• Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environment & Energy
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.288-295
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• 2010

Metal exposure experiments using polychaete (Perinereis nuntia) as a bio-indicator of trace metals contamination were conducted to evaluate the bioaccumulation and the biomarkers responses such as metallothionein-like protein (MTLPs) and glutathione S-transferase (GST) which was simultaneously exposed to Cadmium (Cd) and Copper (Cu). Cu and Cd concentrations in polychaete were enhanced with increasing exposure time and their concentrations of aqueous medium. Initial accumulation of Cd was higher than that of Cu. Our results showed that the bioaccumulation of Cu and Cd were prohibited, especially at higher Cu levels, suggesting the different cellular uptake mechanisms when Cu and Cd are co-exist. Net accumulation rate of Cu was declined with exposure time but it did not show any significant change for Cd. Although the highest MTLPs concentration was observed at 6 hr of exposure time, it did not show any significant change related to exposure times and metals concentrations. An increase of GST activity tended to increase as a function of exposure time and metals concentrations. And GST activities in P. nuntia have similar tendency with bioconcentration factors in high concentration of Cu (treatment group IV) at post 24 h of exposure. Our results provide new information of the bioaccumulation and biomarker responses to understand the effects of co-existing contaminants (Cu and Cd) using polychaete. Further studies are required to elucidate the bioaccumulation and biomarkers responses for various contaminants.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• 제37권7호
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• pp.432-440
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• 2015

Biochar, a by-product from pyrolysis of biomass, is a promising option to mitigate climate change by increasing soil carbon sequestration. This material is also considered to have potential to remediate a soil with heavy metal pollution by increasing the soil's adsorptive capacity. This study conducted the assessment of two biochars considering the climate change mitigation potential and heavy metal removal capacity at the same time. Two kinds of biochars (BC_Ch, TW_Ch) were prepared by pyrolyzing the biomass of burcucumber (BC_Bm) and tea waste (TW_Bm). The soils polluted with Pb were mixed with biochars or biomass and incubated for 60 d. During the incubation, $CO_2$, $CH_4$, and $N_2O$ were regularly measured and the soil before and after incubation was analyzed for chemical and biological parameters including the acetate extractable Pb. The results showed that only the BC_Ch treatment significantly reduced the amount of Pb after 60 d incubation. During the incubation, the $CO_2$ and $N_2O$ emissions from the BC_Ch and TW_Ch were decreased by 24% and 34% compared to the BC_Bm and TW_Bm, respectively. The $CH_4$ emissions were not significantly affected by biochar treatments. We calculated the GWP considering the production of amendment materials, application to the soils, removal of Pb, and soil carbon storage. The BC_Ch treatment had the most negative value because it had the higher Pb adsorption and soil carbon sequestration. Our results imply that if we apply biochar made from burcucumber, we could expect the pollution reduction and climate change mitigation at the same time.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• 제27권5호
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• pp.643-658
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• 1994

The sedimentary records of anthropogenic metal loads in the Suyeong Bay, Pusan were determined by combining the Pb-210 dating technique with the measurements of heavy metals in the sediment cores. The sedimentation rates of sediment particles ranged from $0.12\;to\;0.20\;g/m^2/yr\;or\;2.4{\sim}4.0\;mm/yr$ in accumulation rates. The lowest sedimentation rate was observed at station S3 which was characterized by a bottom with relatively low organic matter contents(e.g. TIL and TOC). Heavy metals showed generally higher concentrations at station S1 and S2 near the mouth of the Suyeong River than at station S3 and the outmost station S4. The contents of copper, lead and zinc in the sediment cores especially from station S1 and S2 began to increase around 1930, and were at their highest levels in the $1960{\sim}1970$ period as a result of increasing industrial activities. Concentrations of these heavy metals have slightly decreased since 1970, probably due to regulation of pollution discharge. The natural background levels of copper, lead and zinc in the sediments of this bay ranged $18{\pm}4ppm,\;28{\pm}6ppm\;and\;74{\pm}9ppm$, respectively, by averaging the contents in the sediment depths corresponding to periods between about 1900 and 1920 at the four stations. The total amounts of anthropogenic loads deposited in the sediments since about 1930 were estimated to be $9{\sim}291{mu}g/cm^2$ for lead, $165{\sim}1122{mu}g/cm^2$ for zinc and $20{\sim}208{mu}g/cm^2$ for copper. These values were remarkably high at stations S1 and S2 relative to the other two stations. At stations S1 and S2, the anthropogenic loads of lead, copper and zinc constituted $29{\sim}30\%,\;32{\sim}42\%\;and\;28{\sim}35\%$ of the total sedimentary inventories at the present day, respectively. These metal contents have a good correlation(r>0.7) with each other and cadmium measurements also show a positive linear relation with nickel or total organic nitrogen.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• 제45권3호
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• pp.217-235
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• 2012

