• 비교문화연구
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• 제53권
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• pp.103-130
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• 2018

칠레 여성 작가 마리아 루이사 봄발(María Luisa Bombal, 1910 - 1980)의 단편소설 "나무"('El ${\acute{a}}rbol$', 1939)는 '브리히다'라는 여주인공의 '개안(눈뜸)의 과정'을 이야기한다. 브리히다는 아버지의 관심을 얻지 못하자, 이를 남편의 사랑으로 대치하고, 이마저도 실패하자, 이를 대신하여 창문 앞 아름드리 고무나무 (남자로부터 받는 사랑의 대체물)에게서 위로를 얻고자 한다. 개안의 순간은 국가도로사업에 의해 고무나무가 잘려 나가면서 일어난다. 그 순간 그녀는 자신이 아직도 사랑을 원하고 있음을 깨닫는다. 소설은 나무의 쓰러짐과 여성 개안의 연관성에 대해 설명하지 않으므로써 그 상징성과 심미성을 높였다. 이에 필자는 봄발의 "나무"를 더 깊게 이해하기 위해 이러한 질문에 대한 답을 하고 있는, 한국 여성작가 김채원(1946 - )의 단편소설 "물의 희롱-무와의 입맞춤"(2015)을 분석한다. 김채원의 작품을 통해 봄발을 읽음으로써 봄발의 "나무"가 궁극적으로 이야기 하고자 하는 것이 여성이 남성과의 성과 사랑에 기대는 한 결국 파멸되게 되어있음을 고찰하고자 한다. 본 논문은 라틴아메리카의 단편소설과 아시아의 단편소설을 나란히 놓고 읽음으로써 여성이 주체적 삶을 살아가기 위해 인지해야 할 점들(a. 남자가 바라는 여자여야 한다는 강박관념의 오류와 b. 남성을 인생의 부분으로 여기지 못함으로써 생기는 오류)을 지적한다. 그리고 필자는 쟈크 라캉(Jacques Lacan)의 욕망 이론에서 나타나는 욕망대상의 허상성과 숭고한 대상의 붕괴를 통하여 앞서 언급한 두 소설이 말하는 예정된 여성 파멸의 이유를 설명한다. 그리고 결론으로 여성의 개안이란, 남성과의 성과 사랑을 통한 인생에의 안온함은 없다는 것을 인지하여, 본질적으로 허상적인 사랑에 스스로를 가두는 습성을 버려야 함을 주장한다.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.123-131
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• 2018

목적: 거대세포바이러스(Cytomegalovirus [CMV])는 정상 면역을 가진 사람에서는 대부분 불현성 감염이지만, 면역저하자 또는 태아의 선천 감염의 경우 위중한 합병증을 유발한다. 본 연구는 21년 동안의 시기 및 연령에 따른 CMV 항체 양성률을 조사하였다. 방법: 1995년 1월부터 2015년 12월까지 성균관대학교 의과대학, 삼성서울병원에서 CMV immunoglobulin G (IgG) 검사를 시행한 환자를 대상으로 하였다. 검사 결과는 성별, 연령별, 전국 지역별로 분석하였고, 두 시기에 따른 (1995-2005년; 1기, 2006-2015년; 2기) 항체 양성률의 변화를 분석하였다. 결과: 총 11,584명의 환자 중 CMV IgG 양성결과를 보인 총 환자는 10,900명 (94.1%)이었다. 전체 환자에서 두 시기에 따른 CMV 양성률의 차이는 없었다 (94.2% vs. 94.1%) (P=0.86). 10년 간격으로 비교를 했을 때 다른 연령군은 유의하지 않았으나 11-20세의 연령군의 CMV 양성률은 1기에 비해 2기에 더 낮았다 (P<0.001). 이 연령에 따른 항체 양성률 분석에서 31-40세 연령군의 항체 양성률 (97.4%)은 이보다 어린 연령군에 비하여 유의하게 높았으며 (P<0.001, odds ratio [OR]<1), 더 높은 연령군에 비하여 유의하게 낮았다 (P<0.001, OR>1). 가임기 여성은 총 2,441명이었으며 (15-49세) 이 중 CMV IgG 양성률은 2,367 (97%)명이었다. 해당 연령군의 시기별 항체 양성률의 유의한 차이는 없었다. 가임기 여성 중 20-24세의 연령군은 해당 연령의 남자에 비하여 유의한 높은 항체 양성률을 보였다 (97.6% vs. 85.6%, OR, 6.78; 95% CI, 1.585-28.968; P=0.0028). 지역별 항체 양성률의 큰 차이는 보이지 않았다. 결론: 본 논문은 한국인의 전 연령의 CMV 항체 양성률 변화에 대한 조사를 시행한 최초 논문이며 전체적으로 약 94%의 높은 CMV 항체 양성률과 가임기 여성은 97%의 항체 양성률을 보이는 것으로 관찰되었다. 향후, 가임기 여성을 포함한 한국인의 CMV 항체 양성률의 변화 추세에 대한 모니터링과 국내 임산부에서의 CMV 감염에 대한 연구가 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

• 마케팅과학연구
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.59-80
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• 2008

인터넷의 급속한 발달과 온라인 사용이 급증함에 따라 e-스포츠와 같은 온라인 게임은 거대한 시장으로 성장하고 있다. 그렇지만, 많은 e-스포츠를 후원하는 기업의 효과를 검증하는 마케팅적 연구는 미진한 상태이다. 있다해도 단순히 온라인 게임과 관련한 연구가 대다수이다. 이에 본 연구는 e-스포츠 스폰서십을 통해 기업의 마케팅 커뮤니케이션 전략 수립을 위한 토대를 마련코자 하였으며 시작단계에 있는 e-스포츠의 향후 연구에 기여하고자 하였다. 중요 변수들은 첫째, e-스포츠의 주요한 게임속성으로 상호작용성, 익명성, 내용확장성을 들고 온라인 상황에서 주요한 매개의 역할로 다루어지는 유동(flow)과의 관계를 살펴보았다. 둘째, e-스포츠의 주요한 게이머속성(스포츠 경기에서의 팀과 플레이어의 속성에서 수정)인 매력성, 유사성, 경기결과가 유동(flow)과 게이머동일시(온라인 게임상황에 맞게 기존 팀동일시를 게이머동일시로 차용)에 미치는 영향관계를 살펴보았다. 마지막으로 유동(flow)과 게이머동일시와의 관계 그리고 게이머동일시와 기업동일시와의 관계를 최종적으로 점검하였다. 연구의 결과, 온라인의 기초적인 특성인 상호작용성은 유동(flow)에 유의한 영향이 있었고 게이머속성에서의 유사성과 경기결과도 유동(flow)에 유의한 영향이 있었다. 그리고 유사성은 게이머동일시에 정의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 마지막으로 유동(flow)은 게이머동일시에 그리고 게이머동일시는 기업동일시에 정의 영향이 있는 것으로 나타났다. 결론적으로 e-스포츠를 후원하는 기업의 경우 일반 유저들과 유사한 특성인 가진 실력있는 게이머를 후원한다면 마케팅 효과를 극대화할 수 있다.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.15-37
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• 1975

