Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety (해양환경안전학회지)

The Korean Society of Marine Environment and safety (해양환경안전학회)
권호 표지
DOI QR코드

DOI QR Code

Distributions of Organic Matter and Heavy Metals in the Surface Sediment of Jaran Bay, Korea

자란만 표층 퇴적물 중 유기물과 중금속 농도분포

  • Hwang, Hyunjin (Marine Environment Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science) ;
  • Hwang, Dong-Woon (Marine Environment Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science) ;
  • Lee, Garam (Marine Environment Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science) ;
  • Kim, Hyung-Chul (Marine Environment Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science) ;
  • Kwon, Jung-No (Marine Environment Research Division, National Institute of Fisheries Science)
  • 황현진 (국립수산과학원 어장환경과) ;
  • 황동운 (국립수산과학원 어장환경과) ;
  • 이가람 (국립수산과학원 어장환경과) ;
  • 김형철 (국립수산과학원 어장환경과) ;
  • 권정노 (국립수산과학원 어장환경과)
  • Received : 2017.12.20
  • Accepted : 2018.02.26
  • Published : 2018.02.28
Download PDF
⟨ Previous Next ⟩

Abstract

In order to understand the distributions of organic matter and heavy metal concentrations in the surface sediment of Jaran Bay, we measured the grain size, total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN), and heavy metals (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Pb, and Zn) in surface sediments collected at 15 stations in this bay in November 2014. The sediment consisted of finer sediment such as mud and clay, with 8.6-9.8Ø($9.3{\pm}0.3$Ø) of mean grain size. The concentrations of TOC and TN in the sediment ranged from 1.51-2.39 % ($1.74{\pm}0.22%$) and 0.20-0.33 % ($0.23{\pm}0.03%$), respectively, and did not show spatial difference. The carbon to nitrogen ratio (C/N ratio) ranged from 5-10, indicating that organic matter in the sediment originated from oceanic sources such as animal by-products from fish and shellfish farms. The concentrations of Cr, Fe, and Mn were much higher in the mouth of the bay than in the inner bay, and the concentrations of As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb, and Zn showed an opposite distribution pattern. Based on the results of the sediment quality guidelines (SQGs), enrichment factor (EF), geoaccumulation index ($I_{geo}$), pollutant load index (PLI), and ecological risk index (ERI), the surface sediment in Jaran Bay is not polluted or only slightly polluted with Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Pb, and Zn, whereas it is moderately to strongly polluted with As. In particular, some regions in the bay were identified as having a considerable risk status, indicating that metal concentration in the sediment could impact benthic organisms. Thus, the systematic management for marine and land sources of organic matter and heavy metals around Jaran Bay is necessary in order to ensure seafood safety and maintain sustainable production on shellfish farms.

자란만 퇴적물 중 유기물과 중금속의 농도분포와 오염현황을 파악하기 위하여 2014년 11월 15개 정점에서 표층 퇴적물을 채취하여 입도, 총유기탄소(TOC), 총질소(TN) 및 중금속(As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Pb, Zn)을 분석하였다. 평균입도(Mz)는 8.6-9.8Ø($9.3{\pm}0.3$Ø) 사이였으며, 니(Mud)와 점토(Clay)의 세립한 퇴적물로 구성되어 있었다. TOC와 TN은 각각 1.51-2.39 %($1.74{\pm}0.22%$), 0.20-0.33 %($0.23{\pm}0.03%$)의 범위로 전반적으로 공간적인 농도차이를 보이지 않았다. 모든 퇴적물에서 C/N 비 값은 5-10 사이를 보여 자란만 표층 퇴적물 중 유기물은 주로 해역 내에서 발생한 해양기원성 유기물인 것으로 파악되었다. 중금속 중 Cr, Fe, Mn은 만의 입구 쪽에서 높고 그 외 중금속(As, Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb, Zn)은 자란만의 안쪽에서 높은 농도를 보였다. 한편, 퇴적물 기준(SQGs), 농축계수(EF), 농집지수($I_{geo}$), 오염부하량지수(PLI), 생태계위해도지수(ERI) 등 다양한 평가기법을 이용하여 자란만 표층 퇴적물의 중금속에 대한 오염정도를 살펴본 결과, Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Pb, Zn은 오염되지 않은 상태이거나 일부해역에서 오염된 상태를 보였지만 As는 전 해역에서 높은 오염도를 보였다. 또한, 분석된 모든 중금속 농도를 고려한 전체적인 오염도를 살펴본 결과, 모든 해역에서 중금속에 대하여 오염되었고 특히, 일부 해역에서는 저서생물에 위해성을 줄 수 있는 상태인 것으로 파악되었다. 따라서, 자란만 내 양식 수산물의 안전성 확보와 지속적인 어장 생산성 유지를 위해서 자란만 퇴적물 내 유기물과 중금속의 오염원에 대한 체계적인 관리가 필요하다.

