• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.344-351
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• 2005

This study compared the microshear bond strength $({\mu}SBS)$ to end and side of enamel rod bonded by four adhesives including two total etch adhesives and two self-etch adhesives. Crown segments of extracted human molars were cut mesiodistally. The outer buccal or lingual surface was used as specimens cutting the ends of enamel rods, and inner slabs used as specimens cutting the sides of enamel rods. They were assigned to four groups by used adhesives: Group 1 (All-Bond 2), Group 2 (Single Bond), Group 3 (Tyrian SPE/One-Step Plus), Group 4 (Adper Prompt L-Pop). After each adhesive was applied to enamel surface, three composite cylinders were adhered to it of each specimen using Tygon tube. After storage in distilled water for 24 hours, the bonded specimens were subjected to ${\mu}SBS$ testing with a crosshead speed of 1 mm/minute. The results of this study were as follows: 1. The $({\mu}SBS)$ of Group 2 $(16.50\pm2.31 MPa)$ and Group 4 $(15.83\pm2.33 MPa)$ to the end of enamel prism was significantly higher than that of Group 1 $(11.93\pm2.25 MPa)$ and Group 3 $(11.97\pm2.05 MPa)$ (p<0.05). 2. The $({\mu}SBS)$ of Group 2 $(13.43\pm2.93 MPa)$ to the side of enamel prism was significantly higher than that of Group 1 $(8.64\pm1.53 MPa)$, Group 3 $(9.69\pm1.80 MPa)$, and Group 4 $(10.56 \pm1.75 MPa)$ (p<0.05), 3. The mean $({\mu}SBS)$ to the end of enamel rod was significantly higher than that to the side of enamel rod in all group (p<0.05).

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.13.1-13.9
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• 2019

Objectives: This study evaluated the effect of dentin pretreatment with silver nanoparticles (SNPs) and chlorhexidine (CHX) on the microshear bond strength (${\mu}SBS$) durability of different adhesives to dentin. Materials and Methods: Occlusal surfaces of 120 human molars were ground to expose flat dentin surfaces. The specimens were randomly assigned to six groups (n = 20). Three groups (A, B, and C) were bonded with Adper Single Bond 2 (SB) and the other groups (D, E, and F) were bonded with Clearfil SE Bond (SEB). Dentin was pretreated with CHX in groups B and E, and with SNPs in groups C and F. The specimens were restored with Z250 composite. Half of the bonded surfaces in each group underwent ${\mu}SBS$ testing after 24 hours and the other half was tested after 6 months of water storage. Results: SNP application was associated with a higher ${\mu}SBS$ than was observed in the CHX and control groups for SEB after 24 hours (p < 0.05). A significantly lower ${\mu}SBS$ was observed when no dentin pretreatment was applied compared to dentin pretreatment with CHX and SNPs for SB after 24 hours (p < 0.05). The ${\mu}SBS$ values of the 6-month specimens were significantly lower than those obtained from the 24-hour specimens for all groups (p < 0.05). This decrease was much more pronounced when both adhesives were used without any dentin pretreatment (p < 0.05). Conclusions: SNPs and CHX reduced the degradation of resin-dentin bonds over a 6-month period for both adhesive systems.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.47 no.2
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• pp.21.1-21.11
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• 2022

Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the bonding effects of cleaning protocols on dentin impregnated with endodontic sealer residues using ethanol (E) or xylol (X). The effects of dentin acid etching immediately (I) or 7 days (P) after cleaning were also evaluated. For bonding to dentin, universal adhesive (Scotchbond Universal; 3M ESPE) was used. The persistence of sealer residues, hybrid layer formation and microshear bond strength were the performed analysis. Materials and Methods: One hundred and twenty bovine dentin specimens were allocated into 4 groups (n = 10): G1 (E+I); G2 (X+I); G3 (E+P); and G4 (X+P). The persistence of sealer residues was evaluated by SEM. Confocal laser scanning microscopy images were taken to measure the formed hybrid layer using the Image J program. For microshear bond strength, 4 resin composite cylinders were placed over the dentin after the cleaning protocols. ANOVA followed by Tukey test and Kruskal-Wallis followed by Dunn test were used for parametric and non-parametric data, respectively (α = 5%). Results: G2 and G4 groups showed a lower persistence of residues (p < 0.05) and thicker hybrid layer than the other groups (p < 0.05). No bond strength differences among all groups were observed (p > 0.05). Conclusions: Dentin cleaning using xylol, regardless of the time-point of acid etching, provided lower persistence of residues over the surface and thicker hybrid layer. However, the bond strength of the universal adhesive system in etch-and-rinse strategy was not influenced by the cleaning protocols or time-point of acid etching.

