• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 2015

Objectives: Taraxaci Herba (TH) have been used in oriental medicine for many centuries as a heat-clearing, detoxifying and stimulating milk secretion drug. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of TH on the sex hormone changes and lipid metabolism in the experimental model. Methods: The experimental model of menopause was induced by bilateral ovariectomy in rats. We used TH extract with freeze-dried and $200{\pm}20g$ female Sprague-dawley rats for this Study. The level of serum total cholesterol, serum triglyceride, serum HDL-cholesterol, serum total estrogen, serum progesterone, serum follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), and body weight were measured. Results: The results of this study were obtained as follows; 1. Sample A and Sample B significantly decreased body weight and level of serum total cholesterol, and significantly increased level of serum total estrogen as compared with control group. 2. Sample A decreased level of serum triglyceride, and was increased level of HDL-cholesterol, serum progesterone, serum FSH as compared with control group. 3. Sample B significantly increased level of HDL-cholesterol, serum FSH as compared with control group. 4. Sample B decreased level of serum triglyceride, and was increased level of serum progesterone as compared with control group. Conclusions: These results suggest that TH could be applied effectively on the treatment of menopausal syndrome.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.85-94
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• 2011

Purpose: Hominis placenta have used widely for women's disease like climacteric syndrome, dysmenorrhea, infertility, but we don't have enough evidence with it. This study is to investigate efficacy and safety of Hominis Placenta on women by investigating papers. Methods: We searched for papers which had Hominis placenta, placental extract associated with women's disease in the Pubmed and Korean journals. Results: 20 papers were found. 15 papers were associated with menopausal disorder. Hominis placenta could have the efficacy on osteoporosis and climacteric syndrome induced by menopause. And each 2 papers were relevant to postpartum symptoms and menses. 1 papers was relevant to pregnancy. Most of studies have shown that Hominis placenta is useful for female disorders. Conclusions: Hominis placenta could be a good treatment for female disorder like climacteric syndrome, dysmenorrhea, infertility. But evidence is not enough with Hominis placenta, so more research will be needed.

• Journal of Menopausal Medicine
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.169-175
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• 2018

Objectives: The rate of metabolic syndrome (MetS) in women diagnosed as they age is one of the main concerns of health cares. Recently new strategies used to prevent progressions of MetS toward the diagnosis of diabetes have focused on plant flavonoids. This study was aimed to investigate the beneficial effects of flavonoids fraction of Mespilus germanica leaves (MGL) on MetS in ovariectomized (OVX) rats. Methods: Twenty-four adult female Wistar rats, weighing 200 to 250 g, were divided into 3 groups: Sham surgery, OVX + Salin, or OVX + Flavonoid. Three weeks after ovariectomy, animals displayed MetS criteria received flavonoid injection (10 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) for 21 days. Then the body weight, body mass index, waist circumference, visceral fat, fasting blood glucose, serum insulin, lipid profiles and tumor necrosis $factor-{\alpha}$ ($TNF-{\alpha}$) were measured. Results: Treatment with flavonoids fraction of MGL significantly decreased serum level of insulin (P = 0.011), glucose (P = 0.024), $TNF-{\alpha}$ (P = 0.010), also MetS Z score (P = 0.020) and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (P = 0.007). Lipid profiles and visceral fat showed insignificant reduction. Conclusions: Flavonoids of MGL attenuates some of the MetS components possibly via reduction in $TNF-{\alpha}$ inflammatory cytokine.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.59-71
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• 2017

Objectives It is important to decide if the patient is belong to cold syndrome or heat syndrome in Sasang Constitutional Medicine. The purpose of this study is to report some proof to determine cold and heat syndrome and characteristic of the patient who can be treated with Cheongsimyeonja-tang. Methods To evaluate the results of this treatment, muscular symptom was assessed by Visual Analogue Scale(VAS). The patient's general condition such as urinary and fecal discomfort is assessed by the progress notes. Results The patient did not improved when she was treated with Choweseuncheung-tang. But when she was treated with Cheongsimyeonja-tang, she got improved with not only her main problem such as muscular symptom, but also general condition such as indigestion, urinary & fecal discomfort and menopausal symptom. Conclusion This study suggests that number of defecation per day also can be the clue to decide heat or cold syndrome not only appearance of defecation. And the patients who can be treated by Cheongsimyeonja-tang is different from the patients who can be treated by Yeoldahansotang in the color of their face, personality and edema.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.57-64
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• 2015

