• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.75-79
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• 2013

Application of the left lateral tilt position has been recommended during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) of pregnant patients. However, the left lateral tilt could displace the left ventricle (LV) besides the gravid uterus and may compromise the cardiac pump mechanism of CPR. Thus, we investigated the effect of left lateral tilt on the spatial relationship between the anterior-posterior axis (AP axis), which represents the direction of sternal displacement during CPR, and the LV. We retrospectively reviewed the medical records and multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) scans of 90 patients who underwent virtual gastroscopy using MDCT. Virtual gastroscopy was performed with the patient both in the left lateral tilt position and in the supine position. On an axial image showing the maximal area of the LV, the angle between the AP axis and the LV axis ($Angle_{AP-LV}$), the shortest distance between the AP axis and the mid-point of LV cavity ($D_{AP-MidLV}$) and the shortest distance between the AP axis and the LV apex ($D_{AP-Apex}$) were measured. In the supine scans, the LV was situated on the left side of the AP axis in 87 patients (96.7%). On the left lateral tilt scans, the mean tilt angle was $43.4{\pm}11.0^{\circ}$. $D_{AP-MidLV}$ and $D_{AP-Apex}$ were significantly longer in the left lateral tilt position (p<0.001), but $Angle_{AP-LV}$ was comparable between the positions. This study indicates that the left lateral tilt position may compromise the cardiac pump mechanism of chest compression in pregnant cardiac arrest patients.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.58 no.2
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• pp.78-92
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• 2008

The mutual relationship between fashion and architecture and the similarities in their form and structure have been continuously debated over the decades, considering that both spheres are objects used in human life. Both spheres bring about the creation of three-dimensional space structures that are completed by the human body and material, based on a design targeted for people. The similarities between fashion and architecture in terms of form and structure have been debated by western architecture scholars focusing on the support that holds the garment's shape, the tailoring of a men's suit and also the material. The debate originates from the discussion of F. Th. Vischer, Kritische Gnge, and Gottfried Semper during the nineteenth century on the similarities between crinoline and the form of architecture and also the similarities between sewing and architecture. However, architects always regarded fashion as the inferior creative process that follows architecture in viewing the relationship between fashion and architecture. During the mid to end of the twentieth century, contrary to previous decades, the sense of fashion in architecture stood out, as an issue and a different approach was taken in discussing architecture that incorporates fashion. Accordingly, in the mid 1990's, architecture scholars such as Deborah Fausch and Mark Wigley began to conduct close observation of the mutual relationship between fashion and architecture from a more equal point of view. Notwithstanding, their point of view was still biased towards architectural standards. Commencing the Millennium, fashion has become the primary work of creation which leads style in all spheres, and under these circumstances this point of view has transferred from architecture to fashion when thinking about relationships between these spheres. The discussion on fashion and architecture form fashion's point of view is currently concentrated on the post 1990's phenomenon and illustrates the environment that is related to architecture. In general, the discussion is limited to determining a work of an individual designer as 'being architectural' when explaining the sculptural form of fashion. Therefore, this research aims to renew the discussion on twentieth century fashion design, which was neglected in any studies on observing architecture and fashion. The aim of this research is to classify the architectural paradigm of twentieth century fashion design and to observe the architectural forms of the respective eras. It is necessary to have a close observation of the architectural paradigm in twentieth century fashion design where support tools such as the crinoline was avoided and the form and functionality of the garment itself was emphasized. I will conduct this research by considering the architectural form shown in fashion as a practical three-dimensional creation that exists in space.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.18 no.12
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• pp.276-285
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to verify the effects of emotional labor on casino dealers' burnout and depression. Burnout is a big problem which thwarts their professionalism and effectualness and the effectiveness of the service they provide. Depression is a core factor which affects one's mental health. To analyze the effects of emotional labor on casino workers' burnout and depression, we conducted a survey of 606 casino dealers of H resort and analyzed the results. Burnout was measured in terms of the client-related burnout and work-related burnout by the Copenhagen Burnout Inventory (CBI), and depression was measured by the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI). The research findings are as follows. First, the level of emotional labor (3.50) was higher than the mid-point on the 4 point Likert scale, and the work-related burnout (3.86) and client-related burnout (3.91) were higher than the mid-point on the 5 point Likert scale. Second, emotional labor was correlated to their depression and burnout. Third, emotional labor showed a significant difference according to gender, while burnout showed significant differences according to age, position and term of service. Fourth, emotional labor had an effect on the casino dealers' burnout and depression. We discussed the implications of these findings and possible strategies to alleviate this situation, for example, the passing of a law and development of an employee assistance program (EAP) to prevent their burnout and reduce their depression.

