• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.287-295
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• 2020

The purpose of this study is to find out the tendency and meaning of metaphors for block play. For this purpose, responses from 165 teachers in J area day care centers were collected using sentence completion metaphors. Collected data were analyzed through a categorization process using a qualitative research method based on previous research into metaphor analysis. From the results, first, block play trends from the metaphors were classified into two categories: content of block play, and characteristics of block play. The frequency in the order for Building Value of Play was higher. For the content of block play, composition had the highest frequency for trait of block play, and the basis of growth and development had the highest frequency in the Value of Block Play category. Second, the meanings of block play metaphors are composing, expressing, imagining, pleasure, freedom, and value of block play under Category Play, which was recognized as the basis of development, emotional development, social development, and creativity. Based on the results of the study, the value and role of block play in early childhood teacher education and in-service education should be further emphasized.

• Management Science and Financial Engineering
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• v.3 no.2
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• pp.1-27
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• 1997

Designing effective navigation aids for customer interfaces is critical for the success of cyber shopping malls. Navigation aids can be classified into either basic ones which are based on the structure of the malls or add-ons which are not. Add-on navigation aids provide various short-cuts to promote efficient traversal in the cyber shopping malls, but too many of them would increase the complexity of the customer interface. Metaphors have been used widely for the design of add-on navigation aids, but little research evaluates their impact on the processes and outcomes of customers behavior in cyber shopping malls. This paper presents an empirical study that investigates the navigation process of customers and the subjective evaluation of their shopping experience. This research implemented two versions of a test-bed cyber shopping mall according to different metaphors used; one based on a spatial metaphor, and the other based on a non spatial metaphor. The results of the experiment indicate that navigation aids based on the spatial metaphor were used more frequently, which resulted in better understanding about the entire structure of the cyber shopping malls, which in turn led to an increased ease of finding target items and also a more pleasant shopping experience. The benefits of navigation aids based on the spatial metaphor became more evident when customers were looking for ad-hoc category items rather than common items. This paper presents plausible explanations for the results and implications to the design of navigation aids for cyber shopping malls.

• Korean Journal of Childcare and Education
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.219-237
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• 2020

Objective: The research aimed to help understand the lives of those living in today's Korean society by analyzing the positionality of experienced childcare teachers, and to obtain relevant policy implications. Methods: The participants were 111 childcare teachers with more than seven years of job experience. The metaphors expressing themselves were collected and implemented the metaphor analysis in terms of positionality. Results: First, the participants who recognized themselves as experts were positioned as teachers who cared for and taught children, as co-learners with children, and as leaders of junior teachers. Second, the participants who recognized themselves as minorities were positioned as non-subjects, and as oppressed persons who had to obey in the lower levels of the organizational system of childcare centers. Third, the participants who recognized themselves as marginal persons were positioned as problem solvers, and as border-crossers who conflict and adjust in complex relationships. Conclusion/Implications: Based on the results, the following policy suggestions were made. First, policies must be expressed in public language that respect childcare teachers as a key worker in society; second, the job policies must be shifted toward employment security of childcare teachers. Third, substantial support for labor costs for childcare teachers should be expanded.

• Journal of English Language & Literature
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• v.55 no.4
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• pp.619-639
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• 2009

In his 1993 stage play, Arcadia, Tom Stoppard appropriates scientific theories to dramatize the difficulty in predicting the future and in describing the past. Arcadia tracks the archaeological efforts of two present-day literary critics, Hannah Jarvis and Bernard Nightingale, as they attempt to piece together the events that occurred at a large country house called Sidley Park, from 1809 to 1812. While employing a variety of historical and cultural references to the changes taking place in British landscape gardening around the early nineteenth century, the play also turns around the intuitive-romantic versus rational-classical dichotomy represented by Hannah, and present in its discussion of science and the recoverable/irrecoverable past. Stoppard's use of chaos theory as a metaphor for the difficulties faced by those involved in biographical/bibliographical literary research suggests that unsubstantiated assumption can result in the construction of its subject, rather than in its recovery. This paper explores the way in which Stoppard uses scientific concepts, particularly the chaos theory, as a metaphor for human life and behaviour, and how he successfully describes the dilemmas and contradictions of life in so doing. Influences from his famous British predecessors, George Bernard Shaw and Oscar Wilde, are evident, but Stoppard transcends both playwrights and crafts a dramatic style distinctively his own. The combination of wit, comedy, intellectual depth, intriguing ideas, literary allusions, scientific concepts, metaphors, and cultural references, all combine to make Arcadia a dramatic edifice that will stand the test of time.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.255-279
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• 2014