I. Subject of the study A study on the nutritive value and utilization of powdered seaweeds. II. Purpose and Importance of the study A. In Korea the shortage of food will be inevitable by the rapidly growing population. It will be very important study to develop a new food from the seaweeds which were not used hitherto for human consumption. B. The several kinds of seaweeds have been used by man in Korea mainly as side-dishes. However, a properly powdered seaweed will enable itself to be a good supplement or mixture to certain cereal flours. C. By adding the powdered seaweed to any cereals which have long been staple foods in this country the two fold benefits; saving of cereals and change of dietary pattern, will be secured. III. Objects and scope of the study A. Objects of the study The objects will come under four items. 1. To develop a powdered seaweed as a new food from the seaweeds which have been not used for human consumption. 2. To evaluate the nutritional quality of the products the analysis for chemical composition and animal feeding experiment will be conducted. 3. Experimental cocking and accepability test will be conducted for the powdered products to evaluate the value as food stuff. 4. Sanitary test and also economical analysis will be conducted for the powdered products. B. Scope of the study 1. Production of seaweed powders Sargassum fulvellum growing in eastern coast and Sargassum patens C.A. in southern coast were used as the material for the powders. These algae, which have been not used for human consumption, were pulverized through the processes of washing, drying, pulverization, etc. 2. Nutritional experiments a. Chemical composition Proximate components (water, protein, fat, cellulose, sugar, ash, salt), minerals (calcium, phosphorus, iron, iodine), vitamins (A, $B_1,\;B_2$ niacin, C) and amino acids were analyzed for the seaweed powders. b. Animal feeding experiment Weaning 160 rats (80 male and 80 female rats) were used as experimental animals, dividing them into 16 groups, 10 rats each group. Each group was fed for 12 weeks on cereal diet (Wheat flour, rice powder, barley powder, potato powder, corn flour) with the supplementary levels of 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 30% of the seaweed powder. After the feeding the growth, feed efficiency ratio, protain efficiency ratio and ,organs weights were checked and urine analysis, feces analysis and serum analysis were also conducted. 3. Experimental cooking and acceptability test a. Several basic studies were conducted to find the characteristics of the seaweed powder. b. 17 kinds of Korean dishes and 9 kinds of foreign dishes were prepared with cereal flours (wheat, rice, barley, potato, corn) with the supplementary levels of 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% and 30% of the seaweed powder. c. Acceptability test for the dishes was conducted according to plank's Form. 4. Sanitary test The heavy metals (Cd, Pb, As, Hg) in the seaweed powders were determined. 5. Economical analysis The retail price of the seaweed powder was compared with those of other cereals in the market. And also economical analysis was made from the nutritional point of view, calculating the body weight gained in grams per unit price of each feeding diet. IV. Results of the study and the suggestion for application A. Chemical composition 1. There is no any big difference in proximate components between powders of Sargassum fulvellum in eastern coast and Sargassum patens C.A. in southern coast. Seasonal difference is also not significant. Higher levels of protein, cellulose, ash and salt were found in the powders compared with common cereal foods. 2. The levels of calcium (Ca) and iron (Fe) in the powders were significantly higher than common cereal foods and also rich in iodine (I). Existence of vitamin A and vitamin C in the Powders is different point from cereal foods. Vitamin $B_1\;and\;B_2$ are also relatively rich in the powders.'Vitamin A in ·Sargassum fulvellum is high and the levels of some minerals and vitamins are seemed4 to be some influenced by seasons. 3. In the amino acid composition methionine, isoleucine, Iysine and valine are limiting amino acids. The protein qualities of Sargassum fulvellum and Sargassum patens C.A. are seemed to be .almost same and generally ·good. Seasonal difference in amino acid composition was found. B. Animal feeding experiment 1. The best growth was found at.10% supplemental level of the seaweed Powder and lower growth rate was shown at 30% level. 