• Journal of the FoodService Safety
• /
• v.2 no.1
• /
• pp.51-57
• /
• 2021

The purpose of this study was to analyze the amount of sugar from the afternoon snack menu of childcare facilities in Gyeongsangbuk-do. The amount of sugar was analyzed for afternoon snacks provided by childcare facilities between March and April 2016. The snacks provided were the same for processed and non-processed foods at 50.0% respectively. White milk accounted for the largest portion with 26.4%, followed by fruits with 19.9% and grains (sweet potatoes, rice cakes, etc.). It has been confirmed that the larger the facility, the lower the frequency of provision of non-processed foods, and the higher the provision of processed foods (p<0.05). Snacks served as non-processed foods showed the highest frequency of fruits and sweet potatoes. On the other hand, processed foods provided many sugar-rich products, such as liquid yogurt, hot cakes, and cereal, excluding white milk. The average sugar content was highest in processed milk products (13.9 g), followed by white milk (8.6 g), bread and snacks (8.0 g), other (4.6 g), and mixed grains (1.6 g). Of the total 216 snacks, banana flavored milk had the highest sugar content of 27.0 g, followed by strawberry milk (15.0 g) and castella (21.6 g). The findings are expected to be used as basic data for choosing the right snacks provided by childcare facilities and practicing reducing sugar intake.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
• /
• v.7 no.2
• /
• pp.132-138
• /
• 2013

The food choices in childhood have high a probability of being carried through into their adulthood life, which then contributes to the risk of many non-communicable diseases. Therefore, there is a need to gather some information about children's views on foods which may influence their food choices for planning a related dietary intervention or programme. This paper aimed to explore the views of children on foods and the types of foods which are usually consumed by children under four food groups (snacks, fast foods, cereals and cereal products; and milk and dairy products) by using focus group discussions. A total of 33 school children aged 7-9 years old from Selangor and Kuala Lumpur participated in the focus groups. Focus groups were audio-taped, transcribed and analyzed according to the listed themes. The outcomes show that the children usually consumed snacks such as white bread with spread or as a sandwich, local cakes, fruits such as papaya, mango and watermelon, biscuits or cookies, tea, chocolate drink and instant noodles. Their choices of fast foods included pizza, burgers, French fries and fried chicken. For cereal products, they usually consumed rice, bread and ready-to-eat cereals. Finally, their choices of dairy products included milk, cheese and yogurt. The reasons for the food liking were taste, nutritional value and the characteristics of food. The outcome of this study may provide additional information on the food choices among Malaysian children, especially in urban areas with regard to the food groups which have shown to have a relationship with the risk of childhood obesity.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
• /
• v.4 no.4
• /
• pp.575-586
• /
• 1999

We studied teachers' breakfast habits and their preferences on various breakfast types so that we will furnish data to nutrition education including ideal breakfast habit and development of various menus. The meal considered as most importantly were dinner (66.2%), fellowed by lunch(21.6%), all three meals(6.4%) and breakfast(5.8%). Men considered breakfast more importantly than women. On the contrary, women considered dinner more significantly compared to men. The group aged 45 and over emphasized breakfast and all three meal. 78.1% of subjects answered that breakfast is necessary and 61.5% of subjects ate breakfast regularly. Those who have breakfast regularly was lower in women(50.0%) than in men(71.3%). Instead, those who eat breakfast irregularly or skipping it was higher among women(50.0%) than among men(29.7%). The percentages of having breakfast regularly was higher in older groups. For breakfast, 82.1% of subjects had conventional meal which included rice, soup and Kimch. On the other hand, 13.9% of subjects had Western style breakfast such as bread, cornflakes and milk. The major reason for eating breakfast regularly was answered as 'maintain health(71.8%)'. The major reason for eating breakfast irregularly or skipping was 'don't have enough time to eat(48.0%)', 'poor appetite(28.6%)'. The major physical discomfort after skipping breakfast was 'experience brash(35.6%)', 'lack of physical strength(35.1%)'. Subjects answered that breakfast served as 'source of physical strength(64.9%)', 'provides nutritional balance for a day(21.1%)' and 15.0% of subjects ate out breakfast. Therefore, it is suggested that teachers as well as school children be provided breakfast and snack in school. The preference and opinion regarding breakfast types wer conventional food including rice, soup and Kimch(67.0%). There was a little preference in Western style food such as bread, milk and coffee(14.3%), cereals mixture and porridge(10.7%). It was noticeable that 49.1% of females and those who reside in Seoul(42.2%) selected various breakfast types excluding conventional food. Therefore it will be accepted to working women as breakfast if it is nutritionally balanced and cook well in short time.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
• /
• v.14 no.6
• /
• pp.722-733
• /
• 2009