Keywords

References

  1. Birth G.(2003), A scheme for assessing hurman impacts on coastal aquatic environments using sediments, In: Proceedings of Coastal GIS 2003. Woodcoffe C. D. and Fumess R. A., eds. Wollongong University Papers in Center for Maritime Policy, Australia, p. 14.
  2. Buchman, M. F.(2008), NOAA screening quick reference tables, NOAA OR&R Report 08-1, Office odf response and restoration division, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Seattle WA, p. 34.
  3. Cho, Y. S., W. C. Lee, J. B. Kim, S. J. Hong, H. C. Kim and C. S. Kim(2013), Establishment of environmental assessment using sediment total organic carbon and macrobenthic polychaete community in shellfish farms, Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety, Vol. 19, No. 5, pp. 430-438. https://doi.org/10.7837/kosomes.2013.19.5.430
  4. Choi, J. D., W. G. Jeong and P. H. Kim(1998), Bacteriological study of sea water and oyster in Charan Bay, Korea, Journal of Korean Fisheries of Society, Vol. 31, No. 3, pp. 429-436.
  5. Choi, M., I. S. Lee, D. W. Hwang, H. C. Kim, S. P. Yoon, S. Yun, C. S. Kim and I. S. Seo(2017), Organic enrichment and pollution in surface sediments from Jinhae and Geoje-Hansan Bays with dense oyster farms, Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Vol. 50, No. 6, pp. 777-787. https://doi.org/10.5657/KFAS.2017.0777
  6. Choi, M., I. S. Lee, H. C. Kim and D. W. Hwang(2015b), Distribution and contamination status of trace metals in surface sediments of shellfish farming areas in Yeoja and Gangjin Bays, Korea, Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Vol. 48, No. 5, pp. 789-797. https://doi.org/10.5657/KFAS.2015.0789
  7. Choi, T. J., J. N. Kwon, G. Lee, H. Hwang, Y. Kim and J. H. Lim(2015a), Distribution and pollution assessment of trace metals in the surface sediments around farming area of Jinhae Bay, Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety, Vol. 21, No. 4, pp. 347-360. https://doi.org/10.7837/kosomes.2015.21.4.347
  8. Cranford P. J., B. T. Hargrave and L. I. Doucette(2009), Benthic organic enrichment from suspended mussel (Mytilus edulis) culture in Prince Edward Island, Canada, Aquaculture, Vol. 292, pp. 189-196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2009.04.039
  9. Croteau, M., S. N. Louma and A. R. Stewart(2005), Trophic transfer of metals along freshwater food webs: evidence of cadmium biomagnifications in nature, Limnology and Oceanography, Vol. 50, No.5, pp. 1511-1519. https://doi.org/10.4319/lo.2005.50.5.1511
  10. Fang, T. H. and E. Hong(1999), Mechanisms influencing the spatial distribution of trace metals in surficial sediments off the south-western Taiwan, Marine Pollution Bulletin, Vol. 38, No. 11, pp. 1026-1037. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0025-326X(99)00134-4
  11. Folk, R. L.(1968), Petrology of sedimentary rock, Hemphill's, Drawer M. University Station, p.170.
  12. Folk, R. L. and W. C. Ward(1957), Brazos river bar: A study in the significance of grain size parameters, Journal of Sedimentary Research, Vol. 27, No. 1, pp. 3-26. https://doi.org/10.1306/74D70646-2B21-11D7-8648000102C1865D
  13. Gao, S. and M. Collins(1992), Net sediment transport patterns inferred from grain-size trends, based upon definition of transport vectors, Sediment Geology, Vol. 81, No. 1-2, pp. 47-60.
  14. Ghani, S. A., G. E. Zokm, A. Shobier, T. Othman and M. Shreadah(2013), Metal pollution in surface sediments of Abu-Qir Bay and eastern Harbour of Alexandria, Egypt, The Egyptian Journal of Aquatic Research, Vol. 39, No. 1, pp. 1-12. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejar.2013.03.001