We evaluated the geochemical characteristics and their potential pollution of Asian Dusts in Daejeon, Korea during spring 2007. Compared with the chemical compositions of soils in source area of Asian Dust, those of aerosols in Daejeon were enriched with trace elements (ten to hundred fold), inferring that pollutants from China have affected on local environment in adjoining country such as Korea. Chemical analysis of aerosols during Asian dust showed that fine particles ($PM_{2.5}$) contained high contents of trace elements such as Cr, Cu, Pb, Zn, V, S, As, Cd, Co, Ni, Mo, Sb, Cs, Rb, Th, Sc and Y. In the case of TSP (Total Suspended Particle), Zr, Sr, Ba, Li, Th and U were contained much more than other trace elements. The contents of some elements (i.e. Li, Cs, Co, U, Cr, Ni, Rb, V, Th, Y, Sr and Sc) in aerosols collected in Asian Dust period, which are not likely enriched by air pollutants, were higher (2 - 4.2 fold) than those in Non Asian Dust period, indicating that these elements could be used as indicator elements for determining the occurrence of Asian Dust phenomena (especially, Sr, V, Cr & Li). In the case of Asian Dust coming through the big cities and/or industrial areas of China, the domestic aerosols had higher contents of trace elements (such as S, Cd, Zn, Pb, Cu, Mo and As) than those from Northeastern China via North Korea, indicating that the transportation courses of air mass are very important to determine the pollution degrees. Using the enrichment factors of trace elements in aerosols during Asian Dust and Non Asian Dust, we identified that some elements (i.e. S, Zn, Cu, Pb, As, Mo and Cd) were most problematic in terms of environmental hazard aspects, and these elements could affect adverse effects on human health as well as ecosystem and surface environment (soil and water) through long-lived precipitation.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.252-257
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• 2001

To get the basic information for the water quality improvement and control of water resource at Mankyeong river stream, the water quality in four site of main stream and three site of branch stream at the upper stream were investigated mainly from February to August in 2000. The water temperature was affected by depth, flow rate of the water, and air temperature, and ranged 6.4 to $30.8^{\circ}C$. The pH, DO and BOD values of the water was $5.9{\sim}9.7$, $4.6{\sim}14.50\;mg/L$, and $0.1{\sim}11.8\;mg/L$ range, respectively. The content of total nitrogen, $NO_3-N$ and $NH_4-N$ was $1.19{\sim}10.61\;mg/L$, $1.00{\sim}5.93\;mg/L$, and ND $(non\;detected){\sim}2.79$ mg/L, respectively. The concentration of total phosphorus was ND to 1.14 mg/L. The concentration of Cl ion was $3.5{\sim}196.4\;mg/L$. The content of Fe and Mn was $0.002{\sim}0.100\;mg/L$ and $ND{\sim}0.04\;mg/L$, respectively. The contents of heavy metal Cd, Cu, and Zn were $ND{\sim}0.03\;mg/L$, $ND{\sim}0.05\;mg/L$, and $0.001{\sim}0.17\;mg/L$, respectively. Pb was not detected in all the samples. The pH, total nitrogen contents, and total phosphorus content were frequently exceeded the water quality standard for agriculture. The degree of water pollution was very varied by the sampling place. The water quality was generally polluted in the dry season more than in rainy season. The highest level of water pollution observed in the area of Samyea Bridge among the 7 sites.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• 제43권5호
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• pp.590-595
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• 2010

