30 target Burkholderia bacterial genomes, of which 33% possess three or four clusters. The core proteins in each cluster were specified and phylogenetic trees of three components (i.e., TssC, TssD, TssL) were constructed to elucidate the relationship among the identified T6SS clusters. Next, we identified 322 potential T6SEs in the target genomes based on homology searches and explored the important domains conserved in effector candidates. In addition, using the screening approach based on the profile hidden Markov model (pHMM) of T6SEs that possess markers for type VI effectors (MIX motif) (MIX T6SEs), 57 revealed proteins that were not included in training datasets were recognized as novel MIX T6SE candidates from the Burkholderia species. This approach could be useful to identify potential T6SEs from other bacterial genomes.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제36권12호
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• pp.1842-1852
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• 2023

Objective: Hairy vetch is considered to improve the nutritional value of corn because of its high protein and mineral levels. To better understand the mechanism underlying hairy vetch regulated whole-plant corn silage fermentation, this experiment investigated the fermentation quality and bacterial community of whole-plant corn and hairy vetch mixture. Methods: Whole-plant corn and hairy vetch were mixed at ratios of 10:0 (Mix 10:0), 8:2 (Mix 8:2), 6:4 (Mix 6:4), 4:6 (Mix 4:6), 2:8 (Mix 2:8), and 0:10 (Mix 0:10) on a fresh weight basis. After ensiling 60 days, samples were collected to examine the fermentation dynamics, ensiling characteristics, and bacterial communities. Results: Mix 0:10, Mix 2:8, and Mix 4:6 showed poor fermentation characteristics. Mix 8:2 and Mix 6:4 silages showed high quality, based on the low pH, acetic acid, and ammonia nitrogen levels and the high lactic acid, crude protein, and crude fat contents. The bacterial diversity was affected by the mixing ratio of the two forage species. The genus Lactobacillus dominated the bacterial community in Mix 10:0 silage, whereas with the addition of hairy vetch, the relative abundance of unclassified-Enterobacter increased from 7.67% to 41.84%, and the abundance of Lactobacillus decreased from 50.66% to 13.76%. Conclusion: The silage quality of whole-plant corn can be improved with inclusion levels of hairy vetch from 20% to 40%.

• 한국농공학회논문집
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• 제52권4호
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• pp.63-71
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• 2010

This study was performed to evaluate the planting properties and root potential of planting block with mixing seeding of herbaceous plants and cool-season grasses in CSG blocks manufactured by cemented sand and materials (CSG) in order to develop environmentally friendly CSG block applied revegetation. Five types of CSG mix designs with cement contents were determined, and the mechanical properties of CSG materials were studied experimentally. To analyze growth properties of plants within CSG block, germination ratio, visual cover, plant height and root potential were measured in four weeks and eight weeks after seeding. The germination regardless mixture seeding of plants and CSG mixproportions started within 4 ~ 7 days after seeding and the germination ratio were in the range of 60 ~ 65 %. The visual cover of kinds of plants evaluated by visual rating system were in the range of 6 ~ 8 in case of seeding the species of cool-season grasses and were in the range of 4 ~ 6 in case of seeding the species of herbaceous plants in four weeks after seeding. The root potential of CSG block with the species of cool-season grasses and herbaceous plants were in the range of $5.7{\times}10^{-3}{\sim}7.7{\times}10^{-3}$ MPa and $2.3{\times}10^{-3}{\sim}6.7{\times}10^{-3}$ MPa in eight weeks after seeding, respectively.

• 자원환경지질
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• 제57권3호
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• pp.305-317
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• 2024

토양 내 미생물 군집의 변화가 비소 용출에 미치는 영향을 파악하기 위해 비소 오염 토양(F1, G7, G10)을 대상으로 실험을 수행하였다. 실험은 혐기적 조건에서 비소 오염 토양을 ① BAC: 멸균토양 + Bacillus fungorum, ② IND: 토착균 토양, ③ MIX: 토착균 토양 + B. fungorum으로 나누어 혐기적 조건에서 유산염을 탄소원으로 하여 7주간 배양하였다. 실험 결과, 토착균 군집이 존재하는 IND와 MIX에서 BAC에 비하여 높은 함량의 비소가 용출되었으며, pH가 높은 G10 토양에서 F1과 G7 토양에 비해 비소 용출량이 월등히 높았다. G10 토양의 경우, 다른 토양과 달리 용출된 비소 중 As(III) 함량의 비율이 낮았다. 이러한 결과는 토양에 따라 상이하게 나타나는 미생물 군집의 차이에 기인할 수도 있다. IND와 MIX는 7주차에 이르러 미생물의 다양성이 크게 감소하였으며 실험 조건에 적응한 Eubacteriales 및 Bacillales 등의 우점목이 번성하였다. F1 토양의 7주차 MIX에서는 Bacteroidales, G7 토양의 7주차 IND와 MIX에서는 Rummelibaciilus가 번성하였다. G10 토양의 IND와 MIX에서는 Enterobacterales가 우점목 중 하나를 차지하였다. 현재로서는 미생물 군집의 변화가 비소의 지구화학적 거동에 어떠한 메커니즘으로 영향을 미치는지에 관한 정보가 부족하나, 이러한 결과는 토양 내 마이크로바이옴이 비소의 용출을 조절하는 요인 중 하나로 기능할 수 있음을 나타낸다.

