• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.279-293
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• 2009

Quantitative risk assessments are related to implementing hazard analysis and critical control points (HACCP) by its potential involvement in identifying critical control points (CCPs), validating critical limits at a CCP, enabling rational designs of new processes, and products to meet required level of safety, and evaluating processing operations for verification procedures. The quantitative risk assessment is becoming a standard research tool which provides useful predictions and analyses on microbial risks and, thus, a valuable aid in implementing a HACCP system. This paper provides a review of microbial modeling in quantitative risk assessments, which can be applied to HACCP systems.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.579-592
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• 2017

This study assessed the quantitative microbial risk of non-enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC). For hazard identification, hazards of non-EHEC E. coli in natural and processed cheeses were identified by research papers. Regarding exposure assessment, non-EHEC E. coli cell counts in cheese were enumerated, and the developed predictive models were used to describe the fates of non-EHEC E. coli strains in cheese during distribution and storage. In addition, data on the amounts and frequency of cheese consumption were collected from the research report of the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety. For hazard characterization, a doseresponse model for non-EHEC E. coli was used. Using the collected data, simulation models were constructed, using software @RISK to calculate the risk of illness per person per day. Non-EHEC E. coli cells in natural- (n=90) and processed-cheese samples (n=308) from factories and markets were not detected. Thus, we estimated the initial levels of contamination by Uniform distribution ${\times}$ Beta distribution, and the levels were -2.35 and -2.73 Log CFU/g for natural and processed cheese, respectively. The proposed predictive models described properly the fates of non-EHEC E. coli during distribution and storage of cheese. For hazard characterization, we used the Beta-Poisson model (${\alpha}=2.21{\times}10^{-1}$, $N_{50}=6.85{\times}10^7$). The results of risk characterization for non-EHEC E. coli in natural and processed cheese were $1.36{\times}10^{-7}$ and $2.12{\times}10^{-10}$ (the mean probability of illness per person per day), respectively. These results indicate that the risk of non-EHEC E. coli foodborne illness can be considered low in present conditions.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제35권3호
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• pp.383-387
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• 2006

호남지역 병원 6곳의 급식시설 및 부식류 등에 대한 미생물학적 안정성이 평가되어졌다. 조사된 병원급식시설의 공중낙하균 평가에서는 식탁, 조리장 및 냉동고에서 미생물균수가 비교적 높게 측정되어 이러한 시설에 대한 미생물학적 오염에 대한 철저한 관리가 요구됨을 보여 주었다. 또한 조리기구 및 용기 표면의 미생물학적 안정성 측정에서는 도마, 칼, 식판 등의 일반세균수는 비교적 높았으나 유의적인 수준은 아니었으며 대장균군, 황색포도상구균, 대장균 등의 수준도 일반적인 미생물 오염기준 미만으로 나타나 미생물학적 안정성은 양호하였다. 하지만 이들 급식시설에서 제공되는 부식류에 대한 미생물학적 안정성 평가에서는 대체적으로 가열조리식품의 미생물학적 오염은 기준 미만으로 나타났으나 기준을 초과한 부식에 대해서는 철저한 미생물학적 안전 관리가 이루어져야 할 것으로 판단되었다.

• 한국관광식음료학회지:관광식음료경영연구
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.5-24
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• 2001

This study was focused on the sanitary analysis of hazard factors and the establishment of critical control points on steak-set menu In hotel by the documents and microbiological investigation. The hazard factors of shrimp cocktail were microbial contamination, residual pesticides, unsuitable healing and cross contamination. The hazard factors of potato soap were residual pesticides, microorganisms contamination, unsuitable heating and solanine in potato. The hazard factors of simple salad were microorganisms contamination, unsuitable heating and cross contamination by inappropriate package. The hazard factors of steal were residual antimicrobial drugs, microorganisms contamination, unsuitable heating and cross contamination. The critical control points of shrimp cocktail were temperature control , number of washing and center temperature control of heating step. The critical control points of potato soup were stock temperature control , number of washing and center temperature control of Heating step. The critical control points of simple salad were number of washing and dryness of utensil. The critical control points of steak were stock temperature control , number of washing, center temperature and time control of heating step.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제37권5호
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• pp.376-386
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• 2011