Objectives : To study correlation between Digital Infrared Thermal Imaging, Kupperman’s Index (KI) and Menopause Rating Scale (MRS) of Postmenopausal Women Methods : We analyzed 114 patients visiting Pohang Oriental Hospital from 1 ^st January 2014 to 30 ^th September 2015. The evaluating indexed of this trial were Age, DITI, KI, MRS. Temperature and different of temperature, such as In-dang (HN3), dan-Jung (CV17), gwan-won (CV4), hyup-back (LU4), no-gung (PC8), bock-to (ST31), and tae-chung (LR3). Results : Age was no correlation with DITI, KI, and MRS. There were positive correlation with KI and MRS significantly. DITI was not correlated with Age, KI and MRS, while ⊿T1 (LU4-PC8) was correlated with ⊿T2 (ST31-LR3) and ⊿T3 (CV17-CV4). Conclusions : There were non-significant correlation between DITI and Menopausal scale, but significant correlation in DITI themselves, Menopausal themselves. The More studies ar needed for the more accurate oriental medical diagnosis

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.86-103
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• 2020

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to analyse the domestic trends of Traditional Korean Medicine on Hot flush in menopausal women. Methods: We searched six databases and selected relevant papers according to the criteria. Results: 12 papers included case report, literature review, randomized controlled clinical trials (RCTs), Non-RCTs, and retrospective chart analysis study design. 1. The daily diary, Kupperman's Index, Menopause Rating Scale, Menopause-specific Quality of Life Questionnaire, Digital Infrared Thermographic Imaging were used as a measure of the symptoms of hot flush. 2. There were significant correlations between Thermographic images, Pulse energy, Lifestyle Habits, Low frequency power/High frequency power (LF/HF) ratio and certain items of Menopausal Symptoms Measurement. 3. The case report using Er-Xian decoction and Hwangryunhaedoktang-Gamibang showed significant effect. 4. Domestic RCT studies using herbal or acupuncture treatments showed a significant value of 3.4 on average in the quality assessment conducted in the study. However, the number of domestic studies included was five, which is not enough compared to foreign countries. Conclusions: This study examined domestic research trends on hot flushes of menopausal women and found that various evaluation tools and diagnostic methods were applied. It is necessary to conduct various RCT studies in Korea, where the number of studies is insufficient compared to overseas.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.115-120
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• 2008

Objectives : The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between serum ferritin and the metabolic syndrome (MS). Methods : We conducted a cross-sectional study of 1,444 adults over age 40 and under age 70 that lived in a rural area and participated in a survey conducted as part of the Korean Rural Genomic Cohort Study (KRGCS). The MS was defined as the presence of at least three of the followings : elevated blood pressure, low high density lipoprotein cholesterol, elevated serum triglycerides, elevated plasma glucose, or abdominal obesity. After adjustment for age, alcohol intake, menopausal status, body mass index (BMI), high sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), odds ratios (ORs) for the prevalence of the MS by sex were calculated for quartiles of serum ferritin using logistic regression analysis. Results : The MS was more common in those persons , with the highest levels of serum ferritin, compared to persons with the lowest levels, in men (37.1% vs. 22.4%, p=0.006) and women (58.8% vs. 34.8, p<0.001). In both sexes, the greater the number of MS components presents, the greater the serum ferritin levels. After adjustment for age, alcohol intake, and menopausal status, the OR for metabolic syndrome, comparing the fourth quartile of ferritin with the first quartile, was 2.21 (95% confidence interval; CI=1.26-3.87; p-trend=0.024) in men and 2.10 (95% CI=1.40-3.17; p-trend=0.001) in women. However, after further adjustment for BMI, hs-CRP, and ALT, the ORs were statistically attenuated in both sexes. Conclusions : Moderately elevated serum ferritin levels were not independently associated with the prevalence of the MS after adjusting for other risk factors. Further studies are needed to obtain evidence concerning the association between serum ferritin levels and the MS.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.28 no.7
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• pp.874-883
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• 2018

