• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.503-513
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• 2014

This study investigated the effects of dietary consciousness of gender and generation on food intake frequency in Daegu, Sangju, Kimchen and Gumi. There was a total of 359 subjects, which consisted of elementary students, college students, and adults. The survey period was from March to May 2011, and it was a self-questionnaire by convenience sampling. The results were as follows: 1. A 9 point scale on intake frequency of 59 kinds foods was classified into 17 groups. Gender had significant differences on intake frequency of meats, beans, root vegetables, tuber vegetables, fruit vegetables, mushrooms, nuts, liquors, and cola. Sixteen food groups, except for fats, showed significant differences in intake frequency by generation. 2. Dietary consciousness consisted of 15 items, and it was divided into nutritional consciousness and meal consciousness. Meal consciousness was significantly higher in females than in males, as well as college students and adults than in elementary students. 3. Nutritional consciousness had significant effects on intake frequencies of grains, leaf vegetables, root vegetables, fruit vegetables, milk and milk products, fat and fatty oils. Meal consciousness had effects on intake of grain, leaf vegetables, root vegetables, seaweeds, teas and coffee. 4. Meal consciousness of males had significant effects on intake frequencies of grains, leaf vegetables, root vegetables, seaweeds, teas, and coffee. Elementary students showed significant effects on grains, leaf vegetables, root vegetables and seaweeds.

• 한국가정과교육학회지
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.83-91
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• 2018

본 연구는 대전시에 위치한 고등학교 1, 2학년 여학생 235명을 대상으로 자기 기입식 기록법을 적용하여 주중 2일과 주말 1일, 총 3일간의 액체수분 섭취실태를 조사하였다. 액체수분 섭취총량은 838.5 ㎖/일(주중 790.5 ㎖/일, 주말 934.5 ㎖/일)로 2015 한국인 영양소 섭취기준에 제시된 충분섭취량 900 ㎖/일에 미치지 못하였다. 액체수분의 종류별 섭취량 분석 결과, 물의 섭취량이 611.6 ㎖/일로 가장 많았고, 탄산음료(65.7 ㎖/일), 우유(41.6 ㎖/일), 과즙음료(32.8 ㎖/일), 과채주스(25.4 ㎖/일)의 순으로 나타났다. 나머지 음료 8종은 섭취량이 15 ㎖/일 미만이었다. BMI 비만도에 따른 액체수분 섭취량 차이 분석에서 물과 액체수분 섭취총량은 BMI 23.0 이상인 학생이 18.5 미만, 18.5 이상 23.0 미만인 학생보다 많았다. 운동 빈도와 고염식 식습관에 따른 섭취량 차이 분석에서 운동 일수 3일/주 이상, 고염식 식습관 점수 7점 이상인 학생은 탄산음료의 섭취량이 많았다. 건강한 사람이라면 수분의 과잉 섭취로 인한 유해 효과가 없기 때문에 충분한 수분 섭취, 특히 건강 음료의 선택과 관련하여 올바른 교육이 필요하다고 할 수 있다.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• 제8권5호
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• pp.580-588
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• 2014

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: The objective of the study was to provide useful insights into plain water intake of Korean adults according to life style, anthropometric, and dietary characteristics. SUBJECTS/METHODS: The data from the 2008-2010 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were used. The subjects were 14,428 aged 20-64 years. Water intake was estimated by asking the question "How much water do you usually consume per day?". Dietary intake was estimated by 24-hour dietary recall. A qualitative food frequency questionnaire including 63 food items was also administered. RESULTS: The mean plain water intake for men and women were 6.3 cup/day and 4.6 cup/day, respectively. Plain water intake increased as lean body mass, waist circumference, and body mass index levels increased, except for percentage of body fat. As energy and alcohol intakes increased, plain water intake increased. As total weight of food intake and total volume of food intake increased, plain water intake increased. Plain water intake increased as consumption of vegetables increased. Plain water intake increased as frequencies of green tea, alcoholic drink, and all beverages were increased in men. Plain water intake increased with increased frequencies of green tea, milk, soy milk, and alcoholic drink and decreased frequencies of coffee and soda in women. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that persons who had a higher waist circumference or lean body mass and women with higher BMI consumed more plain water. The persons eating high quality diet, or the persons who had more vegetables, green tea, milk, soy milk, or alcoholic drink consumed more plain water.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제22권11호
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• pp.1540-1546
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• 2009