• 환경생물
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• 제23권2호
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• pp.93-97
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• 2005

Zooplankton dynamics were investigated based on samples collected monthly during the period between November 1998 and October 1999 at 15 stations in Gwangyang and Sachon Bay. Zooplankters were quantitatively collected with horizontal towing through the surface and oblique hauling from the bottom to surface at each station, simultaneously. A total of 88 taxa of zooplankton were distributed and 60 taxa were identified to species. Copepods showed the prosperity in species number of 52 species. Number of taxa occurred in samples hauled obliquely always showed $2\~5$ more species than those captured in the surface except for stations near the Namhae bridge. In waters near Namhae bridge, fast current seemed to mix waters vertically. Seasonally these differences were more distinct in the spring and summer than those in other seasons possibly due to the stratification in warmer seasons. In quantitative aspects, differences between two layers seemed to be obscure. Spatial and temporal variations in species diversity of copepods showed more prosperity in pelagic realm than those in the surface. Our collection carrying out in day time might be one of the important reason to cause these differences in zooplankton dynamics between two layers.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.92-102
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• 2019

Objective: To investigate changes in rumen fermentation characteristics and bacterial community by a sudden change to a high concentrate diet (HC) in Korean domestic ruminants. Methods: Major Korean domestic ruminants (each of four Hanwoo cows; $545.5{\pm}33.6kg$, Holstein cows; $516.3{\pm}42.7kg$, and Korean native goats; $19.1{\pm}1.4kg$) were used in this experiment. They were housed individually and were fed ad libitum with a same TMR (800 g/kg timothy hay and 200 g/kg concentrate mix) twice daily. After two-week feeding, only the concentrate mix was offered for one week in order to induce rapid rumen acidosis. The rumen fluid was collected from each animals twice (on week 2 and week 3) at 2 h after morning feeding using an oral stomach tube. Each collected rumen fluid was analyzed for pH, volatile fatty acid (VFA), and $NH_3-N$. In addition, differences in microbial community among ruminant species and between normal and an acidosis condition were assessed using two culture-independent 16S polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based techniques (terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism and quantitative real-time PCR). Results: The HC decreased ruminal pH and altered relative concentrations of ruminal VFA (p<0.01). Total VFA concentration increased in Holstein cows only (p<0.01). Terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism and real-time quantitative PCR analysis using culture-independent 16S PCR-based techniques, revealed rumen bacterial diversity differed by species but not by HC (p<0.01); bacterial diversity was higher in Korean native goats than that in Holstein cows. HC changed the relative populations of rumen bacterial species. Specifically, the abundance of Fibrobacter succinogenes was decreased while Lactobacillus spp. and Megasphaera elsdenii were increased (p<0.01). Conclusion: The HC altered the relative populations, but not diversity, of the ruminal bacterial community, which differed by ruminant species.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.76-84
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• 2013

A polymerase chain reaction-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) technique followed by sequencing of the 16S rDNA fragments eluted from the bands of interest on denaturing gradient gels was used to monitor changes in the bacterial microflora of two commercial kimchi, salted cabbage, and ingredient mix samples during 30 days of fermentation at $4^{\circ}C$ and $10^{\circ}C$. Leuconostoc (Lc.) was the dominant lactic acid bacteria (LAB) over Lactobacillus (Lb.) species at $4^{\circ}C$. Weissella confusa was detected in the ingredient mix and also in kimchi samples throughout fermentation in both samples at $4^{\circ}C$ and $10^{\circ}C$. Lc. gelidum was detected as the dominant LAB at $4^{\circ}C$ in both samples. The temperature affected the LAB profile of kimchi by varing the pH, which was primarily caused by the temperature-dependent competition among different LAB species in kimchi. At $4^{\circ}C$, the sample variations in pH and titratable acidity were more conspicuous owing to the delayed growth of LAB. Temperature affected only initial decreases in pH and initial increases in viable cell counts, but affected both the initial increases and final values of titratable acidity. The initial microflora in the kimchi sample was probably determined by the microflora of the ingredient mix, not by that of the salted cabbage. The microbial distributions in the samples used in this study resembled across the different kimchi samples and the different fermentation temperatures as the numbers of LAB increased and titratable acidity decreased.