2. It was shown that 15% supplemental level of the Seaweed powder seems to fulfil, to some extent the mineral requirement of the animals. 3. No any changes were found in organs development except that, in kidney, there found decreasing in weight by increasing the supplemental level of the seaweed powder. 4. There is no any significant changes in nitrogen retention, serum cholesterol, serum calcium and urinary calcium in each supplemental level of the seaweed powder. 5. In animal feeding experiment it was concluded that $5%{\sim}15%$ levels supplementation of the seaweed powder are possible. C. Experimental cooking and acceptability test 1. The seaweed powder showed to be utilized more excellently in foreign cookings than in Korean cookings. Higher supplemental level of seaweed was passible in foreign cookings. 2. Hae-Jo-Kang and Jeon-Byung were more excellent than Song-Pyun, wheat cake, Soo-Je-Bee and wheat noodle. Hae-Je-Kang was excellent in its quality even as high as 5% supplemental level. 3. The higher levels of supplementation were used the more sticky cooking products were obtained. Song-Pyun and wheat cake were palatable and lustrous in 2% supplementation level. 4. In drop cookie the higher levels of supplementation, the more crisp product was obtained, compared with other cookies. 5. Corn cake, thin rice gruel, rice gruel and potato Jeon-Byung were more excellent in their quality than potato Man-Doo and potato noodle. Corn cake, thin rice gruel and rice gruel were excellent even as high as 5% supplementation level. 6. In several cooking Porducts some seaweed-oder was perceived in case of 3% or more levels of supplementation. This may be much diminished by the use of proper condiments. D. Sanitary test It seems that there is no any heavy metals (Cd, Pb, As, Hg) problem in these seaweed Powders in case these Powders are used as supplements to any cereal flours E. Economical analysis The price of the seaweed powder is lower than those of other cereals and that may be more lowered when mass production of the seaweed powder is made in future. The supplement of the seaweed powder to any cereals is also economical with the criterion of animal growth rate. F. It is recommended that these seaweed powders should be developed and used as supplement to any cereal flours or used as other food material. By doing so, both saving of cereals and improvement of individual's nutrition will greatly be achieved. It is also recommended that the feeding experiment for men would be conducted in future.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제42권1호
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• pp.78-96
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• 2009

본 연구는 D관공서 M 식당의 메뉴관리 및 식재료의 효율적 관리에 필요한 기초자료를 제공하고, 나아가 관공소급식소의 메뉴분석방법을 기초로 한 급식관리 필요성을 제시하고자 1982년 Kasavana와 Smith가 개발한 Menu Engineering 기법을 활용하여 2007년 1월부터 12월까지 1년간의 식단을 계절별, 년간 그리고 메뉴군별로 분석을 실시하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1) D 관공서는 토요일 휴무기관으로서 2007년도 급식 일수는 248일이었으며, 총 35,193명이 이용하여 1일 평균 이용 인원은 141명으로 나타나 주 고객층의 식당 이용률은 64.0%이었다. 2) M 식당의 주 고객은 총 220명으로 남자 183명 (83.2%), 여자는 37명 (16.8%)이었으며, 남자의 평균연령은 $44.1\;{\pm}\;6.3$세, 여자는 $32.7\;{\pm}\;6.4$세로 나타나 여자 보다 남자의 평균연령이 유의하게 높았다 (p < .0001). 3) 직급별 조사에서는 판사 (124명)가 56.4%, 일반직 (96명)이 43.6%로 나타났으며, 주 고객층의 과반수이상 (51.8%)이 남자 판사이었다. 4) 봄철 ($3{\sim}5$월)에는 갈비탕 외 81가지의 메뉴가 제공 되었으며, 공헌마진과 인기도가 높은 STAR로 판정된 메뉴는 김치볶음밥, 갈비탕, 대구매운탕, 동태매운탕 등 23가지 (28.0%)이었다. 공헌마진은 낮으나 인기도가 높은 PLOWHORSE로 판정된 메뉴는 봄나물비빔밥, 김치찌개, 삼계탕, 선지해장탕 등 26가지 (31.7%)이었고, 공헌마진률은 높으나 인기도가 낮은 PUZZLE로 판정된 메뉴로는 꽃게탕, 낙지연포탕, 돈까스 등 15가지 (18.3%) 이었다. DOG로 판정된 메뉴는 고등어구이, 단호박 영양밥, 마파두부덮밥 등 18가지 (22.0%)로 조사되었다. 