One hundred and forty-four piglets with an average birth weight of 1,672${\pm}$13.4 g were used to evaluate different feeding strategies for piglets reared from birth on a dummy sow. A 3${\times}$2 factorial experiment compared three nursing frequencies (1, 3 or 6 h intervals) and two feeding regimes (milk only, or milk combined with access to creep feed and water). The piglets which were nursed at one hour intervals had the lightest body weights at all days, and the poorest combined milk and creep feed dry matter conversion efficiency to piglet body weight gain in the second week. Piglets which were nursed at 3 h intervals had the heaviest body weight at day 15 and 22, but those nursed at 6 h intervals achieved similar body weight by days 29 (milk withdrawal) and 36. Piglets offered creep feed were observed to wean themselves before cessation of milk availability, and the timing of this self-weaning depended on the nursing frequency. The piglets nursed at one hour intervals weaned themselves between day 22 and day 29, those nursed at 3 h intervals weaned themselves between day 15 and day 22, whilst those nursed at 6 h intervals weaned themselves between day 8 and day 15. The piglets which were nursed at 6 h intervals had the highest total dry matter intake in weeks 3 and 4 when fed with milk, creep feed and water but not when fed milk only. They consequently had the poorest dry matter conversion efficiency in the fourth week and overall when fed with milk, creep feed and water, but not when fed milk only. It is concluded that the optimal management routine under these conditions is a 3 h nursing cycle with provision of supplementary creep feed and water.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.17-27
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• 2011

This study was conducted to investigate the consumption of milk, along with satisfaction for improvement of the school milk program in middle school. The subjects were 447 middle school students(265 male, 182 female) in the Gyeonggi area, whowere asked to fill out the questionnaire. The collected data were analyzed by a SAS package. The results showed that 53.2% of the subjects were participating in the school milk program. Regarding the frequency of milk consumption, 77.7% of students reported daily milk consumption and 65.3% of students reported they drank milk when it was available. 56.8% of the students responded that they were satisfied with the school milk program. Male students not participating in the school milk program cited the reason as "eating at home", while non-participating female students cited the reason as "tasteless". When asked whether they accepted or rejected the school milk program, male students(97.7%) and female students(97.8%) answered "it should be executed". To improve the school milk program, most of the students(72.2%) stated that "it should be selected among flavored milk(strawberry, banana, chocolate, black bean, and husked rice milk) instead of white milk". Therefore, in order to increase the intake of milk, the students should develop the habit of drinking milk to gain the attention of parents. Also, schools should attempt to help through offering proper dietary education.

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.1-11
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• 2015

This research was designed to examine the dietary habits and unbalanced diet of middle school students by gender and region. The survey was conducted using questionnaires on dietary habits and unbalanced diet administered to 726 students (urban: 367, rural: 359). The obesity index using BMI showed that the largest proportion of girls was 'underweight' in both regions, which showed a significant difference by region (p<0.001). Male students in urban areas prefer salty taste more than rural students (p<0.05). In urban areas, problems relating to dietary habits were 'unbalanced diet' and 'overeating' in male students and 'frequent snacks' and 'irregular mealtime' for female students (p<0.01). The frequencies of skipping breakfast (p<0.01), snack intake (p<0.001), eating out (p<0.001) and fast food consumption (p<0.001) were significantly higher in urban students than in rural students, and the reason for eating snacks was 'hungry' in urban students and 'habitually' and 'delicious' in rural students (p<0.01). Unbalanced diet was significantly higher in rural students compared with urban students (p<0.001) and male students compared with female students in urban (p<0.05), and the factors affecting dietary habits were mostly related to family. Male students in urban areas showed a significantly lower intake frequency of 'fish, tofu and beans' (p<0.05) and 'milk and yogurt' (p<0.05), but higher intake frequency of 'vegetables' (p<0.001) compared with female students. Male students in rural areas showed a significantly lower intake frequency of 'meat' (p<0.05) but higher intake frequency of 'milk and yogurt' (p<0.05) compared with female students. Urban students showed a significantly higher intake frequency of food groups compared with rural students. To conclude, desirable nutrition education on meal regularity, snack choice, and problems relating to unbalanced diet should be conducted in schools.