Osteoporosis is a disease that increases the risk of fracture by decreasing the mass and strength of bone. It is caused by imbalance of osteoclast bone formation and osteoclast bone resorption. Bone formation by osteoblast is activated via bone morphogenetic proteins and runt-related transcription factor 2. $Wnt/{\beta}-catenin$ signaling and bone resorption by osteoclast are initiated by the binding of receptor activator of nuclear $factor-{\kappa}B$ ligand and receptor activator of nuclear $factor-{\kappa}B$. Menopausal women are at risk for many diseases due to hormonal imbalances, and osteoporosis is the most common metabolic disorder in 30% of postmenopausal women. When estrogen is deficient, bone resorption of osteoclasts is promoted, and the risk of osteoporosis especially increases in postmenopausal women. Hormone replacement therapy has been widely used to relieve or treat the symptoms of menopausal syndrome. However, long-term administration of hormone therapy has been associated with a high risk of side effects, such as breast cancer, ovarian cancer, and uterine cancer. Recently, phytochemicals have been actively studied as a phytoestrogen, which has an estrogen-like activity to cope with symptoms of menopausal syndrome. Therefore, in this review, we investigated the differentiation mechanism of osteoblast and osteoclast and the role of estrogen and phytoestrogen in bone metabolism in relation to previous studies.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.118-123
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• 2013

This study was performed from April, 2007 to August, 2012 with female patients who were being treated for and suffering from chronic lumbar pain for periods of 6 months and over. The 53 female patients were diagnosed with osteoporosis by having a T-Score of <-2.5 in a bone mineral density(BMD), as well as showing signs of metabolic syndrome. This was deduced by taking measurements of blood pressure, carrying out blood-chemical examinations and physical measurements such as weight, height, waist measurement and body mass index(BMI). After 5 minutes rest, the patient's blood pressure, height and weight were measured. BMI was calculated using the equation BMI = weight (Kg)/height ($m^2$). The patients had their blood taken in a fasted state(more than 12hours), the fasting blood sugar, total cholesterol, triglyceride, HDL-cholesterol were measured. The average BMD and T-score were calculated by measuring BMD(mg/cc) of L1-L3 using QCT. In a correlation analysis of the physical examinations, clinical character of metabolic syndrome and T-score, the result showed that age and T-score had a negative correlation(r=-0.699, p<0.01) as did triglyceride and T-score (r=-0.047, p<0.01), where as weight(r=0.239, p<0.05) and height(r-=0.329, p<0.01) and T-score had a positive correlation. There was no significant correlation with total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, blood sugar, blood pressure and T-score. This study showed that there are significant correlations with age, weight, height and T-score. But there are no significant correlations with total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, blood sugar, blood pressure and T-score and that these did not influence bone density. Further research with more subjects is required to determine whether there is a correlation of clinical character of metabolic syndrome and T-score.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.225-244
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• 2006

Purpose : This study was performed to assess the clinical effect of Daejo-hwan(DJH) on climacteric syndrome, not only common symptoms such as hot flushes, anxiety, palpitation and so on, but also urogenital tract disturbances like vaginal dryness and sexual problems. Methods : We randomly divided 120 women with the climacteric syndrome into two groups. One group received only DJH 2 pills(4g) a time, three times a day for 8 weeks and the other group didn't get any treatment for the same period. We evaluated sonography, DXA, blood test, female hormone test and questionnaires in the beginning as well as after 8 weeks of the treatment. Symptoms were measured by Kupperman's index, Menopausal Rating Scale and the Greene Climacteric Scale. Results : In this study, DJH was innoxious on liver and kidney. And DJH in the treated group reduced climacteric symptoms significantly as compared to the control group without enlargement of uterus myoma and the change of estradiol. In Kupperman's index and MRS, DJH in the treated group especially had effects on fatigue, shoulder pain. anxiety, headache, hot flushes as well as sexual problems. Conclusion : These results suggest that DJH can be useful in treating various climacteric symptoms including sexual problems without influences on the size of uterus myoma and estradiol.