This study was conducted to investigate form of pollution brought by residual of mine tailing in agricultural land, and get basic information need for environment restoration. Guundong mine was completely restored region by implementation the soil pollution prevention plan. The districts is soils in Guundong mine vicinity the Mahul-ri, Muan-myeon, Miryang city, Gyeongsangnam-do. The nature of soil studied is the Shinra series andesite and mineral deposits which contain brimstone and heavy metals such as gold, silver, copper, lead, and zinc. The residual mine tailing and around agricultural land of heavy metals analyzed with 0.1N HCI solubility. The chemical properties of surface soil in upper part around mining area were pH 4.3-4.4, organic matter 19-21 g $kg^{-1}$, available $P_2O_5$ 85 mg $kg^{-1}$, exchangeable Ca 0.21-0.25 $cmol_c\;kg^{-1}$, exchangeable Mg 0.04 $cmol_c\;kg^{-1}$. The pH, exchangeable Ca, and Mg were increased with soil depth. The contents of 0.1N HCl extractable Cu, Cd, Pb, Cr, and Ni in soil (siteI) which influenced by outflow water from mine tailing were 97, 0.6, 197, 0.28 및 0.12 mg $kg^{-1}$, respectively. The vertical distribution of heavy metals in soil varied considerably among the metals kind. In case of siteI, The content of Cu, Pb, and Cr in soil was highest at surface soil. However, the content of Cd, Zn, Ni, and Mn was high at middle part of soil profile.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• 제29권12호
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• pp.1390-1399
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• 2007

Samples of 45 school dust were collected in Daegu in January 2007, were sieved below 100 ${\mu}m$, and 14 elements were analyzed using ICP after an acid extraction. Results obtained from the source assessment of trace elements using enrichment factor showed that dust from playground were influenced by natural sources, while dust from classroom were influenced by urban anthropogenic sources. The measured values were remarkably higher in components from natural sources than in components from urban anthropogenic sources. Dust from classroom are highly concentrated than those from playground. Concentrations of dust in urban area are similar to those of dust in rural area and there was no significant difference in concentrations between classroom with playground soil and classroom with play-ground grass. Compared with other cities in Korea, concentrations of heavy metals in Daegu city were higher in classroom and lower in playground than those of heavy metals in other cities. Dust from classroom contained lower concentrations of trace elements than those from street in Daegu. Results of pollution indices of heavy metals indicated that playground was not contaminated with heavy metals and classroom was considered to be highly contaminated. No appreciable differences in playground were found between urban and rural areas but in case of classroom pollution, heavy metal concentrations were a little bit higher in urban areas than in rural areas. The correlation analysis among trace elements indicated that components in playground were significantly correlated, while components in classroom were less correlated. Trace element components of classroom dust were not significantly affected by those of playground dust.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• 제39권3호
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• pp.213-227
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• 2006

The geochemical evolution of mine drainage and leachate from waste rock dumps and stream water in Pb-As-rich abandoned Sechang mine area was investigated to elucidate mechanisms of trace metals. Total and sequential extractions were applied to estimate the distribution of trace metals in constituent phases of the waste rocks and to assess the mobility of trace metals according to physicochemical conditions. These discharged waters varied largely in chemical composition both spatially and temporally, and included cases with significant]y low pH (in the range 2.1-3.3), and extremely sulphate (up to 661 mg/l and metal contents (e.g. up to 169 mg/l for Zn, 27 mg/l for As, 3.97 mg/l for Pb, 2.99 mg/l for Cu, and 1.88 mg/l for Cd). Arsenic and heavy metal concentrations at the down-stream of Sechang mine have been decreased nearly to the background level in downstream sites (sites 8 and 16) without any artificial treatments. The oxidation of Fe-sulfides and the subsequent hydrolysis, of Fe(II), with precipitation of poorly crystallized minerals, constituted an efficient mechanism of natural attenuation which reduces considerably the transference of trace metals (i.e. Fe and As) to rivers. The dilution of drainage by mixing with pristine waters provoked an additional decrease of trace metal concentrations and a progressive pH increase. On the other hand, the most soluble cations (i.e. Zn) remained significantly as dissolved solutes until the pH was raised to approximately neutral values. With respect to ecotoxicity, it is likely that the Zn pollution is of particular concern in Sechang mine area. This was confirmed by the sequential extraction experiment, where Zn in wet waste-rock samples occurred predominantly in the exchangeable fraction (65-89% of total), while Pb was the highest in the reducible and carbonate fractions, and Cd, Cu and As in the residual fraction. Pb concentration in the readily available exchangeable fraction (34-48% of total) was dominated for dried waste rock samples. Considering the proportion of metals bound to the exchangeable and carbonate fractions, the comparative mobility of metals probably decreased in the order of Zn>Pb>Cd>As=Cu.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.78-91
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• 2018