5) 여름철 ($6{\sim}8$월)에는 총 74가지 메뉴가 제공되었으며 STAR로 판정된 메뉴는 날치알밥, 콩나물국밥, 동태매운탕 등 20가지 (27.0%), PLOWHORSE 메뉴는 김쌈밥, 마파두부덮밥, 산채비빔밥 등 28가지 (37.8%), PUZZLE 메뉴는 냉모밀국수, 돈까스, 된장찌개 등 8가지 (10.8%), DOG 메뉴는 고등어자반구이, 꽁치소금구이 등 18가지 (24.3%)로 나타났다. 6) 가을철 ($9{\sim}11$월)에는 총 75가지의 메뉴가 제공되었으며, STAR 메뉴는 김치콩나물국밥, 동태매운탕, 만두전골, 버섯전골, 어묵백반, 우거지갈비탕, 추어탕 등 23가지 (30.7%), PLOWHORSE 메뉴는 김쌈밥, 마파두부덮밥, 잡채덮밥 및 카레라이스, 김치찌개, 된장찌개, 선지해장국, 순두부찌개, 얼갈이해장국, 육개장 등 24가지 (32.0%), PUZZLE 13가지 (17.3%), DOG 15가지 (20.0%)로 나타났다. 7) 겨울철에는 총 74가지의 메뉴가 제공되었으며 STAR메뉴 김치볶음밥, 날치알밥, 갈비탕, 굴해장국, 청국장찌개, 추어탕 등 25가지 (33.8%), PLOWHORSE 메뉴는 김쌈밥, 낙지비빔밥, 마파두부덮밥, 떡만두국, 얼갈이해장국, 육개장, 불고기정식 등 21가지 (28.4%), PUZZLE 메뉴는 갈치구이, 고등어구이, 닭매운찜 등 14가지 (18.9%), DOG 메뉴는 간장닭찜, 고등어자반구이 등 14가지 (18.9%)로 조사되었다. 8) 사계절 STAR 메뉴는 김치볶음밥 등 8가지로 전체 메뉴 중 6.2%에 불과해 사계절 DOG 메뉴 14가지 10.9% 보다 낮은 비율이었다. PLOWHORSE 메뉴 (김쌈밥 등 14가지) 10.9%, PUZZLE 메뉴 (새우볶음밥/자장소스 등 17가지) 13.2%으로 나타났다. 9) 년간 제공된 128가지의 주메뉴를 메뉴군별로 분류한 결과 밥류 29가지 (22.6%), 국/탕류 27가지 (21.1%), 면류 18가지 (14.1%), 찌개/전골류 13가지 (10.2%), 조림/찜류 12가지 (9.3%), 구이류와 양식류 각각 8가지 (6.3%), 양식 8가지 (6.25%), 볶음류 7가지 (5.5%), 중국음식 4가지 (3.1%) 및 기타 (1.5%)로 조사되었다. 10) 년간 STAR 메뉴의 비율은 양식 (75.0%), 국/탕류 (48.1%), 찌개/전골류 (23.1%), 밥류 (17.2%) 순이었으며, 구이류와 조림/찜류에는 STAR 메뉴가 없었다. PLOWHORSE 메뉴는 구이류 (75.0%), PLOWHORSE 메뉴는 '구이류 (75.0%)', '국/탕류 (29.6%)', '밥류 (27.6%)', '조림/찜류 (27.3%)' 순이었으며, 찌개/전골류에서는 PUZZLE이나 DOG 메뉴가 없었다. PUZZLE 메뉴는 조림/찜류와 면류 (각각 33.3%), 밥류 (31.0%) 순이었고, DOG 메뉴는 중국음식 (75.0%)과 면류 (55.6%)에서 많았다. 11) 주메뉴 128가지에 대하여 STAR, PLOWHORSE, PUZZLE, DOG 메뉴에 대한 비율은 각각 23.4%, 30.5%, 23.4%, 22.7%로 나타나 공헌마진과 인기도 모두 낮은 DOG 메뉴가 29가지 (22.7%)나 되었다. 본 연구는 단체급식소에서의 과학적인 메뉴분석 기법을 적용한 정기적인 메뉴분석에 기초자료를 제공하며, 계절별 및 중 장기적인 메뉴분석결과를 기초로 하는 메뉴관리가 이루어져야 함을 제안하고자 한다. 향후에는 배식 후 잔반량 조사와 피급식자의 주관적인 평가도 메뉴분석방법에 반영된 연구가 이루어져야할 것으로 사료된다.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.569-584
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• 1993

This study was done to verify validity of nursing diagnoses related to difficulty in respiratory function. First, content validity was examined by an expert group considering the etiology and the signs / symptoms of three nursing diagnoses - ineffective airway clearance, ineffective breathing pattern, impaired gas exchange. Second, clinical validity was examined by comparing the frequencies of the etiologies and signs / symptoms of the three nursing diagnoses in clinical case studies with the results of the content validity. This study was a descriptive study. The sample consisted of 23 experts (professors, head nurses and clinical instructors) who had had a variety of experiences using nursing diagnoses in clinical practice, and 102 case reports done by senior student nurses of the college of nursing of Y-university. These reports were part of their clinical practice in the ICU. The instrument used for this study was a checklist for etiologies and signs and symptoms based on the literature, Doenges and Moorhouse (1988), Kim, McFarland, McLane (1991), Lee Won Hee et al. (1987), Kim Cho Ja et at. (1988). The data was collected over four month period from May 1992 to Aug. 1992. Data were analyzed using frequencies done with the SPSS / PC＋ package. The results of this study are summarized as follows : 1. General Characteristics of the Expert Group A bachelor degree was held by 43.5% and a master or doctoral degree by 56.5% of the expert group. The average age of the expert group was 35.3 years. Their average clinical experience was 9.3 years and their average experience in clinical practice was 5.9 years. The general characteristics of the patients showed that there were more women than men, that the age range was from 1 to over 80. Most of their medical diagnoses were diagnoses related to the respiratory. system, circulation or neurologic system, and 50% or more of them had a ventilator with intubation or a tracheostomy. The number of cases for each nursing diagnoses was : · Ineffective airway clearance, 92 cases. · Ineffective breathing pattern, 18 cases. · Impaired gas exchange, 22 cases. 2. The opinion of the expert group as to the classification of the etiology, and signs and symptoms of the three nursing diagnoses was as follows : · In 31.8% of the cases the classification of etiology was clear. · In 22.7%, the classification of signs and symptoms was clear. · In 17.4%, the classification of nursing interventions was clear. 