• Proceedings of the KACD Conference
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• 2008.05a
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• pp.224-234
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to compare the normal and two times of application time of six self-etching primers applied to enamel using microshear bond strength (uSBS) test and the finding of scanning electronic microscope (SEM). Crown of sixty human molars were bisected mesiodistally and buccal and lingual enamel of crowns were partially exposed and polished with 600 grit SiC papers. They were divided into one of two equal groups subdivided into one of six equal groups (n = 10) by self-etching primer adhesives. After the same manufacture's adhesive resin and composites were bonded on the enamel surface of each group, the bonded specimens were subjected to uSBS testing and also observed under SEM. In conclusion, generally two times of primer application time increased the enamel uSBS, especially with the statistical increase of bond strength in adhesives involving high-pH primers.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.224-234
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to compare the normal and two times of application time of six self-etching primers applied to enamel using microshear bond strength (uSBS) test and the finding of scanning electronic microscope (SEM). Crown of sixty human molars were bisected mesiodistally and buccal and lingual enamel of crowns were partially exposed and polished with 600 grit SiC papers. They were divided into one of two equal groups subdivided into one of six equal groups (n = 10) by self-etching primer adhesives. After the same manufacture's adhesive resin and composites were bonded on the enamel surface of each group, the bonded specimens were subjected to uSBS testing and also observed under SEM. In conclusion, generally two times of primer application time increased the enamel uSBS, especially with the statistical increase of bond strength in adhesives involving high-pH primers.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.13-19
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to compare the microshear bond strength of a self-etching primer adhesive to dentin prepared with different diamond points, carbide burs and SiC papers, and also to determine which SiC paper yield similar strength to that of dentinal surface prepared with points or burs. Fifty-six human molar were sectioned to expose the occlusal dentinal surfaces of crowns and slabs of 1.2 mm thick were made. Dentinal surfaces were removed with three diamond points, two carbide burs, and three SiC papers. They were divided into one of eight equal groups (n = 7); Group 1: standard diamond point(TF-12), Group 2: fine diamond point (TF-12F), Group 3: extrafine diamond point (TF-12EF), Group 4: plain-cut carbide bur (no. 245), Group 5: cross-cut carbide bur (no. 557), Group 6 : P 120-grade SiC paper, Group 7: P 220-grade SiC paper, Group 8: P 800-grade SiC paper. Clearfil SE Bond was applied on dentinal surface and Clearfil AP-X was placed on dentinal surface using Tygon tubes. After the bonded specimens were subjected to uSBS testing, the mean uSBS (n = 20 for each group) was statistically compared using one-way ANOV A and Tukey HSD test. In conclusion, the use of extrafine diamond point is recommended for improved bonding of Clearfil SE Bond to dentin. Also the use of P 220-grade SiC paper in vitro will be yield the results closer to dentinal surface prepared with fine diamond point or carbide burs in vivo.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.44 no.3
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• pp.23.1-23.9
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• 2019

Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the microshear bond strength (${\mu}SBS$) of different universal adhesive systems applied to hybrid computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD-CAM) restorative materials repaired with a composite resin. Materials and Methods: Four types of CAD-CAM hybrid block materials-Lava Ultimate (LA), Vita Enamic (VE), CeraSmart (CS), and Shofu Block HC (SH)-were used in this study, in combination with the following four adhesive protocols: 1) control: porcelain primer + total etch adhesive (CO), 2) Single Bond Universal (SB), 3) All Bond Universal (AB), and 4) Clearfil Universal Bond (CU). The ${\mu}SBS$ of the composite resin (Clearfil Majesty Esthetic) was measured and the data were analyzed using two-way analysis of variance and the Tukey test, with the level of significance set at p < 0.05. Results: The CAD-CAM block type and block-adhesive combination had significant effects on the bond strength values (p < 0.05). Significant differences were found between the following pairs of groups: VE/CO and VE/AB, CS/CO and CS/AB, VE/CU and CS/CU, and VE/AB and CS/AB (p < 0.05). Conclusions: The ${\mu}SBS$ values were affected by hybrid block type. All tested universal adhesive treatments can be used as an alternative to the control treatment for repair, except the AB system on VE blocks (the VE/AB group). The ${\mu}SBS$ values showed variation across different adhesive treatments on different hybrid CAD-CAM block types.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.237-245
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• 2021

