• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.49 no.8
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• pp.1617-1628
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• 2017

In the passive residual heat removal system of a molten salt reactor, one of the residual heat removal methods is to use the thimble-type heat transfer elements of the drain salt tank to remove the residual heat of fuel salts. An experimental loop is designed and built with a single heat transfer element to analyze the heat transfer and flow characteristics. In this research, the influence of the size of a three-layer thimble-type heat transfer element on the heat transfer rate is analyzed. Two methods are used to obtain the heat transfer rate, and a difference of results between methods is approximately 5%. The gas gap width between the thimble and the bayonet has a large effect on the heat transfer rate. As the gas gap width increases from 1.0 mm to 11.0 mm, the heat transfer rate decreases from 5.2 kW to 1.6 kW. In addition, a natural circulation startup process is described in this paper. Finally, flashing natural circulation instability has been observed in this thimble-type heat transfer element.

• Tribology and Lubricants
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.9-15
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• 2019

Graphene is a fascinating material for fabricating flexible and transparent devices owing to its thickness and mechanical properties. To utilize graphene as a core material for devices, the transfer process of graphene is an inevitable step. The transfer process can be classified into wet and dry methods depending on the surrounding environment. The adhesion between graphene and a target substrate determines the success or failure of the transfer process. As the surface energy of graphene is an important parameter that provides adhesion, it is useful to estimate the surface energy to understand the mechanisms of the transfer process. However, the exact surface energy of graphene is still disputed because the wetting transparency of graphene depends on the polarity of the liquid and target substrate. Previously reported results use graphene transferred by the wet method. However, there are few reports on the surface energy of graphene transferred by the dry method. In this study, the surface energy of graphene transferred by the wet and dry methods is estimated. Wetting transparency occurs for certain combinations of liquids and substrates. For graphene on a polar substrate, the surface energy decreases by 25 and 35% for the wet and dry transfer methods, respectively. However, the surface energy of graphene on dispersive substrates decreases by ~10% regardless of the transfer method. In conclusion, the surface energy of graphene is $36{\sim}38mJ/m^2$, and differs depending on the transfer method and polarity of the substrate.

• Journal of the Microelectronics and Packaging Society
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.9-19
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• 2020

Transferring of functional nanofilms onto target substrates is a cornerstone to developing nanofilm-based nextgeneration applications. In this work, we provide a brief review of recent advances on nanofilm transfer methods by categorizing them into the following three methods: wet-etching transfer, electrochemical delamination, and mechanical transfer. Furthermore, the mechanical transfer method, which is regarded as a promising technology owing to its facile, substrate recyclable, and widely applicable process, is overviewed by focusing on fracture mechanics approaches. Finally, the perspectives and challenges for future development of the mechanical transfer method are discussed.

• International Journal of Railway
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.60-69
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• 2009

In recent years, technology developments in different countries, especially in newly industrialized countries, are extremely indebted to appropriate technology transfer by these countries. Nevertheless the technology transfer process in the present situation is complex, and its success is related to the coordination rate with the political, economic, social, and environmental objectives of countries. Today debates related to the transfer of the technical know how accompanied by equipment hardware has found remarkable importance such that countries seek increasing comprehensive capabilities in the field of transferred technology for which Preventive Maintenance (PM) is one of the aspects. This research with the purpose to determine the technological capability level and to study the role of PM in the effective & appropriate technology transfer in subway industry is carried out for presenting a suitable model for the technology transfer in this industry with an attitude towards the effects of principal PM factors. For this purpose, after the study of different and relevant models existing in the field of suitable methods for technology transfer, some equipment PM theories and models were selected as the base for the compilation of the questionnaire. With the help of questionnaire, main PM factors that are effective in the field of technology transfer were extracted, and finally, their effects on technology transfer were analyzed, identified and a comprehensive model suggested in this connection.

