• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.207-216
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• 2009

Three distinct types of fluid inclusions in amethyst and quartz crystals are associated with metamorphic events in the Korea Amethyst deposit from Uljin-Gun, Gyeongbuk Province. The amethyst displays bimodal grain size distribution in fine-grained, strain-free equigranular quartz with coarse-grained quartz grains with kink bands and undulose extinction. Type I inclusions are liquid-rich and salinity is 0~7 wt% NaCl and the homogenization temperatures ($T_h$) $91{\sim}231^{\circ}C$ with eutectic temperatures ($T_e$) $-52{\sim}-20^{\circ}C$. Type II inclusions are vapor-rich (80~90 vol%). The salinity and $T_h$ ranges 3~6 wt% NaCl and $230{\sim}278^{\circ}C$, respectively with $T_e$ $-56{\sim}-23^{\circ}C$. Type III inclusions contain a daughter mineral other than NaCl. The salinity ranges 32~36 wt% NaCl and $T_h$ $210{\sim}271^{\circ}C$. The textural and fluid inclusion evidences suggest that the host Buncheon granite gneiss and Amethyst pegmatite experienced dynamic recrystallization and the studied fluid inclusions are metamorphic in origin. The metamorphic event possibly occurred at higher temperature than $271{\sim}278^{\circ}C$. The amethysts from Uljin Korea Amethyst can be distinguished from the synthetic amethyst on basis of the distinctive two and three-phases fluid inclusions. Furthermore, it is noticeable that Korea amethyst do not contain NaCl-bearing and $CO_2$-rich fluid inclusions unlike those compared to those from Eonyang and Samcheonpo deposits related to unmetamorphosed granitic rocks.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.219-226
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• 2006

The wastes (the needle leaves and branches) produced from thinning the forest were fermented under an anaerobic condition (pine silage) to utilize as a forage source of ruminants. An in situ trial was conducted with two ruminally fistulated Korean native cows by 4 replicates (2 bags per cow), and in vivo digestibility of pine silage was estimated with five Korean native steers by 5 replicates in incomplete double turn-over design. In order to investigate feed efficiency and carcass traits, forty eight Korean native bulls were assigned to four treatments (0%, 25%, 50%, 75% of pine silage) with a completely randomized design in 12 pens accommodating 4 animals per pen. The amounts of concentrate and roughage allowed to experimental animals were in the range of 2.5% and 0.6% of body weight, respectively. Animals had freely accessed to mineral block and water in stanchion barn.An in situ crude protein digestibility of the roughage sources when suspended for 48 hrs in the rumen was higher for feeding the pine silage than the rice straw, whereas NDF digestibility was vice versa. No differences between the treatments were observed in in vivo digestibilities of dry matter, crude protein and NDF. Daily body weight gain was significantly (P<0.01) higher for the pine silage substitutions compared with the rice straw feeding except for the 25% silage feeding. The pine silage feeding did not affect feed efficiency.In carcass traits, marbling score tended to be higher for the 50% pine silage treatment than the other treatments while back fat thickness tended to be the thinnest for the rice straw feeding. From these results, it may be recommended to substitute pine silage, as a forage source, for rice straw by 50 percent.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.51 no.1
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• pp.67-76
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• 2018

This study reviews three eco-friendly energy towns with hybrid thermal energy supply systems and borehole thermal energy storage (BTES) in Canada and Denmark. The district heating and cooling systems were designed by using multi-source energy for the higher efficiency and reliability as well as environment. ADEU (Alexandra District Energy Utility) located at the developing area in the city of Richmond, Canada was designed to supply district energy with the installation of 726 borehole heat exchangers (BHEs) and a backup boiler using natural gas. DLSC (Drake Landing Solar Community) located in the town of Okotoks, Canada is a district system to store solar thermal energy underground during the summer season by seasonal BTES with 144 BHEs. Brædstrup Solpark district heating system located in Denmark has been conducted energy supply from multiple energy sources of solar thermal, heat pump, boiler plants and seasonal BTES with 48 BHEs. These systems are designed based on social and economic benefits as well as nature-friendly living space according to the city based energy perspective. Each system has the energy center which distribute the stored thermal energy to each house for heating during the winter season. The BHE depth and ground thermal storage volume are designed by the heating and cooling load as well as the condition of ground water flow and thermophysical properties of the ground. These systems have been proved the reliance and economic benefits by providing consistent energy supply with competitive energy price for many years. In addition, the several expansions of the service area in ADEU and Brædstrup Solpark have been processed based on energy supply master plan. In order to implement this kind of project in our country, the regulation and policy support of government or related federal organization are required. As well as the government have to make a energy management agency associated with long-term supply energy plan.

