Statement of problem. Composite resin-veneered metal restorations can be used as an alternative to porcelain-fused-metal restorations. But, because of the relatively low bond strength of veneering composite to metal framework, various surface treatment methods have been introduced to improve the bond strength. Purpose. The object of this study was to compare the shear bond strength of different combinations of each of the two bonding systems and each of the two composite veneering resins to cp-Ti/Co-Cr alloy. Material and methods. Two resin bonding systems (metal conditioner containing MEPS monomer, tribochemical silicoating system) and two composite resins (Gradia, Sinfony) were tested on cp-Ti and Co-Cr alloy. Then, according to manufacturers' instructions, resin bonding systems and composite resins were applied. All test specimens were divided into four groups for each alloy; I) sandblast + Metal Primer II + Gradia (MG), II) sandblast + Metal Primer II + Sinfony (MS), III) Rocatec + Gradia (RG), IV) Rocatec + Sinfony (RS). The shear bond strength was determined using a universal testing machine and all data were statistically analyzed with Mann-Whitney test and Kruskal-Wallis test at the significance level of 0.05. Results. The mean (standard deviations) of shear bond strength according to the combinations of two bonding systems and two composite resins to cp-Ti arranged from 16.44 MPa to 17.07 MPa and the shear bond strength to Co-Cr alloy ranged from 16.26 MPa to 17.70 MPa. The result shows that the difference were not statistically significant. Conclusion. The shear bond strengths of composite resins to both cast cp-Ti and Co-Cr alloy were not significantly different between the metal conditioner and the tribochemical silicoating system. And no differences in bond strength were found between cp-Ti and Co-Cr alloy.
Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
/
v.21
no.2
/
pp.95-103
/
2005
Purpose: Recently, various metal primers have been developed, and these are known to increase the bond strength between metal and relining resin. In this study, the change in bond strength according to amount of thermocycling was evaluated. Materials and Methods: In this study, 216 specimens were fabricated. Tokuyama Rebase $II^{(R)}$(Tokuyama Corp., Japan) and $Kooliner^{(R)}$(GC America Inc., Japan) as relining material, and MR. $Bond^{(R)}$(Tokuyama Corp., Japan) and Alloy $Primer^{(R)}$(Kuraray Medical Inc., Japan) as a metal primers were used. Using Ni-Cr and various metal surface treatment methods, resin was bonded and the change in bond strength during thermocycling was measured. The data was analyzed by one-way ANOVA, t-test(p<.05 level of significance). Results: When comparing the groups with only sandblasting, rapid decrease in shear bond strength could be seen. In the groups using Tokuyama Rebase $II^{(R)}$, with the exception of the 1000 and 2000 cycle groups, each group showed statistically significant decrease in shear bond strength(p<0.05). In comparison according to relining materials, $Kooliner^{(R)}$ showed higher shear bond strength than Tokuyama Rebase $II^{(R)}$ in all groups. In groups using MR $bond^{(R)}$, $Kooliner^{(R)}$ had higher shear bond strength than Tokuyama Rebase $II^{(R)}$ but, there was no statistical significance(p<0.05). In the other groups, $Kooliner^{(R)}$ showed significantly higher shear bond strength(p<0.05). There was significant difference between groups with sandblasting and metal primer treatments(p<0.05). In comparison according to metal primer materials, Alloy $Primer^{(R)}$ showed the highest shear bond strength but there was no statistical significance(p>0.05). According to the number of thermocycling cycles, when using Tokuyama Rebase $II^{(R)}$, there were no significant differences between the 0, 1000 and 2000 cycle groups regardless of the type of metal primer. There were no differences between the 2000 and 3000 cycle groups. When using $Kooliner^{(R)}$, regardless of the type of metal primer, there were no significant differences between the 0, 1000, 2000 and 3000 cycle groups(p>0.05). Conclusion: The use of metal primers showed increase in bond strength, and the stability after to thermocycling has been authenticated. Thus, the use of metal primers in relining and rebasing of metal frameworks is essential. But when selecting the material various physical properties should be considered.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of two metal adhesive primers on the shear bond strengths of self-curing resin to Ni-Cr a]toy and the effects of 1000 thermal cycling on the durability of the bond. The two selected metal adhesive primers were Metal Primer II(G-C corp., Japan) and MR Bond(Tokuyama corp., Japan) and no treatment groups were used as control. All specimens were divided into two groups according to thermal cycling. In the group without thermal cycling, the specimens were stored in water for 24 hours. In the group with thermal cycling, the specimens were thermocycled 1000 times at temperature of $5^{\circ}C\;and\;55^{\circ}C$. Shear bond strengths were measured using the Universal testing machine(Zwick 145641, Germany) with a crosshead speed of 0.5 mm/min. The results were as follows: 1. MR Bond significantly improved the shear bond strength of resin to Ni-Cr alloy before and after thermal cycling. 2. There were no difference in the shear bond strength of resin to Ni-Cr alloy between Metal Primer II treated group and no treatment group. 3. Regardless of the type and the use of adhesive primers, there were tendency of decrease in shear bond strength with 1000 thermal cycling.