In order to understand the distributions of organic matter and heavy metal concentrations in the surface sediment of Jaran Bay, we measured the grain size, total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN), and heavy metals (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Pb, and Zn) in surface sediments collected at 15 stations in this bay in November 2014. The sediment consisted of finer sediment such as mud and clay, with 8.6-9.8Ø($9.3{\pm}0.3$Ø) of mean grain size. The concentrations of TOC and TN in the sediment ranged from 1.51-2.39 % ($1.74{\pm}0.22%$) and 0.20-0.33 % ($0.23{\pm}0.03%$), respectively, and did not show spatial difference. The carbon to nitrogen ratio (C/N ratio) ranged from 5-10, indicating that organic matter in the sediment originated from oceanic sources such as animal by-products from fish and shellfish farms. The concentrations of Cr, Fe, and Mn were much higher in the mouth of the bay than in the inner bay, and the concentrations of As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb, and Zn showed an opposite distribution pattern. Based on the results of the sediment quality guidelines (SQGs), enrichment factor (EF), geoaccumulation index ($I_{geo}$), pollutant load index (PLI), and ecological risk index (ERI), the surface sediment in Jaran Bay is not polluted or only slightly polluted with Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Pb, and Zn, whereas it is moderately to strongly polluted with As. In particular, some regions in the bay were identified as having a considerable risk status, indicating that metal concentration in the sediment could impact benthic organisms. Thus, the systematic management for marine and land sources of organic matter and heavy metals around Jaran Bay is necessary in order to ensure seafood safety and maintain sustainable production on shellfish farms.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.32-37
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• 2005

The soil properties of the royal tombs (managed by cultural properties administration) located in Seoul and suburban Gyonggi area were investigated to see the influence of the change in soil environment on the royal tomb s이I. To compare the soil chemical properties of four royal tombs soil of Changdeokgung, Jongmyo, Seooneung, and Dongguneung, pH, organic content, available phosphate, extractable calcium, extractable potassium, extractable magnesium, cation exchange capacity, degree of base saturation, and total nitrogen content were measured. The concentrations of Cd, Pb, and Cu measured as the degree of heavy metal contamination can be an indication of atmospheric pollution in the soil environment. To estimate the degree of soil compaction, soil hardness, pore space, porosity, bulk density, and soil atmosphere were analyzed. Through these studies, following conclusions were made: 1. The soil hardness and pore space which can be used as indexes of soil compaction, were worse in the soil of Seooneung than in those of Changdeokgung and Dongguneury. These phenomena seem to be the result of increase in visitors in Seooneung and Dongguneung better and soil management in Changdeokgung and Dongguneung. When three different regions of forest area, prohibited area, and soil compaction area in Seooneung soil were compared, the degree of compaction in the forest area was less than compaction area, indicating the need for the employment of soil resting period in the compaction area. 2. The pH measurements of all four royal tombs soil were higher in top soil than sub soil. The higher soil pH values in Jongmyo and Seooneung seem to result from the application of soil conditioner. In the case of Seooneung, the values for soil pH and organic content were higher in the forest area than those in compaction area. It is thought that active soil management was employed in the forest area through application of organic matters and soil conditioners. 3. The heavy metal contents from soil of Changdeokgung and Jongmyo were higher than that from soil of Dongguneung. Since Changdeokgung and Jongmyo are located inside Seoul, it is thought that the high level of heavy metal concentrations in these royal tomb soil is the result of accumulation of pollutants from the city.