• Ecology and Resilient Infrastructure
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.12-23
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• 2017

The Naeseong Stream is a meandering sand-bed stream flowing through mountains and has so long maintained its geomorphological uniqueness characterized by extensive braided bare bars. Recently, its long-lasting landscape has been changed due to encroachment of vegetation. In this study being a part of long-term monitoring research morphological changes of the 56.8 km long study reach of the Naeseong Stream, which occurred during the period of 2012 - 2016 were analyzed. Airborne LiDAR and terrestrial cross-section surveys were carried out. Hydrological and on-site investigation data were also collected. Among the main four sites, two bend reaches showed point bars enlarged, while along the other two straight reaches mid-channel bars were either newly formed or increased in area and height. At the highest deposition point of each bar, vertical changes which were caused by one or two times of sediment deposition amounted to 0.6 - 1.4 m. On the contrary channel bed degradation was not obvious. Overall morphological changes in the study reach were attributed to deposition of sediment which occurred during the flood in July 2016 on the bar surfaces vegetated during the precedent dry seasons. These kind of geomorphological processes are thought to be the same as those related to the existing mid-channel islands along the mid- and downstream reach of the Naeseong Stream.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Surveying, Geodesy, Photogrammetry, and Cartography Conference
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• 2004.11a
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• pp.405-410
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• 2004

In mid-90's, the Korean government introduced the GIS(Geographic Information System) to digitalize every topography of national land and thereby, index locations and attributes of various urban facilities to construct a system whereby every information could be managed and operated in an integrated way, but the reliability of such geographic information has yet to be tested, much less its modification, complementation and maintenance. Under such circumstances, this study was aimed at constructing a reference point infrastructure for Seoul and Kyonggi area and comparing the data obtained from the GPS operation and various facility location data with the existing GIS data to address the problems of GIS operation and suggest their solutions. As a result of calculating the GPS reference point data and analyzing the deviations of the unknown point data in comparison with the fixed point ones, it was found that the horizontal location values were reliable within +/- 5cm, but that the above-sea level values varied as much as 1.4m depending on the deployment of pre-set fixed points determined by the direct level gauging. In addition, as a result of directly surveying major facilities around the roads based on the coordinates of the urban reference points networked with such a reference point system to check their conformity to existing data, it was confirmed that the difference was as wide as 2m. Such differences may be attributable to the fact that the data with their geographic information not confirmed are used as basic data for GIS. Hence, this study suggests the ways to set the absolute geographic data based on reference points and test the reliability of existing data and thereby, suggests a methods to solve the problems.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.30 no.9
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• pp.1094-1102
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• 2001

Objective : During the trans-condylar or trans-jugular approach for the lesion of cranio-cervical junction(CCJ), its necessary to identify the accurate locations of vertebral artery(VA), internal jugular vein(IJV) and its related lower cranial nerves. These neurovascular structures can also be damaged during the operation for vascular tumor or traumatic aneurysm around extra-jugular foramen, because of their changed locations. To reduce the neurovascular injury at the operation for CCJ, morphometric relationship of its surrounding neurovascular structures based on the tip of the transverse process of atlas(C1 TP), were studied. Materials & Methods : Using 10 adult formalin fixed cadavers, tip of mastoid process(MT) and TPs of atlas and axis were exposed bilaterally after removal of occipital and posterior neck muscles. Using standard caliper, the distances were measured from the C1 TP to the following structures : 1) exit point of VA from C1 transverse foramen, 2) branching point of muscular artery from VA, 3) entry point of VA into posterior atlanto-occipital membrane(AOM), 4) branching point of C-1 nerve. In addition, the distances were measured from the mid-portion of the posterior arch of atlas to the entry point of the VA into AOM and to the exit point of the VA from C1 transverse foramen. After removal of the ventrolateral neck muscles, neurovascular structures were exposed in the extra-jugular foraminal region. Distances were then measured from the C1 TP to the following structures : 1) just extra-jugular foraminal IJV and lower cranial nerves, 2) MT and branching point of facial nerve in parotid gland. In addition, distance between MT and branching point of facial nerve was measured. Results : The VA was located at the mean distance of 12mm(range, 10.5-14mm) from the C1 transverse foramen and entered into the AOM at the mean distance of 24mm(range, 22.8-24.4mm) from the C1 TP. The mean distance from the mid portion of the C1 posterior arch was 20.6mm(range, 19.1-22.3mm) to the entry point of the VA into AOM and 38.4mm(range, 34-42.4mm) to the exit point of the VA from C1 transverse foramen. Muscular artery branched away from the posterior aspect of the transverse portion of VA below the occipital condyle at the mean distance of 22.3mm(range, 15.3-27.5mm) from the C1 TP. The C-1 nerve was identified in all specimens and ran downward through the ventroinferior surface of the transverse segment of VA and branched at the mean distance of 20mm(range, 17.7-20.3mm) from the C1 TP. The IJV was located at the mean distance of 6.7mm(range, 1-13.4mm) ventromedially from the lateral surface of the C1 TP. The XI cranial nerve ran downward on the lateral surface of the IJV at the mean distance of 5mm(range, 3-7.5mm) from the C1 TP. Both IX and X cranial nerves were located in the soft tissue between the medial aspect of the internal carotid artery(ICA) and the medial aspect of the IJV at the mean distance of 15.3mm(range, 13-24mm) and 13.7mm(range, 11-15.4mm) from the C1 TP, respectively. The IX cranial nerve ran downward ventroinferiorly crossing the lateral aspect of the ICA. The X cranial nerve ran downward posteroinferior to the IX cranial nerve and descended posterior to the ICA. The XII cranial nerve was located between the posteroinferior aspect of the IX cranial nerve and the posterior aspect of the ICA at the mean distance of 13.3mm(range, 9-15mm) ventromedially from the C1 TP. The distance between MT and C1 TP was 17.4mm(range, 12.5-23.9mm). The VII cranial nerve branched at the mean distance of 10.2mm(range, 6.8-15.3mm) ventromedially from the MT and at the mean distance of 17.3mm(range, 13-21mm) anterosuperiorly from the C1 TP. Conclusion : This study facilitates an understanding of the microsurgical anatomy of CCJ and may help to reduce the neurovascular injury at the surgery around CCJ.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SP
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.50-61
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• 2011