Park Hyung-Yoon;Cho Lee-Ra;Cho Kyung-Mo;Park Chan-Jin
The Journal of Korean Academy of Prosthodontics
/
v.42
no.6
/
pp.654-663
/
2004
Statement of problem. According to the fracture pattern in several reports, fractures most frequently occur in the interface between the ceromer and the substructure. Purpose. The aim of this in vitro study was to compare the macro shear bond strength and microshear bond strength of a ceromer bonded to a fiber reinforced composite (FRC) as well as metal alloys. Material and methods. Ten of the following substructures, type II gold alloy, Co-Cr alloy, Ni-Cr alloy, and FRC (Vectris) substructures with a 12 mm in diameter, were imbedded in acrylic resin and ground with 400, and 1, 000-grit sandpaper. The metal primer and wetting agent were applied to the sandblasted bonding area of the metal specimens and the FRC specimens, respectively. The ceromer was placed onto a 6 mm diameter and 3 mm height mold in the macro-shear test and 1 mm diameter and 2 mm height mold in the micro-shear test, and then polymerized. The macro- and micro-shear bond strength were measured using a universal testing machine and a micro-shear tester, respectively. The macro- and micro-shear strength were analyzed with ANOVA and a post-hoc Scheffe adjustment ($\alpha$ = .05). The fracture surfaces of the crowns were then examined by scanning electron microscopy to determine the mode of failure. Chi-square test was used to identify the differences in the failure mode. Results. The macro-shear strength and the micro-shear strength differed significantly with the types of substructure (P<.001). Although the ceromer/FRC group showed the highest macroand micro-shear strength, the micro-shear strength was not significantly different from that of the base metal alloy groups. The base metal alloy substructure groups showed the lowest mean macro-shear strength. However, the gold alloy substructure group exhibited the least micro-shear strength. The micro-shear strength was higher than the macro-shear strength excluding the gold alloy substructure group. Adhesive failure was most frequent type of fracture in the ceromer specimens bonded to the gold alloys. Cohesive failure at the ceromer layer was more common in the base metals and FRC substructures. Conclusion. The Vectris substructure had higher shear strength than the other substructures. Although the shear strength of the ceromer bonded to the base metals was lower than that of the gold alloy, the micro-shear strength of the base metals were superior to that of the gold alloy.
Traditionally, many kinds of mechanical bonding techniques were used for bonding resins to the surface of the metal alloys. If there is a seperation between resin and metal junction by stress accumulation and temperature change of oral cavity, the cracks or crazing may occur, accompanied by failure of resin bonding to metal. This study was designed to compare the shear bond strength of the type IV gold alloy and Cr-Co alloy surfaces treated with various methods and thermocycling. Universal Instron (Model 1000) and scanning electron microscope (JEOL, Japan) was used to record the shear bond strength of 5 groups. Forty specimens were made for each group ; group 1 was treated with sandblasting only, group 2 was coated with V-primer after sandblasting, group 3 was coated with Metal primer, group 4 wase coated with MR Bond and group 5 was coated with silane. After treated with various methods, thermocycling was done for half of the each group. The surfaces of failed pattern were observed with SEM. The results were as follows : 1. Shear bond strength of the group 1 was lower than that of another groups in type IV gold alloys and bond strength of the group 1, 2 were lower than that of group 3, 4, 5 in Cr-Co alloys. 2. Shear bond strength of the gold alloy with resin was higher than that of Cr-Co alloy when specimens were coated with V-primer. 3. Shear bond strength of the Co-Cr alloys with resin was higher than that of gold alloys when specimens were coated with Metal primer. 4. The bond strength of all specimens did not decreased significantly after thermocycling. 5. Adhesive failures were found in group 1 and Cr-Co alloy in group 2, but adhesive and cohesive failures were found in another groups.