• 대한영양사협회학술지
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.18-31
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• 2006

This study was performed to investigate the consumption pattern, perception and knowledge on milk of middle and high school students. The subjects were 1,195 students(590 middle school and 605 high school students) living in Geochang area. The survey was conducted by using a self-administered questionnaire in November, 2004. The results were as follows. Fifty-one point nine percent of the subjects drank milk 1-3 cups per day, and 51.7% of the subjects drank milk more than 5-6 times in a week. Amount and frequency of milk intake were higher in middle school students and male students than those in high school students and female students(p<0.001), and the consumption of milk was significantly higher in students with highly educated mother and nuclear family(p<0.01). Eighty-two point one percent of subjects perceived that they should drink milk or as much as possible, and 89.5% of them milk intake required per day is 1-3 cups, and male students perceived more than female students that milk should be taken a lot(p<0.001). In addition, half of the subjects slightly knew that milk contains various kinds of nutrients and a third knew it well, and the perception rate was higher in male students than those in female students(p<0.001). The average score of knowledge about milk was 5.71 out of 10 points and 5.94 points in female students, which was significantly higher than 5.48 points in male ones (p<0.001).

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제13권5호
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• pp.379-390
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• 2003

The daily food intake and its related factors of the elderly(aged over 60) living in Incheon were compared. Self administered questionnaires were collected from 418 elderly. Statistical data analysis was completed using a SPSS v. 10.0 program. The results are summarized as follows: About 70% of elderly took grains and starch foods relatively high. The daily intakes of them was significantly influenced by ages of elderly, self-perceived health status, degree of drinking, meal regularity and nutritional balance of meals. More than 80% of elderly responded to take the food group of meat, fish and eggs poorly. Among various factors, the residence type and snack intake frequency influenced the daily intake of those foods statistically. A half of elderly took the vegetables and fruits everyday more than average. The daily consumption of vegetables and fruits was significantly influenced by sex, ages, exercise, snack intake frequency and preference of spices. Most elderly consumed fewer servings of milk and dairy products. About 60% of them did not take milk and dairy products daily. The daily contribution of those foods was significantly influenced by residence and exercise. 45.5% of elderly took oils and sugars more than average everyday which was influenced significantly by residence, exercise, snack intake frequency and meal regularity. In conclusion, the important influencing factors on the daily food intakes of elderly might be related to ages, residence, family, smoking, drinking, exercise, snack intake frequency and meal regularity. Therefore, a situation-oriented and practically organized nutrition education and ingestion support programs which consider the elderlies' socioeconomic status may help to improve the daily food intake of elderly in Incheon area.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.178-188
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• 2015

The purpose of this study was to investigate the association of interpersonal relationships with snack preference and the intake frequency of snacks with a primary focus on obesity index and snack preparations in upper grade (5~6th) elementary school students. A total of 719 students in Gyeongsangnam-do province were recruited and a questionnaire-based survey was conducted. Data were analyzed using the SPSS V18.0. The results were as follows : A total score of interpersonal relationships was 94.5 (full marks 125), and the scores of 7 factors consisting interpersonal relationships were over 3.50(full marks 5.00). Overweight group had the lowest score in interpersonal relationships (p<0.01) and purchase group by oneself had a low score than the other groups in snacks preparation (p<0.001). Most favorite snacks were ice cream. Additionally, the snack purchase group showed higher scores than the cook group by family in 8 types of snack and a total score of preference (p<0.05~p<0.001). Milk and dairy products had the highest score in frequency of snack intake. And purchase group by oneself or family was a higher than cook group by family (p<0.01). Interpersonal relationships showed a positive effect on preference and intake frequency of milk and dairy products but their explanation powers ($R^2$) were very low. The findings of this study provide fundamental information impact factor in snack preference and frequency of snack intake.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.658-665
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• 2015

This study was conducted to provide desirable way on the eating of sugar foods, specifically the differences between dietary attitude, dietary behaviors and intake frequency. Data was collected from 279 middle students in the Incheon region through a self-administered questionnaire. According to the results of the reliability and factor analysis, the dietary attitude, dietary behaviors and intake frequency was 3.52, 2.89 and 2.51, with a Cronbach alpha coefficient of 0.867, 0.789, 0.940 and KMO of 0.899. Factor analysis extracted three components of the sugar preference, which we named dietary attitude (factor 1), dietary behaviors (factor 2), and intake frequency (factor 3). The dietary attitude and dietary behaviors showed a significant difference between sugar preference and non-preference (p < 0.05). Also, intake frequency of sugar food showed a significant differences in chocolate, chocolate products, and ice cream between sugar preference and non-preference (p < 0.05), whereas no significant differences were found in cake, bread kinds, juice, sweetness milk, yogurt between sugar preference and non-preference (p > 0.05). A significant positive result of intake frequency of sugar food (p < 0.05) was shown for the dietary attitude, BMI, weight, and monthly pocket money. Based on this study, the reduction of sugar intake is needed especially for middle students.