• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.50-56
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• 2003

This research was done to make the effective prescription and cope with various senile dementia. So Sprague-Dawley rats were injected with ibotenate to make a damage on learning and memory functions. At first acquisition test and retention rest were done in the Morris water maze. And to evaluate the effects of the sample drug(TBM) on choline acetyltranferase and acetylcholine esterase, immunoreactive measurement and enzymatic activity measuring were carried out. The ibotenic acid were injected to hippocampus CA1 and CA3 area. The results were as following. TBM improved the learning ability in the acquisition test and memory function in the retention test significantly. And TBM increased the level of ChAT which is synthesizing acetylcholine in CA3 area, and at the same time it increased the level of AChE which is resolving acetylcholine. These results show that T8M improved the cholinergic catabolism and anabolism, and the increment of metabolic activity of cholinergic system. In other words, it contributes to the recovery of damaged learning and memory function by ibotenic acid. So it can be concluded that TBM will be helpful to cholinergic brain damage induced by primary or senile reduction of acetylcholine secretive activity.

• Journal of KIISE:Software and Applications
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.369-378
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• 2004

In partially free word order languages like Korean and Japanese, the rule-based method is effective for text chunking, and shows the performance as high as machine learning methods even with a few rules due to the well-developed overt Postpositions and endings. However, it has no ability to handle the exceptions of the rules. Exception handling is an important work in natural language processing, and the exceptions can be efficiently processed in memory-based teaming. In this paper, we propose a hybrid of rule-based method and memory-based learning for Korean text chunking. The proposed method is primarily based on the rules, and then the chunks estimated by the rules are verified by memory-based classifier. An evaluation of the proposed method on Korean STEP 2000 corpus yields the improvement in F-score over the rules or various machine teaming methods alone. The final F-score is 94.19, while those of the rules and SVMs, the best machine learning method for this task, are just 91.87 and 92.54 respectively.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.319-332
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• 2013

Previous research on learning and memory has focused on how they are constructed through past experiences. Recent studies, however, have shed light on that such cognitive processes are in service of higher goals of maximizing future rewards. This review paper aims to introduce and discuss a related line of research. First, this paper introduces researches that show goal-directed model-based reinforcement learning, in which agents choose a behavior that does not necessarily bring immediate rewards but will allow future rewards, based on generalization and analogical extrapolation. It also reviews studies on neural substrates of goal-directed learning, and discusses that cognitive process implicated in striatal dopaminergic signals can also influence memory. Especially, memory is not a merely passive process of storing and retrieving past experiences homogeneously, but rather results of a decision-making process to serve higher goals. The body of research suggests that information on future rewards can have influence on current cognitive processing in a retrospective manner.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.258-264
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• 2017

Background: Pulpal pain is one of the most common and severe orofacial pain conditions with considerable adverse effects on physiological processes including learning and memory. Regular exercise is known to be effective on cognitive function as well as pain processing in the central nervous system. Here, the possible effects of regular exercise on pulpal pain response as well as pain-induced changes in learning and memory efficiency in rats were investigated. Methods: Twenty-four male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to the control, capsaicin, exercise, and exercise plus capsaicin groups. Rats in exercise groups were forced to run on a treadmill with a moderate exercise protocol for 4 weeks. Capsaicin was used to induce dental pulp pain. Passive avoidance learning and memory performance was assessed by using a shuttle box apparatus. Results: According to the results, regular exercise could decrease the time course of capsaicin-induced pulpal pain (P < 0.001). Moreover, in capsaicin-treated rats, passive avoidance acquisition was impaired as compared to the control (P < 0.05) and exercise (P < 0.001) groups. Additionally, regular exercise before capsaicin injection could attenuate capsaicin-induced memory impairments (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Taken together, the present data showed that regular exercise has inhibitory effects on capsaicin-induced pulpal pain as well as pain-induced cognitive dysfunction in rats.

• Journal of IKEEE
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.65-74
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• 2008

One of the popular methods used for pattern classification is the MBR (Memory-Based Reasoning) algorithm. Since it simply computes distances between a test pattern and training patterns or hyperplanes stored in memory, and then assigns the class of the nearest training pattern, it is notorious for memory usage and can't learn additional information from new data. In order to overcome this problem, we propose an incremental learning algorithm (iMPA). iMPA divides the entire pattern space into fixed number partitions, and generates representatives from each partition. Also, due to the fact that it can not learn additional information from new data, we present iMPA which can learn additional information from new data and not require access to the original data, used to train. Proposed methods have been successfully shown to exhibit comparable performance to k-NN with a lot less number of patterns and better result than EACH system which implements the NGE theory using benchmark data sets from UCI Machine Learning Repository.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.39-45
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• 2007