  15. GNDI(2012), Strategy for enhancement of shellfish farming in Gyungnam province. Gyung Nam Development Institute (GNDI), pp. 1-8.
  16. Hakanson, L.(1980), An ecological risk index for aquatic pollution control: a sedimentological approach, Water Research, Vol. 14, No. 8, pp. 975-1001. https://doi.org/10.1016/0043-1354(80)90143-8
  17. Harman, H. N.(1967), Modern factor analysis, 2nd ed. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, p. 469.
  18. Horowitz, A. J.(1991), A primer on sediment-trace element chemistry, 2nd ed. Lewis Publishers Inc., Michigan, p. 136.
  19. Hwang, D. W., H. G. Jin, S. S. Kim, J. D. Kim, J. S. Park and S. G. Kim(2006), Distribution of organic matters and metallic elements in the surface sediments of Masan Harbor, Korea, Journal of the Korean Fisheries of Society, Vol. 39, No. 2, pp. 106-117.
  20. Hwang, D. W. and S. G. Kim(2011), Evaluation of heavy metal contamination in intertidal surface sediments of coastal islands in the western part of Jeollanam Province using geochemical assessment techniques, Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Vol. 44, No. 6, pp. 772-784. https://doi.org/10.5657/KFAS.2011.0772
  21. Hwang, D. W., I. S. Lee, M. Choi and J. H. Shim(2015b), Distribution of organic matter and trace metal concentrations in surface sediments around the Hansan-Geoje Bay, Journal of Korean Society for Environment Analysis, Vol. 18, No. 3, pp. 131-143.
  22. Hwang, D. W., I. S. Lee, M. Choi, C. S. Kim and H. C. Kim(2015a), Evaluation of pollution level for organic matter and trace metals in sediments around Taehwa River estuary, Ulsan, Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Vol. 48, No. 4, pp. 542-554. https://doi.org/10.5657/KFAS.2015.0542
  23. Hwang, D. W., S. E. Park, P. J. Kim, B. S. Koh and H. G. Choi(2011), Assessment of the pollution levels of organic matter and metallic elements in the intertidal surface sediments of Aphae Island, Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Vol. 44, No. 6, pp. 759-771. https://doi.org/10.5657/KFAS.2011.0759
  24. Hwang, D. W., S. O. Ryu, S. G. Kim, O. I. Choi, S. S. Kim and B. S. Koh(2010), Geochemical characteristics of intertidal surface sediments along the southwestern coast of Korea, Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Vol. 43, No. 2, pp. 146-158. https://doi.org/10.5657/KFAS.2010.43.2.146
  25. Hyun, S., C. H. Lee, T. Lee and J. W. Choi(2007), Anthropogenic contributions to heavy metal distributions in the surface sediments of Masan Bay, Korea, Marine Pollution Bulletin, Vol. 54, No. 7, pp. 1059-1068. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2007.02.013
  26. Hyun, S., T. Lee, J. S. Choi, D. L. Choi and H. J. Woo(2003), Geochemical characteristics and heavy metal pollutions in the surface sediments of Gwangyang and Yeosu Bay, south coast of Korea, Journal of the Korean Society of Oceanography, Vol. 8, No. 4, pp. 380-391.
  27. Hyun, S., W. H. Paeng, T. Lee(2004), Characteristics of surficial sediment and benthic environments based on geochemical data in Gwangyang Bay, Korea, Korean Journal of Environmental Biology, Vol. 22, pp. 93-102.
  28. Jung, R. H., I. S. Seo, M. Choi, S. R. Park, B. M. Choi, M. H. Kim, Y. J. Kim and J. S. Yun(2014), Community structure and health assessment of macrobenthic assemblages during spring and summer in the shellfish farming ground of Wonmun Bay, on the southern coast of Korea, Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Vol. 47, No. 6, pp. 908-926. https://doi.org/10.5657/KFAS.2014.0908