Objectives: The aim of this study was to evaluate the microbial hazards posed by food utensils and fixtures in food service operations at selected middle and high schools located in Seoul, Korea. Methods: We collected 200 samples of utensils and fixtures including cups, spoons/chopsticks, food trays and tables from five different schools in Seoul. Target microorganisms of this study were divided into two groups: total bacterial count and total coliform as indicators of microbial contamination and Bacillus cereus and Staphylococcus aureus as pathogens of food poisoning. We used selective media to quantify microbial concentration and 16S rRNA PCR assay for qualitative analysis. In addition, intensive interviews with nutritionists were conducted and observations were made to identify factors that may affect microbial contamination. Logistic regression analysis was employed to examine the relationship between the microbial concentration and operation characteristics of each operation. Results: The level of microbial concentration in school B and C were significantly lower than in school A, D and E (p<0.05). Some samples from school A, D and E showed over 3.4 log CFU/100 $cm^2$ (total bacterial count) and 1.0 log CFU/100 $cm^2$ (total coliform), which requires immediate hygienic action. The number of customers per staff member, periodicity of hygiene education for staff and daily operation time of sterilizers were also found to be important factors related with the microbial contamination of food service operations. Conclusions: These results suggested that not only a HACCP (Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point) approach, but also efforts to assess internal risk factors within operations be needed to reduce the microbial contamination of food utensils and fixtures. This study is expected to provide preliminary data for assessing microbial hazards in food service operations.

• 한국유기농업학회지
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.193-204
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• 2019

식육은 미생물이 증식하는데 필요한 각종 영양소 및 수분이 풍부한 식품이다. 그러므로 식육은 도축, 운반, 가공, 판매 과정에서 미생물이 오염되거나 증식되기 쉽다. 이러한 이유로 가공 및 유통과정에서 병원성 미생물의 증식으로 인해 여러 나라에서 집단 식중독이 발생한다. 식육의 유통과정에서 식육 판매업소는 소비자와 직접적으로 접촉하는 최종 단계이므로 위생관리가 매우 중요하다. 한국에서 식육의 미생물 기준은 돈육의 경우 일반세균수는 10⁷ CFU/g 이하, 대장균은 10⁴ CFU/g 이하로 설정하여 이를 준수하도록 권장하고 있다(식품의약품안전처, 2014). 본 연구에서 식육 및 제조환경에 대해 미생물검사 권장기준을 초과한 경우는 HACCP 미인증 업체에서 6건으로 나타났다. 원료 돈육의 일반세균수의 경우 HACCP 인증 판매장이 평균 6.2×10⁵ CFU/g 수준으로 모두 식약처 권장 범위였다. 그러나 미인증 판매장은 평균 1.8×10⁶ CFU/g 수준으로 식약처 권장기준을 초과한 판매장은 2곳이었다.

• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제45권6호
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• pp.1216-1221
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• 2012

