• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.163-180
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• 1993

Several aspects of the conscious about somatotype were analized for the young females and the middle-aged womenhood of Korea. the questionaires were sent to sample of students of university and the middle-age womenhood in Kwangju. the data from 233 respondants were analysed in using frequency, crosstabs and t-test. The results were as follows: 1. Korean young females tend to have shorter and slimmer in trunk, taller in height and lighter in weight than somatotype of the middle-aged women. 2. Of the trouble of somatotype, young females tend to have much the trouble about the thickness of thigh and the middle-aged women tend to have much the trouble about the thickness of waist, hip. 3. Korean young females tend to have much the trouble of somatotype than that of the middle-aged women. 4. And then, most young female had strong aspiration to be slim about somatotype than that of middle-aged women.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.7 no.6
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• pp.749-761
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• 2002

This study investigated the anthropometric and biochemical indices, and the health and nutritional factors influencing the two indices among 194 middle-aged and elderly subjects (108 middle-aged and 86 elderly) residing in a medium sized city for more than 10 years. In the examination of their dietary habits, 8.3% of the middle-aged subjects and 14.0% of the elderly subjects had two meals a day, and more female subjects had two meals per day. Of the subjects who ate meals at regular times, 75.0% were middle-aged and 79.1% were elderly, and the degree of irregularity of meals was greater for female subjects. The study of the dietary behavior of the subjects indicated that 71.3% and 66.3% of the middle-aged and elderly, respectively responded that the amount of food in each meal was sufficient. The subjects ate alone comprised 19.7% of the middle-aged females and 31.5% of the elderly females. The prevalence of smoking among the subjects was 28.1% for the middle-aged, 18.8% for the elderly male and 7.4% for the elderly females. The percentage of the subjects who drank alcohol was 34.4% of the middle-aged males and 13.2% of the middle-aged females. Slightly less than half of the subjects exercised more than once a week, with the male subjects showing a higher rate than the female subjects. The average body mass indices (BMI) were 24.5 and 24.6 for the middle-aged male and female, respectively, and 22.6 and 24.0 for the elderly male and female, respectively. BMI assessment showed that underweight subjects (BMI ＜ 20) comprised 3.7% of the middle-aged, 14.0% of the elderly, and that 40.7% of the middle-aged and 24.4% of the elderly were overweight (25 ＜ BMI ＜ 30) , and 0.9% of the middle-aged and 1.2% of the elderly were classified as obese (BMI $\geq$ 30) . A waist/hip ratio (WHR) greater than 0.8 was found in 89.5% of the middle-aged females and 90.7% of the elderly females, showing high abdominal fat deposition in the majority of females. The average systolic blood pressure of females was 121.1 $\pm$ 17.1 mmHg for the middle-aged and 129.6 $\pm$ 21.3 mmHg for the elderly subjects. The systolic blood pressures showed a significantly difference between the two age groups. Those defined as anemic subjects based on hemoglobin values comprised 13.0% of the middled-aged group and 16.3% of the elderly group. There was a tendency for higher fasting glucose levels among the elderly subjects. An increase in total plasma cholesterol levels with age was shown. The female subjects had higher cholesterol levels than the males'The study of the correlation between the daily habits and health status showed that the amount of food eaten at each meal, the frequency of eating out, and the use of dietary supplements appeared to influence BMI, WHR, the plasma triglyceride and plasma cholesterol levels; omitting one meal had a positive correlation with the systolic blood pressure and plasma cholesterol. These results suggest that desirable dietary habits and concerns for health are contributing factors for maintaining good health, as indicated by normal blood lipid levels.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.1-20
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• 2003

This study investigated the relationships of care- and justice-oriented morality by gender and sex role identity among adolescents, and young and middle-aged adults. The subjects were 115 males and 125 females between 16 and 59 years of age. Instruments were the Ethic of Care Interview(ECI), the Korean Defining Issues Test(DIT), and the Korean Sex Role Inventory(KSRI). Age was found to be a significant factor in both care-and justice-oriented morality; that is, young and middle-aged adults demonstrated higher care-oriented morality than adolescents. While, adolescents and young adults demonstrated higher justice-oriented morality than middle-aged adults. Females exhibited higher levels of care- and justice-oriented morality. A significant interaction effect was found between gender and age for justice-oriented morality.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.17-27
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• 1998