  29. Kang, C. K., P. Y. Lee, J. S. Park and P. J. Kim(1993), On the distribution of organic matter in the nearshore surface sediment of Korea, Bulletin of the Korean Fisheries Society, Vol. 26, No. 6, pp. 557-566.
  30. Kim, P. J., S. G. Shon, S. Y. Park, S. S. Kim, S. J. Jang, S. B. Jeon and J. S. Ju(2012), Biogeochemistry of metal and nonmetal elements in the surface sediment of the Gamak Bay, Journal of the Korean Society of Marine Environment & Safety, Vol. 18, No. 2, pp. 67-83. https://doi.org/10.7837/kosomes.2012.18.2.067
  31. Lee, M. K., W. Bae, I. K. Um and H. S. Jung(2004), Characteristics of heavy metal distribution in sediments of Youngil Bay, Korea, Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers, Vol. 26, No. 5, pp. 543-551.
  32. Lim, D. I., J. W. Choi, H. H. Shin, D. H. Jeong and H. S. Jung(2013), Toxicological impact assessment of heavy metal contamination on macrobenthic communities in southern coastal sediments of Korea, Marine Pollution Bulletin, Vol. 73, No. 1, pp. 362-368. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2013.05.037
  33. Meyers, P. A.(1994), Preservation of elemental and isotopic source identification of sedimentary organic matter, Chemical Geology, Vol. 114, No. 3-4, pp. 289-302. https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(94)90059-0
  34. Meyers, P. A., J. E. Silliman and T. J. Shaw(1996), Effects of turbidity flows on organic matter accumulation, sulfate reduction, and methane generation in deep-sea sediments on the Iberia Abyssal Plain, Organic Geochemistry, Vol. 25, No. 1-2, pp. 69-78. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0146-6380(96)00106-4
  35. Muller, G.(1979), Schwermetalle in den sedimenten des Rheins-Veranderungen Seit 1971, Umschau, Vol. 79, pp. 778-783.
  36. Muller, G.(1981), Die schwermetallbelastung der sedimente des Neckars und seiner Nebenflusse Eine Bestandasufnahme, Chemiker Zeitung, Vol. 105, No. 6, pp. 157-164.
  37. NFRDI(2012), Standard manual of Pacific oyster hanging culture, National Fisheries Research and Development Institute (NFRDI), Report No. ED-2012-AQ-001, Busan, p. 203.
  38. Noh, I. H., Y. H. Yoon, D. I. Kim and J. S. Park(2006), The spatio-temporal distribution of organic matter on the surface sediment and its origin in Gamak Bay, Korea, Journal of the Korean Society for Marine Environmental Engineering, Vol. 9, No. 1, pp. 1-13.
  39. Oh, S. J., H. J. Kim, H. K. Kwon, H. S. Yang and S. Y. Kim(2015), Effect of Nutrients on competition among the harmful dinoflagellates Cochlodinium polykrikoides and the diatom Skeletonema sp. in Jaran Bay using a mathematical model, Journal of the Korean Society of Oceanography, Vol. 20, No. 2, pp. 92-101.
  40. Ra, K., E. S. Kim, J. K. Kim, K. T. Kim, J. M. Lee and E. Y. Kim(2013b), Distribution and pollution assessment of trace metals in core sediments from the artificial lake Shihwa, Korea, Ocean and Polar Research, Vol. 35, No. 2, pp. 69-83. https://doi.org/10.4217/OPR.2013.35.2.069
  41. Ra, K., E. S. Kim, K. T. Kim, J. K. Kim, J. M. Lee and J. Y. Choi(2013a), Assessment of heavy metal contamination and its ecological risk in the surface sediments along the coast of Korea, Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 65, 105-110.
  42. Sheykhi, V. and F. Moore(2013), Evaluation of potentially toxic metals pollution in the sediments of the Kor River, southwest Iran, Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, Vol. 185, No. 4, pp. 3219-3232. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10661-012-2785-8