재배과정, 수확, 가공 및 유통 단계에서 당귀의 미생물적 위해요소를 조사하였다. 뿌리, 토양 및 관개수를 포함한 111개의 시료가 생산과정과 유통과정에서 호기성균, B. cereus, coliform, E. coli, L. monocytogenes, Salmonella spp., 와 S. aureus를 조사하기 위해 수집하였다. 재배과정에서 당귀의 뿌리에서 일반세균수는 6.71 log CFU $g^{-1}$ 수준으로 검출되었으며, 대장균군은 4.13 log CFU $g^{-1}$, B. cereus는 3.54 log CFU $g^{-1}$ 수준으로 확인되었다. 수확에서 가공 단계까지 모든 가공 과정에서 대장균군과 B. cereus의 오염을 확인할 수 있었으며, 절단 과정에서 미생물오염도가 높게 확인 되었다. 유통과정 중인 당귀에서 일반세균수는 5.6~6.0 log CFU $g^{-1}$, 대장균군은 2.4~2.6 log CFU $g^{-1}$, B. cereus는 5.4~6.0 log CFU $g^{-1}$ 수준으로 검출되었다. 모든 시료에서 L. monocytogenes, Salmonella spp., S. aureus는 검출되지 않았다. 이러한 결과는 유해미생물의 오염을 감소시키고, 안전한 농산물을 생산하기 위하여 위생적인 토양관리 및 수확 후 관리가 수행되어야 하는 것을 의미한다.

• 한국식품위생안전성학회지
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.346-353
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• 1997

This study was undertaken to find out distribution and contamination sources of hazardous microbes through microbial hazard analysis on the processing steps of surimi-based imitation crab (SBIC). As a results of ananlysis of 9 hazardous microbes for 16 raw materials and 8 processing steps, no Samonella spp. and Escherichia coli were detected in all samples. Level and distribution of hazardous microbes in mixed color were similar to those of surimi. Changes of aerobic plate counts (APC), psychrotropic bacteria, coliforms, Staphylococcus aureus and Vibrio parahaemolyticus showed similar trends at different processing steps. Thermotrophic bacteria and aerobic sporeformers were not detected until mixing step and feeding step, respectively and not reduced after cooking step. According to the comparison of APC at each step, it was suggested that surimi, workers and silent cutter at mixing step, and mixed color, workers and bundler at packaging step were the major contamination sources of bacteria.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제51권1호
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• pp.8-14
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• 2018

We investigated the levels of microbial contaminants and microbial hazards during dried-laver processing. We analyzed 321 samples obtained from 18 dried-laver Pyropia spp. manufacturing facilities, including water, swab-, and processing samples as well as final products. The levels of microbial contaminants, including viable cell counts (VCC) and coliform bacteria, increased as processing progressed. The sanitary indicator bacterium, Escherichia coli, was not detected in the final products although VCC levels were high, generally exceeding 5 log CFU/g. We also investigated changes in microbial contaminants at each processing step. Both VCC and total coliform dramatically increased after 4 days of continuous processing, indicating that microbial contaminants originated, mainly, from cross contamination during processing.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.84-89
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• 2009

본 연구는 시판되는 반찬류의 오염도를 조사하기 위하여 대전지역 재래시장과 대형마트에서 시판되는 반찬 중 소비자들이 선호하는 생채류 3제품, 볶음류 2제품, 조림류 4제품, 장아찌류 5제품, 김치류 2제품, 젓갈류 3제품으로 총 19제품을 대상으로 총균, 대장균군에 대하여 미생물학적 위해도를 분석하여, 시판 반찬류의 문제점을 살펴보고자 하였다. 총균의 오염수준은 재래시장 $1.85{\sim}6.21$ log CFU/g, 대형마트 $<1{\sim}6.77$ log CFU/g을 나타내었다. 대장균군에서는 진미채볶음에서만 4.82 log CFU/g의 대장균군이 검출되었다. 총균에는 부패단계에 해당하는 제품은 없었으나, 대장균군에서는 진미채볶음이 기준치 이상으로 검출되었다. 결론적으로 시중에서 판매되고 있는 반찬류의 위생상태는 좋지 않은 것으로 판단된다. 따라서 식품의 제조단계에서 원료의 세척 및 제조, 가공과정에서 오염되지 않도록 철저히 하고, 유통 및 최종 판매 단계까지 냉장온도 관리를 철저히 하여 미생물의 재오염이 일어나지 않도록 하면 식중독을 일으키는 미생물의 위해도를 감소시킬 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.