Extracts of adult worker bodies of Vespa simillima in 2 % NaCl or acidified methanol were administered orally to mice for 70 days. Following this period, memory at one-day and one-month periods, and the effects on scopolamine-induced amnesia were examined using a step-through passive avoidance task. Changes in MK-801-induced disability after 8 days of training, and in memory one month after the trial were also assessed. Mice treated with the 2% NaCl extract showed significant improvement in memory in the behavioral tests one month after the trial, whereas mice receiving the extract in acidified methanol, did not differ from the controls in any trial. The results inidicate that Vespa simillima contains substances acting favorably on the cerebral functions of mammals.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.203-208
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• 2020

This study examined whether Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) is related to the reduction of specific memory among linguistic memory and visuospatial memory, and to identify the most predictive index for discriminating MCI from normal elderly. The subjects were analyzed for 189 elderly (103 healthy elderly, 86 MCI). The verbal memory was used by the Seoul Verbal Learning Test. visuospatial memory was measured using the Rey Complex Figure Test. As a result of multiple logistic regression, verbal memory and visuospatial memory showed significant predictive performance in discriminating MCI from normal elderly. On the other hand, when all the confounding variables were corrected, including the results of each memory test, the predictive power was significant in distinguishing MCI from normal aging only in the immediate recall of verbal memory, and the predictive power was not significant in the immediate recall of visuospatial memory. This result suggests that delayed recall of visuospatial memory and immediate recall of verbal memory are the best combinations to discriminate memory ability of MCI.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.381-390
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to examine whether ginsenoside Rg3 (GRg3) could improve learning and memory impairments and inflammatory reactions induced by injecting lipopolysaccharide (LPS) into the brains of rats. The effects of GRg3 on proinflammatory mediators in the hippocampus and the underlying mechanisms of these effects were also investigated. Injection of LPS into the lateral ventricle caused chronic inflammation and produced deficits in learning in a memory-impairment animal model. Daily administration of GRg3 (10, 20, and 50 mg/kg, i.p.) for 21 consecutive days markedly improved the LPS-induced learning and memory disabilities demonstrated on the step-through passive avoidance test and Morris water maze test. GRg3 administration significantly decreased expression of pro-inflammatory mediators such as tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$, interleukin-1${\beta}$, and cyclooxygenase-2 in the hippocampus, as assessed by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis and immunohistochemistry. Together, these findings suggest that GRg3 significantly attenuated LPS-induced cognitive impairment by inhibiting the expression of pro-inflammatory mediators in the rat brain. These results suggest that GRg3 may be effective for preventing or slowing the development of neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, by improving cognitive and memory functions due to its anti-inflammatory activity in the brain.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.278-282
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• 2009

Previous studies indicate that BF-7 enhances learning and memory in normal and elderly individuals. Here, we evaluated whether milk containing BF-7 (BF-7 milk) could improve the brain function, with thirty normal university students $(21{\pm}1.2 years)$. Two versions of the Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test were used under double-blinded conditions to measure the efficacy of BF-7 milk on learning and memory, especially working memory and attention, and on mathematical ability. As a result, BF-7 milk improved the accuracy of the task more than 3-fold. Furthermore, BF-7 milk protected cultured neuronal cells from 3-hydroxykynurenine, a normal endogenous brain stress agent. These results indicate that BF-7 milk enhances memory, attention and mathematical ability in normal persons.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.39-48
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• 2022

Objectives : In the present study, we assessed the effects of water extract of Ulmus davidiana(UED) on the learning and memory impairments induced by scopolamine in mice through its favorable acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activity and antioxidant effect. Methods : The memory and cognitive enhancing effect of the UDE was investigated using a passive avoidance test, the Morris water maze test and Y-maze test in mice. In addition, to examine the mechanism of UDE using acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and antioxidant activity. Results : The water extract of UDE (100, and 200 mg/kg) significantly reversed the scopolamine-induced cognitive impairments in the passive avoidance test (P < 0.05). Moreover, UDE (100, and 200 mg/kg) also improved escape latencies in training trials and increased swimming times and distances within the target zone of the Morris water maze (P < 0.05). On the Y-maze test, UDE (100, and 200 mg/kg) also significantly reversed scopolamine-induced cognitive impairments in mice (P < 0.05). In an in vitro study, UDE was found to inhibit acetylcholinesterase, changes in neurotrophic factor (CREB), and antioxidant activity in a dose-dependent manner. Conclusions : The water extract of UDE dramatically possesses the anti-amnestic and cognitive-enhancing activities related to the memory processes, and these activities were parallel to treatment duration and dependent on the learning models. These results suggest that the administration of UDE enhances learning and memory, and that this effect is partially mediated by ERK-CREB-BDNF signaling and the survival of immature neurons.