• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2011.05a
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• pp.95-95
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• 2011

토양수분은 전 지구 및 기후 모델 연구, 전 지구 환경 감시, 기후변화, 대기-지표의 물과 에너지 상호교환 등 중요한 역할을 한다. 최근에는 수동형 마이크로웨이브 센서를 이용하여 토양수분을 탐지하고 있으며, NASA는 공식적인 전구 토양수분을 제공하고 있다. 특히, AMSR-E(Advandced Microwave Scanning Radiometer on EOS)의 6 GHz 영역에서 산출된 토양수분은 지표 토양층(0～5 cm)의 높으 정확도의 토양 수분 정보를 제공하고 있다. 지금까지의 위성관측을 이용한 토양 수분 알고리즘은 복잡한 선행모델과 관측된 경험식을 바탕으로 한다. 이 연구의 제안한 알고리즘은 위성에서 관측된 휘도온도 정보를 이용하여 역변환 방법을 이용하여 토양수분을 산출할 수 있기에, 복잡한 선행모델 사용을 최소화하는 장점이 있다. 본 연구에서 제시한 토양수분 산출 알고리즘은 각 채널(6.9 및 37 GHz)의 특성을 이용하여 거친 표면의 반사도를 산출한 후, 편광비율 특성을 이용한다. 아울러 반사도는 Hong 근사식을 이용하여 지표면 거칠기, 물질의 특성을 나타내는 유전상수를 산출하고 두 변수 사이의 관측된 경험적 관계식를 이용하여 전 지구적인 토양수분이 산출한다. 이 결과는 NASA에서 산출한 토양 수분과 현장관측 (SMEX03)의 오클라호마, 조지아 지역 관측 결과와 비교하였을 때, 사용자들이 요구하는 수준 (<0.06g/$cm^3$)의 정확도를 만족시킨다. 본 연구에서 제시된 토양수분 알고리즘은 단순성, 정확성, 물리적 기반을 바탕으로 하기에 현업용으로 그 활용 가치가 높다. 본 연구 결과는 향후 국외 토양수분산출 전용 위성들인 SMOS(Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity)와 SMAP(Soil Moisture Active/Passive) 자료들을 생산하는데 활용된다면, 전 지구적 토양수분 정보제공에 기여할 수 있을 것으로 예산된다.

• Atmosphere
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.441-458
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• 2008

A TP/WVP-3000A, ground-based microwave radiometer, that was first introduced to South Korea has been operated since August 22, 2007 at the National Center for Intensive Observation of Severe Weathers (NCIO). Using the dual-band, the radiometer provides temperature and humidity soundings from the surface up to 10 km height with the high-temporal resolution of a few minutes. In this study, the performance of the radiometer on the predictability of the high impact weathers was evaluated and various practical applications were investigated. To verify the retrieved profile data from the radiometer, temperature and relative humidity soundings are compared with those from the rawinsonde launched at the NCIO and Gwangju station. The root mean squared errors for temperature and relative humidity soundings were smaller under rainy weather conditions. The correlation coefficient between PWVs (Precipitable Water Vapors) obtained from the radiometer and Global Positioning System satellite at Mokpo station is 0.92 on average. In order to investigate the structure and characteristics of precipitation, stability indexes related to rainfall such as the Convective Available Potential Energy (CAPE), K-index, and Storm RElative Helicity (SREH) were calculated using windprofiler at the NCIO from 14 to 16 September, 2007. CAPE and K-index tended to be large when the thermodynamic unstability was strong. On the other hand, SREH index was dominantly large when the dynamic unstability was strong due to the passage of the typhoon 'Nari'.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.115-125
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• 1998