PURPOSE. This study aimed to compare the microshear bond strength (µSBS) of dual-cure resin cement in CAD-CAM zirconia after different cleaning techniques. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Fifty discs of zirconia-based ceramic from Ivoclar Vivadent were embedded in acrylic resin. The discs were divided into five groups according to the cleaning methods used: Group 1: drying with spraying + sandblasting with Al₂O₃; Group 2: washed with water and dried with spraying + sandblasting with Al₂O₃;Group 3: washed with distilled water and dried with spraying + sandblasting with Al₂O₃ + zirconium oxide (Ivoclean); Group 4: washed with distilled water and dried with spraying + sandblasting with Al₂O₃ + potassium hydroxide (Zirclean); and Group 5: washed with distilled water and dried with spraying + sandblasting with Al₂O₃ + 1% NaClO. All of the groups were contaminated with artificial saliva for 1 minute and then cleaned. Statistical analyses were performed using ANOVA and Tukey's tests. RESULTS. There were statistically significant differences among all groups for µSBS (P < .05). The group treated with zirconium oxide (Group 3) showed the highest µSBS (18.75 ± 0.23 MPa). CONCLUSION. When applied to zirconia, the cleaning methods affected the bonding with resin cement differently.

• The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
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• v.42 no.6
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• pp.654-663
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• 2004

Statement of problem. According to the fracture pattern in several reports, fractures most frequently occur in the interface between the ceromer and the substructure. Purpose. The aim of this in vitro study was to compare the macro shear bond strength and microshear bond strength of a ceromer bonded to a fiber reinforced composite (FRC) as well as metal alloys. Material and methods. Ten of the following substructures, type II gold alloy, Co-Cr alloy, Ni-Cr alloy, and FRC (Vectris) substructures with a 12 mm in diameter, were imbedded in acrylic resin and ground with 400, and 1, 000-grit sandpaper. The metal primer and wetting agent were applied to the sandblasted bonding area of the metal specimens and the FRC specimens, respectively. The ceromer was placed onto a 6 mm diameter and 3 mm height mold in the macro-shear test and 1 mm diameter and 2 mm height mold in the micro-shear test, and then polymerized. The macro- and micro-shear bond strength were measured using a universal testing machine and a micro-shear tester, respectively. The macro- and micro-shear strength were analyzed with ANOVA and a post-hoc Scheffe adjustment ($\alpha$ = .05). The fracture surfaces of the crowns were then examined by scanning electron microscopy to determine the mode of failure. Chi-square test was used to identify the differences in the failure mode. Results. The macro-shear strength and the micro-shear strength differed significantly with the types of substructure (P<.001). Although the ceromer/FRC group showed the highest macroand micro-shear strength, the micro-shear strength was not significantly different from that of the base metal alloy groups. The base metal alloy substructure groups showed the lowest mean macro-shear strength. However, the gold alloy substructure group exhibited the least micro-shear strength. The micro-shear strength was higher than the macro-shear strength excluding the gold alloy substructure group. Adhesive failure was most frequent type of fracture in the ceromer specimens bonded to the gold alloys. Cohesive failure at the ceromer layer was more common in the base metals and FRC substructures. Conclusion. The Vectris substructure had higher shear strength than the other substructures. Although the shear strength of the ceromer bonded to the base metals was lower than that of the gold alloy, the micro-shear strength of the base metals were superior to that of the gold alloy.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.283-293
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of dual bonding technique by comparing microshear bond strength between two different luting methods of resin cement to tooth dentin. Three dentin bonding systems(All-Bond 2, One-Step, Clearfil SE Bond), two temporary cements (Propac, Freegenol) were used in this study. In groups used conventional luting procedure, dentin surfaces were left untreated. In groups used dual bonding technique, three dentin bonding systems were applied to each dentin surface. All specimens were covered with each temporary cement. The temporary cements were removed and each group was treated using one of three different dentin bonding system. A resin cement was applied to the glass cylinder surface and the cylinder was bonded to the dentin surface. Then, micro-shear bond strength test was performed. For the evaluation of the morphology at the resin/dentin interface, SEM examination was also performed. 1. Conventional luting procedure showed higher micro-shear bond strengths than dual boning technique. However, there were no significant differences. 2. Freegenol showed higher micro-shear bond strengths than Propac, but there were no significant differences. 3. In groups used dual bonding technique, SE Bond showed significantly higher micro-shear bond strengths in One-Step and All-Bond 2 (p<0.05), but there was no significant difference between One-Step and All-Bond 2. 4. In SEM observation, with the use of All-Bond 2 and One-Step, very long and numerous resin tags were observed. This study suggests that there were no findings that the dual bonding technique would be better than the conventional luting procedure.