The purpose of this study was to explore dietary patterns and compare dietary patterns using cluster and factor analysis in Korean adults. This study analyzed data of 4,182 adult populations who aged 30 and more and had all of socio-demographic, anthropometric, and dietary data from 2005 Korean Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Socio-demographic data was assessed by questionnaire and dietary data from 24-hour recall method was used. For cluster analysis, the percent of energy intake from each food group was used and 4 patterns were identified: "traditional", "bread, fruit & vegetable, milk", "noodle & egg", and "meat, fish, alcohol". The "traditional" pattern group was more likely to be old, less educated, living in a rural area and had higher percentage of energy intake from carbohydrates than other pattern groups. "Meat, fish, alcohol" group was more likely to be male and higher percentage of energy intake from fat. For factor analysis, mean amount of each food group was used and also 4 patterns were identified; "traditional", "modified", "bread, fruit, milk", and "noodle, egg, mushroom". People who showed higher factor score of "traditional" pattern were more likely to be elderly, less educated, and living in a rural area and higher proportion of energy intake from carbohydrates. In conclusion, three dietary patterns defined by cluster and factor analysis separately were similar and all dietary patterns were affected by socio-demographic factors and nutrient profile.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
• /
• v.29 no.5
• /
• pp.489-500
• /
• 2013

This study was conducted to establish an effective palate cleanser when conducting descriptive analysis for gochujang products. In addition, descriptive analysis procedure for gochujang products was optimized. A generic descriptive analysis was performed on 4 types of gochujang samples varying in hot and spicy levels. The sensory attributes developed were 9 odors, 13 flavors, 4 texture and mouth feel attributes, and 4 appearance attributes. In order to select an effective palate cleanser for gochujang, 5 types of cleansers were tested (water, water+bread, water+cucumber, water+milk, water+cracker). Correct answering rate, significant numbers of product effect on sensory attributes, and the mean hot and spicy intensity values were considered to select the optimal palate cleanser. Results showed that as the hot & spicy level increased, red pepper odor and flavor significantly increased whereas umami taste intensity decreased. When comparing the efficiencies of various palate cleanser, the correct answer rates were the highest when warm water was used with either cucumber or cracker. Additionally, the attribute intensities were better differentiated between gochujang samples when cracker, white wheat bread, or cucumber were used. Overall, warm water with cucumber or cracker were shown to be the most effective cleansers.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
• /
• v.17 no.6
• /
• pp.789-797
• /
• 2007

This study was conducted to research the differences in food ingredients in the ancient Israelite period in the books of Moses, including the books of Geneses through Deuteronomy, in the Old Testament written during B.C $1446{\sim}1406$. The books introduced various foods in daily life, such as seven kinds of fruits and nuts, thirteen kinds of vegetables and grains, twelve kinds of meats, six kinds of breads and cookies, five kinds of drinks, thirteen kinds of spices, and five kinds of processed foods like butter and oil. The foods were sharply distinguished between the clean (able to eat) and the unclean (unable to eat) in the aspect of food culture. For example, foods with blood were not allowed to be eaten. At that time, bread was a staple food in Israel. There were already standard recipes for baking cookies, and appliances such as frying pans and ovens to bake bread were available. Most of the recipes in the books were the same as modern recipes, especially for wine, grape juice and raisins. Also it seems there were various spices already in use at that time, as well as processed foods made from milk.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
• /
• v.29 no.4
• /
• pp.529-537
• /
• 2016