This paper examined the feasibility of adding a new NGSO/MSS(Non-Geostationary orbit/Mobile satellite service) service link to a frequency band which is already allocated to fixed-service microwave(M/W) system. To achieve this goal, the NGSO/MSS handset performance under the influence of the M/W multiple stations and the influence of handsets on the M/W station were both analyzed. Sharing criterions were also obtained by means of coordination contour in the former case, and handset capacity in the latter case. As the results, it was proven that sharing was feasible only when the vertical distance between handset and trendline was above 4 km except front and back points of M/W antenna bore sight under influence of 9 hops(the distance between hops = 50 km) M/W system on the NGSO/MSS handset, and only when the capacity of handset was below $7.0\times10^{-14}$ handsets/ $m^{2}$ under influence of handsets on the M/W station.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.21-30
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• 1999

The CLW (Cloud Liquid Water) is a parameter of vital interest in both modeling and forecasting weather. In mesoscale models, the magnitude of latent heat effects corresponds to the amount of CLW, which is important in the development of a certain weather system. The goal of this study is the estimation of CLW by GMS-5 data which is compared with that of SSM/I data and GMR(Grounded Microwave Radiometer)data. First of all, we found out the relationship of cloud albedo to cloud thickness, and caculated the CLW using the result of the relationship. The CLW amount of SSM/I or GMR and that of GMS-5 were compared, respectively. The correlation coefficient was about 0.86 and RMSE was 9.23 mg/$cm^2$ between GMS-5 data and GMR data. And also the correlation coefficient was 0.84 and RMSE was 14.02 mg/$cm^2$ between GMS-5 data and SSM/I data.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.23 no.7
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• pp.552-564
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• 2002

The data of satellite-observed Microwave Sounding Unit (MSU) channel 1 (Ch1) brightness temperature and General Circulation Model (GCM) reanalyses over the globe have been used to investigate low tropospheric hydrometeors and microwave surface emissivity during the period from January 1981 to December 1993. The average of GCM Ch1 temperature has been reconstructed from three kinds of reanalyses, based on the MSU weighting function. Since the GCM temperature mainly corresponds to the thermal state of the lower troposphere without the difference in the emissivity between ocean and land, it is higher in summer than in other seasons over the regions. The MSU temperature over the ocean shows its maximum at the ITCZ and the SPCZ due to hydrometeors. Over high latitude ocean, the temperature is enhanced because of sea ice emissivity, while it is reduced over the land. The seasonal displacement of the ITCZ and the SPCZ systematically appeared in the difference of Ch1 temperature between the GCM and the MSU. The difference values decrease in the regions of the ITCZ, the SPCZ, and the sea ice because of the increase of the MSU temperature. According to the local minima of the values, the ITCZ moves norhward to 9 N in fall, and the SPCZ moves southward to 12 S in boreal fall and winter. The sea ice in the northern hemisphere is extended southward to 53 N in winter, while the ice in the southern hemisphere, northward to 58 S in boreal summer. We also have discussed the separated contribution from hydrometeors and surface emissivity to the MSU Ch1 temperature, utilizing radiative transfer theory. The increase of 4-6K in the temperature over the ITCZ is inferred to result from hydrometeors of 1-1.5mm/day, and furthermore the increase of 10-30K over the high latitude ocean, ice emissivity of 0.6-0.9.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.35 no.5_2
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• pp.809-818
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• 2019

The Republic of Korea is very vulnerable to damage from storm and flood due to the rainfall phenomenon in summer and the topography of the narrow peninsula. The damage is recently getting worse because of the concentration rainfall. The accurate damage information production and analysis is required to prepare for future disaster. In this study, we analyzed the water surface area changes of Byeokjeong, Sajeom, Subu and Boryeong using Sentinel-1 satellite imagery. The surface area of the Sentinel-1 satellite, taken from May 2015 to August 2019, was preprocessed using RTC and image binarization using Otsu. The water surface area of reservoir was compared with the storage capacity from WAMIS and RIMS. As a result, Subu and Boryeong showed strong correlations of 0.850 and 0.941, respectively, and Byeokjeong and Sajeom showed the normal correlation of 0.651 and 0.657. Thus, SAR satellite imagery can be used to objective data as disaster management.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.40 no.5
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• pp.502-517
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• 2019