The need for periodic investigation on human growth rate and somatotypes has been increased because the scientific development and environmental factors have effected a lot on them recently. This study aimed to investigate the changes of the 638 female somatotypes in the age of 18-54 obtained by direct and indirect measurement. The measurement data were divided into 4 groups early young women age group (18-54), late young women age group (25-34), early middle age group (35-44), late middle age group (45-54) and compared each other based on each group by age. The results obtained from this study were as follows: 1. According to Mollison Curve based on the early young women, items of depth decreased overall and pp.P. length & shoulder length increased as the age increased. The circumference, breadth and thickness tended to increase, especially waist girth and thickness of waist increased markedly. The data showed that the increase rate of thickness was higher than that of breadth. 2. Gradual somatotype changes were observed by overlapping projection drawings obtained by direct measurement. Compared with the young women, the middle aged showed lower should point depth and hip line & crotch depth line were lengthened significantly. No significant difference was observed in overlapping of the early young women and the late young women' figure, neither was in early middle aged and the late middle aged. 3. By overlapping the side view of the young women group (18-37) and middle aged group (35-54), no significant postural characteristics were found, while the back tended to bend forward and the abdomen and hip appeared to get fat.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.36 no.5
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• pp.491-499
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• 2003

Selenium is a strong antioxidant trace mineral, scavenging free radicals. The prevalence of chronic degenerative diseases is increasing in Korean adults with increasing age. The increased cell damage from free radicals has been implicated in the etiology of these diseases, and evidence is accumulating that the low selenium status that comes with advanced aged is involved in the prevalence of age-associated diseases. However, little is known about the selenium status of Koreans, its age-related change and its relationship to dietary nutrient intake. In this study, the serum selenium levels of healthy adult females according to life cycle and its association with blood albumin levels and nutrient intake were examined. Serum selenium level was measured with the Huwo research reactor using the neutron activation analysis method (NAA). The overall proportion of women with selenium deficiency, serum selenium concentrations below 7.0 $\mu\textrm{g}$/dl, was 9.4%. The average serum selenium levels were 12.39 $\mu\textrm{g}$/dl, 9.45 $\mu\textrm{g}$/dl and 9.16 $\mu\textrm{g}$/dl in the young adult, middle-aged and elderly groups, respectively, showing a reduction of selenium status with advancing age. Selenium deficiency was seen only in the elderly group. Generally, serum selenium levels positively or negatively correlated with nutrient intake, but these association patterns differed depending on the age. The nutrients that showed positive correlations with selenium levels were proteins and phosphate in the young adult group (p < 0.05, p < 0.05), and total calcium, potassium and vegetable-origin calcium in the middle-aged group. Vitamin C and fiber were the negative correlated nutrients with serum selenium levels in the elderly group (p < 0.05, p < 0.05). Multiple stepwise regression analysis of the determining factors responsible for selenium status showed that age and serum albumin levels were important factors which explained up to 26.9% variances in serum selenium levels. The average selenium concentrations of Korean adult female subjects were above the deficiency levels in all three age groups. There was a tendency toward decreasing selenium levels as the age of the subjects increased. The factors with the strongest in-fluence on selenium status in healthy adult Korean females were age and serum protein status. (Korean J Nutrition 36(5): 491~499, 2003)

• Health Communication
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.51-72
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• 2017

Purpose: Adolescents use emoticons to express their emotions in an online environment. Hence, medical experts can understand the emotions of adolescents by emoticons. The goal of this study was to investigate the relationship between various emotions and emoticons among the Korean adolescents. Methods: The questionnaire survey was conducted between September 1 and 30, 2014, involving 3,272 students in elementary schools, middle schools, and high schools affiliated in the Department of Education of the metropolitan city of Busan. A total of 1,717 students responded to the survey. The participants consisted of 806 males (46.9%), and 911 females (53.1%). Among these, there were 557 elementary school students (32.4%), 617 middle school students (35.9%), and 543 high school students (31.6%). A social networking analysis was conducted using NodeXL. Results: The frequency of emoticon use among adolescents runs in the order of joy, sadness, fear, surprise, anger, disgust, and then depression. Elementary school females mainly use emoticons to express joy; middle school females use emoticons to express sadness, surprise, anger, disgust, and depression; and high school females use emoticons to express fear. Age- and gender-specific emoticon networks were visualized by using the Haren-Korel fast multiscale algorithm. Commonly used emoticons by age and gender were expressed in the networks. Results of age- and gender-specific emoticon networks visualization show similar results of centrality of seven emoticons. Conclusion: In the digital communication environment, emoticons could be used to catch the emotions of adolescents in Korea.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.35-46
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• 2002