3. In the expert group 80% or mere agreed to ‘dysp-nea’as a common sign and symptom of the three nursing diagnoses. The distinguishing signs and symptoms of (Ineffective airway clearance) were ‘sputum’, ‘cough’, ‘abnormal respiratory sounds : rales’. The distinguishing sings and symptoms of (Ineffective breathing pattern) were ‘tachypnea’, ‘use of accessory muscle of respiration’, ‘orthopnea’ and for (Impaired gas exchange) it was ‘abnormal arterial blood gas’, 4. The distribution of etiology, and signs and symptoms of the three nursing diagnoses was as follows : · There was a high frequency of ‘increased secretion from the bronchus and trachea’ in both the expert group and the case reports as the etiology of ineffective airway clearance. · For the etiologies for ineffective breathing pat-tern, ‘rain’, ‘anxiety’, ‘fear’, ‘obstructions of the tract, ca and bronchus’ had a high ratio in the ex-pert group and ‘decreased expansion of lung’ in the case reports. · For the etiologies for impaired gas exchanges, ‘altered oxygen -carrying capacity of the blood’ and ‘excess accumulation of interstitial fluid in lung’ had a high ratio in the expert group and ‘altered oxygen supply’ in the case reports. · For signs and symptoms for ineffective airway clearance, ‘dyspnea’, ‘altered amount and character of sputum’ were included by 100% of the expert group. ‘Abnormal respiratory. sound(rate, rhonchi)’ were included by a high ratio of the expert group. · For the signs and symptoms for ineffective breathing pattern. ‘dyspnea’, ‘shortness of breath’ were included by 100% of the expert group. In the case reports, ‘dyspnea’ and ‘tachypnea’ were reported as signs and symptoms. · For the sign and symptoms for impaired gas exchange, ‘hypoxia’ and ‘cyanosis’ had a high ratio in the expert group. In the case report, ‘hypercapnia’, ‘hypoxia’ and ‘inability to remove secretions’ were reported as signs and symptoms. In summary, the similarity of the etiologies and signs and symptoms of the three nursing diagnoses related to difficulty in respiratory function makes it difficult to distinguish among them But the clinical validity of three nursing diagnoses was established through this study, and at last one sign and symp-tom was defined for each diagnosis.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.88-117
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• 1990

The purposes of this study are to delineate a profile of the state of a stroke patient's adaptation at 3 months after hospitalization and to explore the relationship between the level of adaptation and the variables which influence the adaptation of hemiplegic patients. To these ends, theoretical framework was derived basically from the stress adaptation model. The basic assumption underlying the level of adaptation is influenced by the presenting focal, contextual and residual stimuli. This group of stimuli is further operationalized and represented by a perception of stress. which is the perceived effect of the disability and by the mediating variables such as sociodemographic factors as an external conditioning variables and perceived social support and hardiness personality characteristics as an internal intervening variables. The dependent varibales in this study is the level of physical, psychological and social adaptation and is hypothesized to be a function of the interaction between 3 sets of variables namely, the perceived disability effect, external conditioning variables and internal intevening varibles. A total of fourty three subjects from 3 general hospitals in Seoul were observed and interviewed with the aid of 7 structured instruments. The data were collected twice on each subject : first at the pre-discharge period arid at 3 months post-discharge from hospital for the second time. The study was carried out for the period from February to August, 1988. The instruments used for the study include 4 existing scales and 3 scales developed by the researcher for this study. They are : 1) The ADL dependency scale and the scale of the clinical physical functions for the assessment of physical adaptation. 