  43. Shim, J., M. Ye, J. H. Lim and J. N. Kwon(2014a), Evaluation of simple CO2 budget with environmental monitoring at an oyster Crassostrea gigas farm in Goseong Bay, south coast of Korea in November 2011, Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Vol. 47, No. 6, pp. 1026-1036. https://doi.org/10.5657/KFAS.2014.1026
  44. Shim, E. H., H. S. Yun, Y. J. Lee and S. Y. Han(2014b), The characteristic and origin of organic matter in the ODP leg 204 site 1249C and site 1251B, Economic and Environmental Geology, Vol. 47, No. 1, pp.71-85. https://doi.org/10.9719/EEG.2014.47.1.71
  45. Shim, K. B., K. S. Ha, H. D. Yoo, J. H. Kim and T. S. Lee(2009), Evaluation of the bacteriological safety for the shellfish growing area in Jaranman.Saryangdo area, Korea, Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Vol. 42, No. 5, pp. 442-448. https://doi.org/10.5657/kfas.2009.42.5.442
  46. Soares, H. M. V. M., R. A. R. Boaventura, A. A. S. C. Machado and J. C. G. Esteves da Silva(1999), Sediment as monitors of heavy metal contamination in Ave River basin(Portugal): multivariate analysis of data, Environmental Pollution, Vol. 105, No. 3, pp. 311-323. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0269-7491(99)00048-2
  47. Stein, R.(1990), Organic carbon content/sedimentation rate relationship and its paleoenvironmental significance for marine sediments, Geo-Marine Letters, Vol. 10, No. 1, pp. 37-44. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02431020
  48. Summerhayes, C. P.(1972), Geochemistry of continental margin sediments from northwest Africa, Chemical Geology, Vol. 10, No. 2, pp. 137-156. https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2541(72)90014-9
  49. Sun, C. I., Y. J. Lee, J. H. An and Y. W. Lee(2014), Speciation and ecological risk assessment of trace metals in surface sediments of the Masan Bay, Journal of the Korean Society of Oceanography, Vol. 19, No. 2, pp. 155-163.
  50. Taylor, S. R.(1964), Abundance of chemical elements in the continental crust: A new table, Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Vol. 28, No. 8, pp. 1273-1285. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(64)90129-2
  51. Taylor, S. R. and S. M. McLennan(1995), The geochemical evolution of the continental crust, Reviews of Geophysics, Vol. 33, No. 2, pp. 241-265. https://doi.org/10.1029/95RG00262
  52. Tomlinson, D. L., J. G. Wilson, C. R. Harris and D. W. Jeffrey(1980), Problems in the assessment of heavy-metal levels in estuaries and the formation of a pollution index, Helgolander Meeresuntersuchungen, Vol. 33, pp. 566-575. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02414780
  53. Woo, H. J., J. H. Cho and J. U. Choi(2007), Characteristics of heavy metals and benthic foraminifera on surface sediments in Masan Bay and Gadeog Channel, Korea, Ocean and Polar Research, Vol. 29, No. 3, pp. 233-244. https://doi.org/10.4217/OPR.2007.29.3.233
  54. Yuan, H., J. Song, X. Li, N. Li and L. Duan(2012), Distribution and contamination of heavy metals in surface sediments of the South Yellow Sea, Marine Pollution Bulletin, Vol. 64, No. 10, pp. 2151-2159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpolbul.2012.07.040
  55. Zhang J. and C. L. Liu(2002), Riverine composition and estuarine geochemistry of particulate metals in China-weathering features, anthropogenic impact and chemical fluxes, Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science, Vol. 54, No. 6, pp. 1051-1070. https://doi.org/10.1006/ecss.2001.0879

Cited by

  1. 남서해연안 수산자원보호구역 표층 퇴적물 중 유기물 및 중금속 농도분포 vol.25, pp.6, 2018, https://doi.org/10.7837/kosomes.2019.25.6.666
  2. 살포식 패류양식해역인 진주만 표층 퇴적물의 오염도 vol.26, pp.4, 2018, https://doi.org/10.7837/kosomes.2020.26.4.392