It is not too much to say that smartphones have become an essential part of our lives due to their versatility. Nevertheless, they still have less overall capabilities than their desktop counterparts. Specifically, they have small screens and low resolutions, which make their applications difficult to have a usable interface. To account for these limitations, the interface of smartphone applications should be designed carefully and properly. Good interface design to any application is critical. However, a comprehensive information systems (IS) literature review found that there has been little research on the user interface design of smartphone applications. More specifically, there has been little empirical evidence and understanding about how metaphors, an imaginative way of describing objects and concepts, in the user interface of smartphone applications affect users' intention to use the applications. Thereby, the research goals of this study are to examine 1) the effects of the metaphors in the user interface of smartphone applications on the interaction between users and applications and 2) the effects of mediating variables including the interaction between users and applications, users' beliefs and attitudes, on users' intention to use the applications. A survey was conducted to collect data. University students and practitioners participated in the survey. A 24-item questionnaire was developed on a 5-point Likert-type scale. The measurement items were mostly adapted from the previous studies in the IS literature and modified to fit the context of this study. First, a principal component factor analysis was performed to explore the inter-relationships among a set of variables. The analysis showed that most of the items loaded quite strongly on the six components. The analysis also revealed the six components with eigenvalues exceeding 1, explaining a total of 70.7 per cent of the variance. The reliabilities of the items were also checked. Most Cronbach alpha values were above 0.8, so the scales were considered reliable. In sum, the results of the analysis support the decision to retain the six factors for further investigation. Next, the structural model was analyzed with AMOS structural equation modeling. The values of GFI, AGFI, NFI, TLI, CFI, and RMSEA were checked. The values showed that the research model considerably have a good fit in general. Next, the convergent and discriminant validities of all constructs were examined. The values for the standardized regression weights and critical ration (CR) indicated sufficient convergent validity for all constructs. In addition, the square root of the average variance extracted (AVE) of each construct was compared with its correlations with all other constructs. The results supported discriminant validity for all constructs. In sum, the results of analysis demonstrated adequate convergent and discriminant validities for all constructs. Finally, path coefficients between the variables were examined. Methphor was found to have an impact on interaction (${\beta}$ = .457, p = .000). There were also significant effects of the interaction on perceived usefulness (${\beta}$ = .273, p = .000) and ease of use (${\beta}$ = .405, p = .000). User attitude was significantly influenced by these two beliefs, perceived usefulness (${\beta}$ = .386, p = .000) and ease of use (${\beta}$ = .347, p = .000) respectively. Further, the results of analysis found that users' intention to use smartphone applications was significantly influenced by user attitude (${\beta}$ = .567, p = .000). Based upon the analyses, all hypotheses were supported. This study found that the metaphors used in the interface of smartphone applications affect not only the interaction between users and applications, but also users' intention to use the applications through the mediating variables, perceived usefulness and ease of use. These findings imply that if the metaphors used in the user interface of application are easy enough to understand for smartphone users, then the application can be perceived useful and easy to use, which in turn make users to have an intention to use the application. In conclusion, this study contributed not only to validate and extend Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) partially, but also to develop the construct of metaphor in smartphone settings. However, since a single empirical study cannot be enough to validate the findings, some limitations should be considered.

• Korean Journal of Childcare and Education
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.25-44
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• 2015

The aim of this research is to provide more proper teaching practicum chances through getting practical implications by pre-service early childhood teachers' perception of teaching practicum through investigating pre-service early childhood teacher's perception of teaching practicum using metaphors. Participants were 121 pre-service early childhood teachers'. They were early childhood education freshmen and sophomores who did not experience teaching practicum. The opened survey expressing metaphors about teaching practicum was conducted. The results showed that participants suggested 114 metaphors and those were coded and divided. The results were categorized into 11 types including 'It is hard but also fruitful.', 'It is a new experience.', 'It is hard and difficult.', 'It is meaningful and important.', 'I am afraid and worried.', 'I learn a lot.', 'I have to go though it.', 'I have to make an effort.', 'It is pleasant.', 'I am evaluated.' and 'others'. We expect that this research will give a chance to review what the teaching practicum means to pre-service early childhood teachers and make plans for pre-service early childhood teachers to prepare the teaching practicum with proper perception.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.44 no.6
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• pp.833-851
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• 2009