2) the SDS(self report of depression) to measure the level of psychological adaptation. 3) The scale for the amount of social activities for the measurement of the level of social adaptation. 4) The scale for the perceived effect of disability for the measurement of the focal stimuli. 5) The health related hardiness scale and the perceived interpersonal support self evaluation list(ISEL) for the measurement of the hardiness personality character and the perceived social support. The data obtained were analyzed using percentage, oneway ANOVA, Pearson coefficients correlation and stepwise multiple regression. The findings provide valuable information about the present level of physical adaptation at 3 months after discharge. The patient revealed a decreased ADL dependency and lowered limitation of physical function as compared with pre - discharge state. Psycholcgically, the average degree of depression at follow up was within normal range of depression. Socially, the amount of social activities was very low. The one way ANOVA and the correlational analysis revealed the relationship between the 3 sets of variables and the adaptation level as follows : 1) The perceived disability effect was related to the degree of the depression and the amount of social activities but was not related to the physical adaptation. 2) Among the sociodemographic variables, sex and education were related to the difference of ADL dependency and the change of physical function. These factors indicate that women more than men and educated more than the less educated were found more independent. The education was also related to the degree of depression suggesting that the higher the educational level, the more well adapted the patients were both physically and psychologically. Age, marital status and job state were not found to be related to the patient's adaptation level. 3) Among the internal intervening variables, the health related hardiness characteristic was related to the differences of ADL dependency, physical functions and the social activities, indicating that the higher the hardiness character the higher the level of physical and social adaptation. 4) The perceived social support, another internal intervening variable, was related to the degree of depression and the social activities. This data suggest that the higher the perception of social support, the better adapted the patients were psychogically and socially. In summarizing the results of the correlational analysis, the level of physical adaptation was influenced by sex, the years of education and the hardiness character. The level of psychological adaptation was influenced by the years of education, the perceived disability effect and the perceived social support. And the level of social adaptation was influenced by the perceived disability effect, the hardiness character and the perceived social support. The stepwise multiple regression analysis shows findings as follows : 1) The most important factor to explain the difference of ADL dependency was sex, indicating females were more independent than males. 2) The most important factor to explain the difference of physical function and the degree of depression was the patient's education level. 3) The strongest explaining factor for the amount of social activities was perceived self esteem(one of the subconcepts of perceived social support). Thus the most important factors influencing the level of adaptation were found to be sex, education, the hardiness character and self esteem. From the above findings, the significance of this study can be delineated as follows : 1) Corroboration of the assumed relationship between the various variables and the adaptation level as suggested in the conceptual model. 2) Support for the feasibility of the cognitive approach for nursing intervention such as hardness character training, counselling and teaching for self-care in the chronic patients.