The purpose of this study was to analyze University student's dietary behavior for processed foods and recognition on food nutrition labelling according to the degree of health concern. For this study, 302 University students in Gyeonggi region was surveyed by questionnaire from May in 2016 and it included the questions about general matters, dietary behavior on processed foods, and the food nutrition label system. It was analysed by SPSS win 23.0 program. And the results are as follows. According to the result of the factor analysis, the preference of processed foods were showed 3.21~3.97. There were significant differences in milk and milk products preference according to health concern (p<0.05). Also frequency of processed foods was shown significant differences in milk and milk products, noodles, beverage, and fast food (p<0.05), whereas no significant differences were found in meat products, snack, bread and frozen food (p>0.05). Also, the processed food purchase consideration according to health concern was shown significant differences in nutrition, origin, manufacturing company (p<0.05), whereas no significant differences were found in taste, price, exterior, brand, and shelf life (p>0.05). Thus, it is necessary to do continuing public relations and to provide more opportunities for nutrition education so that the University students may obtain right dietary behavior on processed foods and the system of food nutrition indication be established properly.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
• /
• v.12 no.5
• /
• pp.536-542
• /
• 1999

This study was undertaken to investgate status of veverage consumption and preference of beverage among growning generation in order to provide basic knowledge for nutrition education to be able to settle right food habit of Korean youth. Four hundred and sixty middle and high school students in Chunnam area were asked to fill out the questionaries. The results were summarized as follows : The subjects usually drank total 671.6ml/day, water 304.1ml soft drink 156.9 ml milk 110.5 ml, fruit juice 36.2 ml. vegetable juice 15.5ml coffee & tea 32.9 ml and Korean tea 26.5 ml The male drank 685.5 ml and the female drank 654.9 ml. The average amount of beverage consumption per a unit weight was total 28.5 ml and middle shool students drank more than high school students but it was about the same between the male and female. The students who have snacks very often drank more than those who sometimes have. The students who like a meat-diet drank much more than those who like a vegetable or mixed-diet, And the students who eat bread often drank more than those who have rice every mealtime. The preferences of beverage were high in orange juice water milk, lactobacillus, sikhea, while some Koran and alcohoic beverage were less preferred.

• Food Science and Preservation
• /
• v.16 no.4
• /
• pp.518-524
• /
• 2009

The quality attributes of frozen dough mixed with milk proteins (casein: C and whey protein: W) and polysaccharides (sodium alginate: A and ${\kappa}-carrageenan:$ K), and with 1.6% (w/w) wheat flour, were investigated to improve the quality of dough. Addition of milk protein-polysaccharide mixtures increased water absorption, as assessed by farinography, compared with control material. Dough prepared with CA and WA mixtures showed longer development times and increased valorimeter values compared with control samples. However, addition of milk protein-polysaccharide mixtures decreased dough stability, elasticity, and strength. Gelatinization temperature and the temperature at maximum viscosity, as measured by amylography, increased on addition of milk protein-polysaccharide mixtures, but the maximum viscosity decreased compared with control samples. The control showed a lower dough volume than did dough prepared with CA and WA mixtures. These results indicate that addition of milk protein-polysaccharide mixtures, especially CA and WA, improved the quality of frozen dough,and could be useful to prevent bread becoming stale.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
• /
• v.42 no.10 s.200
• /
• pp.1-10
• /
• 2004

The purpose of this study was to investigate what kinds of foods university students consume, how often they go out eating, and the regularity and amount of their meals. A questionnaire survey was conducted on 600 university student (home with Parents $40.8\%$: house of relatives $5.5\%$: boarding with cooking $43.3\%$: dormitory $10.3\%$). The main results are as follows: PIBW(percent ideal body weight) was under weight($49.2\%$), normal weight($40.7\%$), over weight($6.0\%$) and obese($4.2\%$). Many students had breakfast irregularly(boarding with cooking: $81.2\%$> home with parents: $71.8\%$> dormitory: $54.8\%$> house of relatives: $54.5\%$). Students who had a meal of average size were $32.5\%$(for breakfast), $61.3\%$(for lunch), and $39.5\%$(for dinner). Students who were home with parents and boarding with cooking had more eating for breakfast and lunch than those who were house of relatives and dormitory. Students who were home with parents and dormitory students ate more often milk, milk products, and kimchi than house of relatives and boarding with cooking students. Home with parents, boarding with cooking and dormitory students ate more often meat, milk, bread, fast food, and instant noodles than house of relatives students. Home with parents, house of relatives, and dormitory students ate more often fish, dried anchovy, and vegetables than boarding with cooking students. Dormitory students ate more often snacks, such as alcohol and fruits, than home with parents, house of relatives, and boarding with cooking students.