The Infrared touch method is generally used for a mid and large-size touch screen. But this method has several problems, such as difficulty with installation of a touch-object recognition device, limited application and coordinate error in multi-point touch system. Since we can take advantages of both color and local information when we use general cameras for a touch screen, a touch screen using general camera is more efficient than infrared one. It also has an advantage of easy installation of a touch-object device. However, it did not much appeal in a market because of several problems, such as color sensitivity, illumination and reflected light. In this paper, we study a method for a touch screen using a general camera and image processing method to recognize touch objects and coordinate calculation method to single and multi-point touch screen. It has the same recognition performance as an infrared touch screen for single-point method. And it does not have ghost point problem by using distance information of touch object and camera in multi-point touch system. But recognition performances of multi-point touch screen are less than single-point. If we improve execution time, this method can replace an infrared method for a single point touch screen, according to result of experience.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Heat Treatment
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.289-299
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• 1996

This study has been performed to investigate into some effects of power density and traverse speed of laser beam on the microstructure, hardness and residual stress of AISI 4140 treated by laser surface hardening technique. Optical micrograph has shown that large martensite and a small amount of retained austenite in outermost surface layer and fine lath martensite in inner surface hardened layer are formed under the condition of a given power density and traverse speed. Hardness measurements have revealed that as the power density increases at a given 2.0m/min of the traverse speed, the maximum hardness values of outermost surface hardened layer is increased from Hv=635 to Hv=670. X-ray analysis for residual stress has exhibited that low compressive residual stress values are obtained in center point of the cress section of surface hardened layer with in mid point between the edge and the center point, about 1.5mm from the center point, due simply to a difference in self-quenching rate. It has been shown that the higher the power density at a given traverse speed and the olwer the traverse speed at a given power density, the more the compressive residual stress values are increased due to an increase in the input heat of laser beam.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.43 no.3
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• pp.450-458
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• 2016

High performance small and mid-sized tractors are required for dryland and orchard operations. A power transmission system is the most important issue for the design of high performance tractors. Many operations, such as loading and lifting, use hydraulic power. In the present study, a hydraulic power transmission system for the 3-point hitch of a 50 kW narrow tractor was developed and its performance was evaluated. First, major components were designed based on target design parameters. Target operations were spraying, weeding, and transportation. Main design parameters were determined through mathematical calculation and computer simulation. The capacity of the hydraulic cylinder was calculated taking the lifting force required for the weight of the implements into consideration. Then, a prototype was fabricated. Major components were the lifting valve, hydraulic cylinder, and 3-point hitch. Finally, performance was evaluated through laboratory tests. Tests were conducted using load weights, lift arm sensor, and lift arm height from the ground. Test results showed that the lifting force was in the range of 23.5 - 29.4 kN. This force was greater than lifting forces of competing foreign tractors by 3.9 - 4.9 kN. These results satisfied the design target value of 20.6 kN, determined by survey of advanced foreign products. The prototype will be commercialized after revision based on various field tests. Improvement of reliability should be also achieved.

• Magazine of the Korea Concrete Institute
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• v.7 no.6
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• pp.233-241
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• 1995

In this thesis, the fatigue tests were performed on a series of R /C beams repaired with co& crete-lmlyrner composites to investigate the fatigue bahavior. The three point loading system is used in the fatigue tests. In these tests, relations between the repeated loading cycles and mid-span deflections, number of repeated loading cycles when repaired beams were fractured, the bonding performance of repair materials were observed. On this basis, the mid-span deflections, the crack growth and failure mode of repaired R /C beams were studied. A S-N curve was drawn to present the fatigue strength of repaired beams. From the test results, it was shown that behavior of R /C beams repaired with polymer-cement series were very sirnillar to control beam about bonding performance, mid-span deflections and fatigue strength according to S-N curve drawn by the regression anlysis on the fatigue test results.