PURPOSE. Pre-surface treatments of coping materials have been recommended to enhance the bonding to the veneering ceramic. Little is known on the effect on shear bond strength, particularly with new coping material. The aim of this study was to investigate the shear bond strength of veneering ceramic to three coping materials: i) metal alloy (MA), ii) zirconia oxide (ZO), and iii) lithium disilicate (LD) after various pre-surface treatments. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Thirty-two (n = 32) discs were prepared for each coping material. Four pre-surface treatments were prepared for each sub-group (n = 8); a) no treatment or control (C), b) sandblast (SB), c) acid etch (AE), and d) sandblast and acid etch (SBAE). Veneering ceramics were applied to all discs. Shear bond strength was measured with a universal testing machine. Data were analyzed with two-way ANOVA and Tukey's multiple comparisons tests. RESULTS. Mean shear bond strengths were obtained for MA ($19.00{\pm}6.39MPa$), ZO ($24.45{\pm}5.14MPa$) and LD ($13.62{\pm}5.12MPa$). There were statistically significant differences in types of coping material and various pre-surface treatments (P<.05). There was a significant correlation between coping materials and pre-surface treatment to the shear bond strength (P<.05). CONCLUSION. Shear bond strength of veneering ceramic to zirconia oxide was higher than metal alloy and lithium disilicate. The highest shear bond strengths were obtained in sandblast and acid etch treatment for zirconia oxide and lithium disilicate groups, and in acid etch treatment for metal alloy group.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the in vitro shear bond strengths to enamel and the failure sites of three ceramic brackets and one metal bracket in combination with light cured orthodontic adhesive. The brackets were divided into four groups. Each ceramic bracket group had different bonding mechanisms with adhesive. Group A; metal bracket with foil-mesh base (control group) Group B; ceramic bracket with micromechanical retention Group C; ceramic bracket with chemical bonding Group D; ceramic bracket with mechanical retention and chemical bonding. Forty extracted human lower first premolars were prepared for bonding and 10 brackets for each group were bonded to prepared enamel surfaces with $Transbond^{\circledR}$ light cured ortho dontic adhesive. Twenty four hours after bonding, the Instron universal testing machine was used to test the shear bond strength of brackets to enamel. After debonding, brackets and enamel surfaces were examined under stereoscopic microscope to determine the failure sites, Statistical analysis of the data was carried out with ANOVA test and $Scheff\acute{e}$ test using SPSS PC+. The results were as follows. 1 . There were statistically significant differences in mean shear bond strengths of three ceramic bracket groups (p < 0.05). Shear bond strengths of group C and D were significantly higher than that of group B and shear bond strength of group C was significantly higher than that of group D. 2. Group C and D both had significantly higher shear bond strengths than metal bracket (group A), but there were no significant differences in shear bond strengths between group A and B (p < 0.05). 3. The failure sites of four bracket groups were also different. Group C and D failed primarily at enamel-adhesive interface, but group A and B failed primarily at bracket base-adhesive interface. 4. Among all ceramic bracket groups, group B was very similar to metal bracket in the aspect of shear bond strength and failure site.
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of different bases of ceramic brackets on shear bond strength and to observe failure patterns of bracket bondings. Lower bicuspid brackets whose bases designed for the macromechanical and silane treated chemical bonding those for silane treated chemical bonding, those for micromechanical bonding, and those for macromechanical bonding were tested as experimental groups, and foil mesh-backed metal brackets as a control group. All the brackets were bonded with $Mono-Lok\;2^{(TM)}$ on the labial surface of extracted human lower bicuspids after etching the enamel with $38\%$ phosphoric acid solution for 60 seconds. The shear bond strengths were measured on the universal test machine after 24 hours passed in the $37^{\circ}C$ water bath. The gathered data were evaluated and tested by ANOVA and Duncan's multiple range test, and those results were as follows. The shear bond strengths of brackets for macromechanical and chemical bonding, those for chemical bonding, and those for micromechanical bonding were not different (p>0.05), but showed statistically higher than those of metal bracket and those of ceramic bracket for micromechanical bonding(p<0.05). The shear bond strengths of ceramic bracket for micromechanical bonding showed statistically lower than those of metal bracket(p<0.05). The enamel fractures and/or ceramic bracket fractures were observed in the cases of higher bond strength than that of metal bracket. These results supported that silane treated base of ceramic bracket show higher shear bond strength than that of metal bracket, and suggested that micromechanical form of ceramic bracket bases show higher shear bond strength than that of macromechanical form.