• Tribology and Lubricants
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.60-66
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• 2018

Graphene is a monolayer of carbon atoms (approximately 0.34 nm), arranged in a honeycomb network. It has been hailed as a next-generation flexible and transparent material because it has high electrical and thermal conductivities, excellent mechanical properties, as well as flexible and transparent properties. The wettability of graphene alters its adhesion or surface energy, and it is therefore an important parameter influencing its application in the fabrication of next-generation flexible and transparent electronics. Studies on the wettability of graphene are numerous and various opinions exist. However, almost all of these studies use the wet transfer method to transfer the graphene. In this study, therefore, we investigated the effect of wet and dry transfer methods on water contact angles of graphene on a substrate. The contact angles of substrates vary depending on the type of substrate. It was found that after graphene is transferred to the substrate, regardless of transfer method, the graphene/substrate contact angle increases to a value. The contact angle of graphene transferred using the dry transfer method is higher than the contact angle of graphene transferred using wet transfer methods. The wet transferred graphene is affected by the poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) residue and the polar surface of substrate. The dry transferred graphene is influenced by the conformal contact between graphene and substrate.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.522-527
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• 2019

In order to fabricate high-quality SiC substrates for power electronic devices, various single crystal growing methods were prepared. These include the physical vapor transport (PVT) and top seeded solution growth (TSSG) methods. All the suggested SiC growth methods generally use induction-heating furnaces. The temperature distribution in this system can be easily adjusted by changing the hot-zone design. Moreover, precise temperature control in the induction-heating furnace is favorably required to grow a high-quality crystal. Therefore, in this study, we analyzed the heat transfer in these furnaces to grow SiC crystals. As the growth temperature of SiC crystals is very high, we evaluated the effect of radiation heat transfer on the temperature distribution in induction-heating furnaces. Based on our simulation results, a heat transfer strategy that controls the radiation heat transfer was suggested to obtain the optimal temperature distribution in the PVT and TSSG methods.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• v.21 no.8
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• pp.212-218
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• 2021

The Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) controller is the most popular industrial controller and more than 90% process industries use this controller. During the past 50 years, numerous good tuning methods have been proposed for Single Input Single Output Systems. However, design of PI/PID controllers for multivariable processes is a challenge for the researchers. A comparative study of three PID controllers design methods has been carried-out. These methods include the DS (Direct Synthesis) method, IMC (Internal model Control) method and ETF (Effective Transfer Function) method. MIMO PID controllers are designed for a number of 2×2, 3×3 and 4×4 process models with multiple delays. The performance of the three methods has been evaluated through simulation studies in Matlab/Simulink environment. After extensive simulation studies, it is found that the Effective Transfer Function (ETF) Method produces better output responses among two methods. In this work, only decentralized methods of PID controllers have been studied and investigated.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• v.21 no.9
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• pp.11-18
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• 2021

The Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) controller is the most popular industrial controller and more than 90% process industries use this controller. During the past 50 years, numerous good tuning methods have been proposed for Single Input Single Output Systems. However, design of PI/PID controllers for multivariable processes is a challenge for the researchers. A comparative study of three PID controllers design methods has been carried-out. These methods include the DS (Direct Synthesis) method, IMC (Internal model Control) method and ETF (Effective Transfer Function) method. MIMO PID controllers are designed for a number of 2×2, 3×3 and 4×4 process models with multiple delays. The performance of the three methods has been evaluated through simulation studies in Matlab/Simulink environment. After extensive simulation studies, it is found that the Effective Transfer Function (ETF) Method produces better output responses among two methods. In this work, only decentralized methods of PID controllers have been studied and investigated.

• Journal of Advanced Marine Engineering and Technology
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.854-861
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• 2008

Heat transfer characteristics of protruding electronic components in a horizontal channel are studied numerically. The system consists of two horizontal channels formed by two covers and one printed circuit board which has three uniform protruding heat source blocks. A two-dimensional numerical model has been developed to predict the conjugate heat transfer. and the finite volume method is used to solve the problem. Five different cooling methods are considered to examine the heat transfer characteristics of electronic components according to the different cooling methods. The velocity and temperature of cooling medium and the temperature of the heat source blocks are obtained. The results of the five different cooling methods are compared to find out the most efficient cooling method in a given geometry and heat sources.

• Journal of Power System Engineering
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.5-16
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• 2016

Generally, methods using transfer techniques, like the transfer matrix method and the transfer stiffness coefficient method, find natural frequencies using the sign change of frequency determinants in searching frequency region. However, these methods may omit some natural frequencies when the initial frequency interval is large. The Sylvester-transfer stiffness coefficient method ("S-TSCM") can always obtain all natural frequencies in the searching frequency region even though the initial frequency interval is large. Because the S-TSCM obtain natural frequencies using the number of natural frequencies existing under a searching frequency. In this paper, the algorithm for the free vibration analysis of axisymmetric conical shells was formulated with S-TSCM. The effectiveness of S-TSCM was verified by comparing numerical results of S-TSCM with those of other methods when analyzing free vibration in two computational models: a truncated conical shell and a complete (not truncated) conical shell.