This study was performed to determine the voluntary range of joint mobility for middle-aged Korean adults. One hundred and eighty-eight subjects(99 males and 89 females) at the age range of 40 to 60 participated for this study. Thirty body movements at various joints were conducted to measure the range of joint mobility. Subjects were grouped by Rohrer's into four based on 25th percentile. The data were analyzed to see the differences of range of joint mobility between sexes and Rohrer's index groups. The results of this study and previous studies were compared to see the differences of range of joint mobility due to the aging. Results of this study indicate that females are generally more flexible than males. Significant differences were found to exist in fourteen movement between sexes and in ten movements, females have larger range of joint mobility than males. There were no significant differences in range of joint mobility may have a tendency to decrease with ages. The results of this study provide important information in dynamic dimensions for middle-aged Korean and can be used to design the various and work places for the middle-aged.

• Architectural research
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.9-16
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• 2006

Maximizing profit is the most significant object of commercial places. Especially for some places where its atmosphere is main concern of customers like $Caf{\acute{e}}s$, interior design is crucial. Thus it needs to evaluate human emotion and preference. Human Sensibility Ergonomics which is recently signified in various fields is an attempt to quantitatively analyze factors of human sensibility and apply it to design operation. This study attempted to infuse human sensibility ergonomics into $Caf{\acute{e}}$ interior design and analyzed preferable $Caf{\acute{e}}$ interior design factors. Because most $Caf{\acute{e}}s$ have their own target customers, so we assumed four different target customer groups divided by their age and gender groups in each age group. As a result, the difference of each group could be examined. Middle-aged group and males have main interest in the intensity of luminance, i.e. the brightness, whereas youths and females attach importance to both quality of light and color. In addition, there is a tendency for middle-aged group and males to see $Caf{\acute{e}}$ as a public place while young people and females recognize $Caf{\acute{e}}$ as a place for entertainment. Taking the result of this study into consideration can lead to successful $Caf{\acute{e}}$ interior design for specific target customers.

• IE interfaces
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.140-148
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• 2003

This study was performed to measure the various dimensions of the hand for Korean adults. Three hundred and eighteen males and two hundred and sixty females, age ranged 18 to 60, participated in this study. Thirty-five dimensions were selected to measure. Subjects were divided into three age groups, 18 to 29, 30 to 39, and 40 to 60, for each sex. The data were analyzed to see the differences between the age groups and sex by using SAS program. The results showed that the measurements related to breadth and thickness tended to increase as the age increased. Wrist breadth, index finger breadth(distal), index finger breadth(proximal), thumb breadth, and index finger thickness(proximal) increased as the age increased for both males and females (p<0.05). However, the measurements related to length tended to increase as the age decreased. The relationship between the parts that are length related showed high correlation. Hand length showed high correlation with palm length, middle finger length and index finger length. Males' were significantly greater than females' in every dimension (p<0.05). Also, the results of this study were compared with the data of Japanese and U.S. army. The results of this study can be used to design the hand related products.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.10 no.9
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• pp.391-396
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to present basic research data to utilize magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) with analyzing intracerebral regional distributions of ischemic cerebrovascular disease of middle aged and oldest-old aged people. We retrospectively analyzed middle-aged group (average age of 44.2 year-old, 43 males, 26 females) and oldest-old aged group (average age of 84.7 year-old, 58 males, 71 females) who taken MRI screening for ischemic cerebrovascular disease from May 2006 year to January 2008 year. The intracerebral vascular were classified into 8 vessels, which anterior communication artery (ACoA), posterior communication artery (PCoA), anterior cerebral artery (ACA), middle cerebral artery (MCA), posterior cerebral artery (PCA), internal carotid artery (ICA), common carotid artery(CCA), and basilar artery (BA). The result of middle-aged group showed that more ischemic cerebrovascular diseases appeared in men than women, and it affected in MCA mostly. In oldest-old aged group, ischemic cerebrovascular diseases occurred evenly spaced in intracerebral region of right, left, and both vessels, and women have more than men. For men, the most occurred in ICA and for women the most occurred in MCA. Specially middle-aged group in men showed that more ischemic cerebrovascular diseases in MCA appeared than oldest-old aged group in men. It is suggested that the analysis on ischemic cerebrovascular could be helpful in the clinical diagnosis and treatment.