• 한국학교ㆍ지역보건교육학회지
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• 제5권
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• pp.107-122
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• 2004

To correctly plant the value of sex to the juvenile, we cannot overemphasize the importance of the sexual education in schools. Therefore, the study for teachers' consciousness and view of sex is also necessary, because they are subjects of education and role-models of sex of their students. Especially, if teachers are over fifty in age, it is more important, because it is obvious, as they are in positions of managers and directors of education, that their view of sexual value and consciousness are influencing the aim of education and the course of education. Hereby this study was conducted to check their sexual consciousness, attitude, and condition and to prepare for the basic data needed for the development of a sexual education program suitable to them. The methods of the survey of this study are applied by modifying or supplementing those of precedented studies. They are used after analyzing reliance of items according to Cronbach's $\alpha$ figure calculating law, and modifying or supplementing items lower in reliance. The questionnaire survey was conducted among 1,000 randomly selected from teachers working in middle and high schools in Korea from June 14th in 2004 to June 30th. The survey analyzed 632 questionnaires suitable to it. The outcomes of the survey of this study are like the following: First, the objects of the survey consist of 64.6% men and 35.4% women. Among them, 41.1% are under fifty and the rest are over fifty. As for the periods of marriage, 15.5% are unmarried, 16.3% are under ten years, 18.0% are between ten and twenty, and 50.2% are over twenty. Second, with reagard to sex, 25.6% admit the necessity of a heterosexual friend. 32.0% say that they are conservative to sex. 54.1% are taught sexual education. 67.1% attribute sexual education to nursing teachers. Third, among those who answer that they enoughly know the concept of sex, seenig by age, 25.0% are under fifty and 58.1% are over fifty. Seening by the periods of marriage, 9.2% are unmarried, 28.2% are under ten, 49.1% are between ten and twenty, and 59.0% are over twenty. Among those who answer that they enoughly know the concepts of sexual harassment and sexual violence, seenig by age, in the turns by above-mentioned order, each 47.7% and 76.3%. Seening by the periods of marriage, each 9.2%, 28.2%, 49.1%, and 59.0%. Fourth, among those who answer that "teachers also need sexual education and sexual counsel," by age, each92.7% and 91.4%. By the periods of marriage, each 89.8%, 95.2%, 89.4%, and 92.4%. As a matter of course, we can infer the necessity of the sexual education and sexual counsel for teachers. Fifth, among those who answer that they are satisfied with their sexuality, by age, each 41.1% and 61.3%. By the period of marriage, each 4.1%, 63.1%, 64.1%, and 61.5%. As for the sexual desire like spiritual intercourse, physical intercourse containing sexuality, by age, each 71.9% and 93.5%. By the periods of marriage, each 54.0%, 81.5%, 90.3%, and 93.0%. The survey shows that those over fifty and having long marriage are feeling the stronger desire towards sexuality. Through the outcomes of this survey, a few suggestions are possible: First, it is necessary to check of the teachers' view of sexual value and to study deep about the sexual tendency of them in twenties, thirties, and forties. It is to make them teach their students on the firm basis, and also to develop suitable sexual education and counsel program.

• 근관절건강학회지
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.17-40
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• 1995

Rheumatoid arthritis is the one of the chronic diseases, one of its major symptoms is a chronic pain. Despite developing medical treatment and surgical techniques, it is suggested that to control the pain is the goal of the treatment. But pain is an inner experience and even those closest to the patient cannot truly observe its progress or share in its suffering. The National Academy of Sciences Institute of Medicine's report on Pain and Disability concluded that there is no objective measure of pain-(exactly) no pain thermometer-nor can there ever be one, because the experience of pain is inseparable from personal perception and social influence such as culture. To explore chronic pain experience is to understand the process and property of the patient's perception of pain through the response to pain, the coping with pain, and the adaptation to pain. Therefore a qualitative study was conducted in order to gain an understanding of pain experience of patients with RA in korea. I used naturalistic inquiry as a research methodology, which had 5 axioms, the first is that realities are multiple, constructed, and holistic, the second is that knower and known are interactive, inseparable, the third is only time and context bound working hypotheses(idiographic statements) are possible, the forth is all entities are in a state of mutual simultaneous shaping, so that it is impossible to distinguish causes from effects and the last is that inquiry is value-bound. Purposive sampling was conducted as a sampling. 