• Journal of Animal Environmental Science
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.11-22
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• 2011

This work was carried out to investigate the quantity of manure excreta and characteristics in growth and production phase of Holstein dairy cattle. The average manure production of dairy cattle under condition of ad libitum feeding was 41.5 kg/head/day (feces 24.9, urine 16.4 kg). The average moisture contents of feces and urine were 85.0% and 93.9%, respectively. Water pollutant concentration, $BOD_5$, $COD_{Mn}$ and SS excreted from dairy cattle were 15,444 mg/${\ell}$, 53,159 mg/${\ell}$, and 40,528 mg/${\ell}$ in feces and 8,454 mg/${\ell}$1,116 mg/${\ell}$, and 962 mg/${\ell}$in urine, respectively. And The daily loading amount of $BOD_5$, $COD_{Mn}$, SS in dairy cattle manure were 523 g, 1,416 g and 1,025 g, respectively. N, P and K contents of manure produced by dairy cattle were 0.33, 0.49 and 0.20% in feces, and 1.02, 0.27 and 1.03 in urine, respectively. In the concentrations of mineral and heavy metal of manure, Ca, Na and Mg contents were 1.56, 0.24 and 0.69%, and Zn, Cu, Cr, Pb and As were 69.23, 19.14, 2.89, 7.73 and 2.94 ppm, respectively. In conclusion, Dairy farms can be estimated optimum nutrient and pollutant balance to effectively manage the manure produced.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.40 no.5
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• pp.651-660
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• 2007

Acid drainage has been recognized as an environmental concern in abandoned mine sites for long time. Recently, the environmental and structural damage by acid drainage is a current issue in construction sites in Korea. Here, the author introduces the type of damages by acid drainage in construction sites and emphasizes the importance of geoscience discipline in solving the problem. Metasedimentary rock of Okcheon group, coal bed of Pyeongan group, Mesozoic volcanic rock. and Tertiary sedimentary and volcanic rocks are the major rock types with a high potential for acid drainage upon excavation in Korea. The acid drainage causes the acidification and heavy metal contamination of soil, surface water and groundwater, the reduction of slope stability, the corrosion of slope structure, the damage on plant growth, the damage on landscape and the deterioration of concrete and asphalt pavement. The countermeasure for acid drainage is the treatment of acid drainage and the prevention of acid drainage. The treatment of acid drainage can be classified into active and passive treatments depending on the degree of natural process in the treatment. Removal of oxidants, reduction of oxidant generation and encapsulation of sulfide are employed for the prevention of acid drainage generation.

• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.410-424
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• 2011

This study was investigated for the purpose of obtaining basic data which can be applied to processing of canned sea mussel using tomato paste. Shell were washed, and then steamed and shucked. Sea mussel meat was prepared with ratio of sea mussel 90g, tomato paste sauce 65g(tomato paste 42%, gum guar 1.0%, salt 2.0%, starch syrup 2.0%, cooking wine 1%, water 52%). The sea mussel meats were packed with vacuum seamer in 301-3 can, and then sterilized for various F0 value(F0 8-12 min.) in a steam system retort at $118^{\circ}C$. The factors such as pH, VBN, amino-N, total amino acid, free amino acid, chemical composition, color value (L, a, b), texture profile, TBA value, mineral, sensory evaluation and viable bacterial count of the canned sea mussel produced with various sterilization condition(F0 8-12 min.) were measured. The same element was also measured during preservation. The results showed that the product sterilized at F0 8 min. and preserved for 90 days were the most desirable.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.419-426
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• 2001

This study was carried out to develope a convenient instant spiced Toha-jeot. Toha-jeot was manufactured by five samples; 8%, 10%, 13% 23% sodium chloride and a conventional type soy sauce. The Toha-jeot was refrigerated at 4$\pm$1$\^{C}$ for 3 months and then boiled glutinous rice, red pepper powder, chopped garlic and ginger were added, and the spiced Toha-jeot was fermented at 4$\pm$1$\^{C}$ for 2 months, was freeze-dried at a condition of 40$\^{C}$, vacuum 100∼200 millitor millitorr and then packed in vacuum. It is called freeze-dried instant spiced Toha-jeot (FIST). Changes in the components and quality of refrigerated spiced Toha-jeot (RST) and FIST were investigated for 30day. The moisture content of RST was 53.79∼58.91%. Among the mineral constituents of RST, Na and Ca were dominantly occupying. Water activity of FIST was 0.28-0.39 while that of RST was 0.87-0.92. TBA value of FIST was lower than that of RST. Acidity, VBN (volatile basic nitrogen) and TBA(thiobarbituric acid) of the FIST and RST increased slightly, whereas pH decreased. The major components of fatty acids in FIST and RST were analysed into a feater amount of linoleic acid (Cl8:2), palmitic acid (Cl6:1), oleic acid (Cl8:1), linolenic acid (Cl8:3), EPA (C2O:5) and stearic acid(Cl8:0). In sensory evaluation, the RST had higher scores in color and taste and the FIST in chewiness and flavor. The qualitative characteristics and sensory evaluation of FIST and RST were similar.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.19 no.5
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• pp.672-680
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• 2012