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to compare the shear bond strength of the metal-heat pressed glass ceramic bilayer structure. Methods: Metal framework specimens were prepared and surface is spreaded opaque(IPS InLine system opaque, IvoclarVivadent, Liechtenstein). There were 10 specimens for each bilayer dental ceramic group. The first group was porcelain fused metal, Press on metal IPS Inline press group, and press on metal HASS prototype group. Specimens measured for the shear bond strength on Schwickerath test by Instron universal testing machine(Instron3345, Instron Corp., USA). Mean average bond strength values of each specimen group were analyzed using a one-way ANOVA analysis of variance Saphiro-wilk's test. Statistical analysis were performed using IBM SPSS 23.0(IBM Co., Armonk, USA) Results: $RMS{\pm}SD$ The highest mean average HASS POM showed a bond strength value ($47.55{\pm}12.80Mpa$). The lowest mean average values Porcelain fused metal ($33.30{\pm}2.00Mpa$). Independent t-test was conduct to analysis the significant difference (p<0.05) (Table 3). Conclusion: Three kinds of Metal/ glass bilayer dental ceramics bond strength were clinical acceptability. Especially, as lithium disilicate containing represents higher bond strength.
The purpose of the present study was to seek bracket-adhesive combinations which have adequate bond strength with no enamel and bracket fracture. The shear bond strengths were measured, the sites of failure and the enamel damage were investigated and the peripheral sealing and adaptation between enamel surface, bonding adhesive and bracket were evaluated. 240 noncarious human premolars were divided into twenty four groups of ten teeth. Shear bond strengths of each group were determined in an universal testing machine after two days passed and the debonded specimens were inspected to determine the predominant bond failure sites. To evaluate peripheral sealing and adaption between enamel surface, adhesive and bracket, each specimen was cut longitudinally into two halves which included the midsection of the bracket, adhesive and enamel and exmined in scanning electron microscope. Six different types of brackets were bonded to the tooth with four different type of adhesives. Six different types of brackets were Image, Plastic, Crystaline, Fascination, Transcend 2000 and metal bracket and four different adhesives were No-mix, Light-Bond, OrthoLC and Superbond C&B. From this study, it may be concluded that (1) The mean shear bond strength varied from a high of 36.58 Kg (410.07 Kg/$cm^2$) with the Fascination-Light Bond combination group to a low of 8.93 Kg (75.51 Kg/$cm^2$) with theImage-OrthoLC combination group. When using OrthoLC as adhesive, the mean shear bond strength was significantly lower than that of other combination groups, (2) Regardless of adhesives, the mean shear bond strength of Fascination brackets was relatively high whereas Plastic and Image brackets had low shear bonding strength. The shear bond strength of Crystaline bracket and Transcend 2m was relatively equal to or lower than that of metal bracket, (3) There was a correlation between bond strength, enamel damage and bracket fracture. As the shear bond strength was increased, the rate of enamel damage and bracket fracture were increased, (4) The combination groups that use OrthoLC as adhesive were debonded in shear stress without enamel fracture and bracket fracture, whereas the combination groups that use Superbond C&B as adhesive experienced a relative high enamel fracture rate and bracket fracture rate, (5) Peripheral sealing and adaptation between enamel-adhesive-bracket were relatively good when using Light-Bond or No-mix as adhesive. Regardless of adhesives, adaptation between bracket-adhesive were relatively good in Ceramic brackets, (6) The combination groups which had adequate bonding strength with no enamel and bracket fracture were Crystaline-No mix, Crystaline-Light Bond, Crystaline-OrthoLC, metal-No mix, metal-Light Bond and metal-OrthoLC combination groups.
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