Global warming and rapid climate change have long affected the characteristics of typhoons in the Northwest Pacific, which has induced increasing devastating disasters along the coastal regions of the Korean peninsula. Synthetic Aperature Radar (SAR), as one of the microwave sensors, makes it possible to produce high-resolution sea surface wind field around the typhoon under cloudy atmospheric conditions, which has been impossible to obtain the winds from satellite optical and infrared sensors. The Geophysical Model Functions (GMFs) for sea surface wind retrieval from SAR data requires the input of wind direction, which should be based on the accurate estimation of the center of the typhoon. This study estimated the typhoon centers using Sentinel-1A images to improve the problem of typhoon center detection method and to reflect it in retrieving the sea surface wind. The results were validated by comparing with the typhoon best track data provided by the Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA) and Japan Meteorological Agency (JMA), and also by using infrared images of Himawari-8 satellite. The initial center position of the typhoon was determined by using VH polarization, thereby reducing the possibility of error. The detected center showed a difference of 23.76 km on average with the best track data of the four typhoons provided by the KMA and JMA. Compared to the typhoon center estimated by Himawari-8 satellite, the results showed an average spatial variation of 11.80 km except one typhoon located near land with a large difference of 58.73 km. This result suggests that high-resolution SAR images can be used to estimate the center and retrieve sea surface wind around typhoons.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea TC
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• v.38 no.7
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• pp.7-13
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• 2001

The wirebonding is a common interconnection technique for modern microwave devices because of rather simple and reliable processes involved. At millimeter-wave frequencies, however, the bondwire parasitics are significant and consequently limit the external performance of packaged devices. In this paper, we represent wideband characterization of multiple bondwires and ribbon in a frequency range from 20 to 35 GHz. From these results, the double bondwire shows very small insertion loss less than 0.55 dB up to 35 GHz and its performance is comparable to that of the ribbon in the millimeter-wave frequencies. Therefore, the wirebonding is very suitable for millimeter wave packaging in terms of performance and manufacturing cost.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Telematics and Electronics D
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• v.36D no.9
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• pp.13-20
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• 1999

A 2-stage MMIC(monolithic Microwave Integrated Circuits) LNA(Low Noise Amplifiers) at 30GHz hand has been designed and fabricated for the Ka-band Satellite Communications. The $0.15 {\mu}m$ with the width of $80 {\mu}m$ pHEMT technology was used for the fabrication of this MMIC LNA. Using the series feedback technique, ultra low noise and excellent S11 could be obtained at the same time without the cost of gain at 30GHz-band. The stability factors(Ks) for each stage and overall stage are greater than 1 at full frequency bands by the bias circuits and stabilization circuit. The measured performances, which agree well with the predicted performances, show this 2-stage MMIC LNA has the gain of more than 15.7dB and noise figure of less than 2.09dB over 29GHz to 33GHz.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science
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• v.17 no.2 s.105
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• pp.101-109
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• 2006

A broadband, DC to 40 GHz 5-bit MMIC digital attenuator has been developed. The ultra broadband attenuator has been achieved by adding transmission lines in the conventional Switched-T attenuator and optimizing the transmission line parameters. Momentum simulation was performed in design for accurate performance prediction at high frequencies and Monte Carlo analysis was applied to verify the performance stability against the MMIC process variation. The attenuator has been fabricated with $0.15\;{\mu}m$ GaAs pHEMT process. This attenuator has 1 dB resolution and 23 dB dynamic ranges. High attenuation accuracy has been achieved over all attenuation ranges and 40 GHz bandwidth with the reference state insertion loss of less than 6 dB at 20 GHz. The input and output return losses of the attenuator are better than 14 dB over all attenuation states and frequencies. The measured IIP3 of the attenuator is 33 dBm.