To determine the characteristics of four different sweet pumpkins (Minimam, Bojjang, Ajikuroi and Kurijiman), juices were made from these varieties. The carotenoids in the flesh were 1.5~2 times higher than those in the skin and were highest in the flesh of the Minimam pumpkin among all the pumpkin varieties studied. The vitamin A contents were higher in the skin than in the flesh, and Minimam had the highest vitamin A content (2,016.57 IU/100 g) while Kurijiman had the lowest (998.83 IU/100 g). The vitamin C contents varied from 43.21 to 82.35 mg%, but there were no significant differences between the flesh and the skin. That of Kurijiman was the highest among the varieties studied. The major mineral of these varieties was potassium, which was highest in the flesh of Ajikuroi, followed by phosphorus. The antioxidant activities of the sweet pumpkin water extracts were higher in the skin than in the flesh. The $EC_{50}$ of the Minimam skin was the highest (4.01 mg/mL), and that of the Ajikuroi flesh was the lowest. The sweet pumpkin juice yields were 69.5~89.4%, with significant differences shown according to the variety. That of the peeled Ajikuroi's flesh was the highest. The pH was 7.17~7.83, and the unpeeled sweet pumpkin's pH was higher than that of the peeled sweet pumpkin. The Brix degree was $12.5{\sim}16.6^{\circ}Brix$, with that of the unpeeled Bojjang being the highest($16.1^{\circ}Brix$) and that of the unpeeled Ajikuroi the lowest ($12.7^{\circ}Brix$). The sweet pumpkin beverage made with pressed juice was adjusted by pH 3.5 with citric acid, and the Brix degree was maintained at the $12^{\circ}Brix$ with sugar. The adjusted beverage, which was the peeled pumpkin flesh juice, had suspension stability for a short time. The sweet pumpkin beverage had a certain flovor and a slimy mouthfeel. Bojjang and Kurijiman were evaluated as the best in the terms of taste and color, but the peeled Minimam and Bojjang showed the best results overall.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.25-54
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• 2015

Syenite is not a common rock, unlike granitic rocks formed the major component of the continental crust. The aim of this study is to decipher the occurrences and detailed descriptive characteristics of the syenite distributed in Sancheong area, and to investigate the petrogenesis of the syenitic magma based on geochemical study. The dominant minerals in syenite are alkali feldspar (usually orthoclase and rarely microcline), plagioclase, amphibole, biotite, and quartz. Syenites are found in a wide variety of colors. The anhedral hornblende and biotite filling the boundary of feldspar and quartz indicate that the hydrous minerals were crystallized lately, and that water was insufficient at the beginning of crystallization in magma. According to the analysis of mineral composition, amphibole in syenite is mostly ferro-edenite, and the pressure is calculated as 3.3~4.9 kb with 11.9~17.3 km of emplacement depth. Biotite and pyroxene are plotted in the region of annite and hedenbergite, respectively. Based on petrochemical studies of major elements, syenite belongs to alkaline series, metaluminous, and I-type. On the other hand, the variation patterns of trace and rare earth elements of syenite differ from the patterns of diorite and granite. In the geochemical characteristics, syenite is different from gabbro-diorite spatially adjacent to syenite, as well as granite. These results suggest that each rock has been generated from the different sources of magma. Additionally, based on the experimental data, the syenitic magma can be formed (1) by the partial melting at a high pressure and dry system, (2) when the initial crystallization minerals to be residue with migration of the residual melts separated from the ascending cotectic magma (3) when fluorine compositions to be plentiful in the protolith and/or at depth of the magma. Based on the petrographic characteristics of the syenite, Sancheong syenitic magma may have been formed by partial melting in a dry system.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.348-356
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• 2008

For the effective use of rainbow trout, the seasoned and dried rainbow trout slice (SR) was prepared and its characterization was compared with the commercial skipjack tuna (CSS) and pork products (CSP) by determining chemical components and sensory evaluation. The moisture content of SR, 20.5%, was lower, and the lipid content of SR, 7.5%, was higher than those of commercial products, CSS and CSP. The protein content of SR (41.4%) was higher than that of CSS (28.6%), but lower than that of CSP (50.1%). The water activity of SR was 0.654, which was lower than those of CSS and CSP, 0.724 and 0.771, respectively. According to the results, the color of SR was lower in lightness and redness and higher in browning index and ${\Delta}$E value than that of commercial products. The texture of SR was harder than that of CSS, but softer than that of CSP. According to the result of taste value, the taste of SR was stronger than that of CSP, while weaker than that of CSS. The mineral (Ca, P, and Fe), total amino acid contents, and the n-3/n-6 of SR showed significant levels in nutrition and health functional senses.