Recently, there is a matter of common interests in 'classroom' because many pedagogues and teachers feel urgently the understanding of educational field. This study aims to investigates classroom researches for the last twenty years, asserts the theme 'the spatiality of classroom' which is important to understand diverse point of views in classroom theories and is overlooked at the same time, and considers it in terms of 'classroom space metaphors'. Specially, the author reviews the recent trend in classroom researches, and names it 'classroom theory' in that it deals with classroom not as a means but as an object and has undergone methodological transition. In the mean time, the author lays great emphasis on 'the spatiality of classroom' which is important to expand classroom theory and is overlooked at the same time. To approach this, the author categorizes the classroom space metaphors of existing classroom researches into 'classroom as a work space' and 'classroom as a learning space' by drawing the concept 'metaphor'. And then the author presents new metaphor 'classroom as a lived space' on the basis of the recent classroom theory, and tries to abstract its educational significance in classroom by way of Thirdspace.

• Journal of Convergence for Information Technology
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• v.8 no.6
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• pp.265-271
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• 2018

Recently, rights advocacy in disabled welfare centers is one of the most important estimation and also transition of paradigm. However it is difficult to define rights advocacy specifically, so each disabled welfare center goes to conceptualize rights advocacy based on practical experiences. Study of practical recognition of the advocacy rights of social workers in disabled welfare centers provides greater foundation to establishing specific concept and direction of rights advocacy. Method of this research is analysis of metaphors, figuring out concepts and perception of social workers through survey. Analysis of metaphors is a method of analyzing a person's perception in specific context and situation by providing a concrete explanation of new thing, that is, basis of metaphor and analyzing it later. As a result of this research, it is shown that ideological type(necessary thing) and practical type(being together) are the perceptions about rights advocacy of social workers, and rights advocacy is recognized as 'practical concept' which plan and provide direct service at fields. According to these results, policy and environment should be constructed to provide advocacy services at welfare fields, reflecting these perceptions of social workers. Also this should be reflected on practical fields for them to learn appropriately and practice rights advocacy.

• The Mathematical Education
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• v.62 no.1
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• pp.79-93
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• 2023

This study used metaphors as a analysis tool to investigate elementary school students' formation and development of angle concepts. For this purpose, the students were asked to write words associated with angle, right angle, acute angle and obtuse angle and to explain why. In case of angle and right angle, responses of 268 students from 3rd to 6th graders were analyzed and for acute angle and obtuse angle, those of 192 students from 4th to 6th graders were examined. As the results of categorizing the metaphors, they can be classified into categories such as; (1) qualitative aspects: 'things metaphor', 'personality metaphor', 'emotions metaphor' etc., (2) quantitative aspects: 'motions metaphor', 'changes metaphor', 'emotions metaphor' etc., and (3) relational aspects: 'shape relations metaphor.' The metaphoric expressions were prominent in 'qualitative aspects' associated with shapes. As for the other aspects, 'quantitative aspect'- the size of angles and the amount of spread and 'relational aspects' - elements of angle and relationship with another shapes, the frequency increses were shown to as grade levels were up. In case of right angle and acute angle, 'qualitative aspects' associated with shapes were outstanding and the frequency of the metaphoric expressions of obtuse angle was distributed similarly in three aspects. As the figure strand and the measurement strand are integrated to an strand in the 2022 revised curriculum, we need more discussion of multifaced aspects of angle and the learning sequences in the 'figure and measurement' strand.

• Proceedings of the Korea Inteligent Information System Society Conference
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• 2000.04a
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• pp.197-206
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• 2000

We proposed a negotiation model for the n:n negotiation process in the deal. The proposed model was based on the geometrical metaphor concept. We suggested also a negotiation state space using the metaphors where deals can be done conveniently and effectively. We analyzed and showed the usefulness of the model for the both parties concerned in the deal.