20 subjects who experienced pain over 10 years, lived in middle-sized city and big city in Korea, and 17 women and 3 men. The subject's age was from 32 to 62 (average 48.8), all were married, living with their spouse and children, except two-one divorced and the other widow before they became ill. I collected data using In depth structured interview. I had interviews two or three times with each subject, and the interviews were conducted at each subject's home. Each interview lasted about two hours an average. A recording was taken with the consent of the subject. I used inductive data analysis-such as unitizing and categorizing. unitizing is a process of coding, whereby raw data are systematically transformed and aggregated into units. Categorizing is a process wherby previously unitized data are organized into categories that provide descriptive or inferential information about the context or setting from which the units were derived. This process is used constant comparative method. The pain controlling process is composed of behavior of pain control. The behaviors of pain control are rearranging of ADL, hiddening role conflict, balancing treatment, and changing social relation. Rearranging of ADL includes diet management, sleep management, and the adjustment of daily life activities. The subjects try to rearrange their daily activities by modified style of motions, rearranging time span & range of activities, using auxillary facilities, and getting help in order to keep on the pace of daily life. Hiddening role conflict means to reduce conflicts between sick role and their role as a family member. In this process, the subjects use two modes, one is to control the pain complaints, and the other is to internalize the value which is to stay home is good for caring her children and being a good mother. To control pain complaints is done by 'enduring', 'understanding' the other family members, or making them undersood in order to reduce pain. Balancing treatment is composed of two aspects. One is to keep the pain within the endurable level, the other is to keep in touch with medical personnel in order to get the information of treatment and emotional support. Changing social relation is made by information seeking and sharing, formation of mutual support relation, and finally simplification of social relationships. The subjects simplify their social relationships by refraining from relations with someone who makes them physically and psychologically strained. In particular the subjects are apt to avoid contact with in-laws, and the change of relation to in-laws results in lessening the family boundary. In the course of this process, they confront the crisis of family confict result in family dissolution. This crisis is related to the threat of self-existence. Findings from this study contribute to understanding the chronic pain experience. To advance this study, we should compare this result with other cases in different cultural contexts. I think to interpret these results, korean cultural background should be considered. Especially the different family concept, more broader family members and kinship network, and the traditional medical knowledge influences patients' behavior.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제48권6호
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• pp.16-24
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• 2020

본 연구는 국내 최초의 공중보행로인 서울로 7017의 이용행태를 이용객이 자율적으로 서술한 블로그를 분석하여 이용현황을 파악하고, 서울로 7017의 이용행태 및 개선방안을 제시하는 것을 목적으로 하였다. 이에 서울로 7017이 시민에게 개방된 2017년 6월부터 2020년 5월까지로 검색엔진 NAVER·DAUM의 블로그 제목과 원문에 '서울로 7017'이 포함된 텍스트 데이터를 빅데이터 기법인 텍스트 마이닝(Text Mining)과 소셜 네트워크(Social Network; 사회연결망)분석을 활용하여 분석하였다. 연구결과의 요약은 다음과 같다. 먼저 서울로 7017의 주요 행태는 '야경'과 '걷다'이고, 영향을 미치는 요소는 문화·예술과 관련된 요소로 여러 가지 프로그램 및 축제를 이용객의 요구에 맞는 프로그램을 개설하고 적극적으로 알린다면 주요 행태가 더 활발하게 일어나게 할 수 있을 것이다. 한편, 서울로 7017의 이용객들이 원하는 주요행태는 정적 행태인 '앉다'인데, 앉는 행태가 일어나기에 물리적인 조건이 충분하지 않으므로 그늘, 벤치 등 앉는 행태가 일어날 수 있는 시설을 개선하여 방문객의 요구를 충족시킬 수 있을 것이다. 서울로 7017의 행태변화의 특이점으로 코로나19로 인하여 공공다중이용시설 및 집단 활동이 제한되면서 혼자 여행하기 좋은 곳, 혼자 산책하기 좋은 곳으로 인식되고 있다는 점이다. 이에 코로나19와 같은 상황에서 사람들이 산책 등을 할 수 있는 시설, 여러 가지 볼거리 증대 등을 통하여 더 다양한 행태가 도출될 수 있고, 이용객의 만족도를 높일 수 있다. 서울로 7017은 국내 최초의 공중보행로서 공공공간의 의미를 넘어 주변 지역의 도시재생 및 도시자원의 효율적 활용을 위하여 조성되었으며, 역사, 자연, 복지, 문화, 관광자원 등 다양한 가치를 지니고 있는 장소이다. 그러나 이용행태 분석 결과, 서울로 7017에서 다양한 행태가 일어나지 않고 있으며, 주요 행태를 방해하는 요소가 도출되었다. 이러한 연구 결과를 참고하여 서울로 7017의 이용행태를 파악하고, 공간체계 및 시설 개선의 계획을 수립하여 서울로 7017이 도시민들에게 중요한 장소이자 도시를 활성화하는 동력이 될 수 있도록 발전시켜 나가야 할 것이다.