Browse > Article
http://dx.doi.org/10.3344/kjp.2017.30.4.258

The effects of regular exercise on capsaicin-induced pulpal pain and pain-induced changes in passive avoidance learning and memory in rats  

Raoof, Maryam (Endodontology Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences)
Shakoori, Afshin (Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences)
Kooshki, Razieh (Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman)
Abbasnejad, Mehdi (Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman)
Amanpour, Sara (Oral and Dental Diseases Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences)
Publication Information
The Korean Journal of Pain / v.30, no.4, 2017 , pp. 258-264 More about this Journal
Abstract
Background: Pulpal pain is one of the most common and severe orofacial pain conditions with considerable adverse effects on physiological processes including learning and memory. Regular exercise is known to be effective on cognitive function as well as pain processing in the central nervous system. Here, the possible effects of regular exercise on pulpal pain response as well as pain-induced changes in learning and memory efficiency in rats were investigated. Methods: Twenty-four male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to the control, capsaicin, exercise, and exercise plus capsaicin groups. Rats in exercise groups were forced to run on a treadmill with a moderate exercise protocol for 4 weeks. Capsaicin was used to induce dental pulp pain. Passive avoidance learning and memory performance was assessed by using a shuttle box apparatus. Results: According to the results, regular exercise could decrease the time course of capsaicin-induced pulpal pain (P < 0.001). Moreover, in capsaicin-treated rats, passive avoidance acquisition was impaired as compared to the control (P < 0.05) and exercise (P < 0.001) groups. Additionally, regular exercise before capsaicin injection could attenuate capsaicin-induced memory impairments (P < 0.05). Conclusions: Taken together, the present data showed that regular exercise has inhibitory effects on capsaicin-induced pulpal pain as well as pain-induced cognitive dysfunction in rats.
Keywords
Capsaicin; Dental pulp; Pain; Passive avoidance learning; Rat; Regular exercise;
Citations & Related Records
Times Cited By KSCI : 1  (Citation Analysis)
연도 인용수 순위
1 Zagaar M, Alhaider I, Dao A, Levine A, Alkarawi A, Alzubaidy M, et al. The beneficial effects of regular exercise on cognition in REM sleep deprivation: behavioral, electrophysiological and molecular evidence. Neurobiol Dis 2012; 45: 1153-62.   DOI
2 Jones DM, Arters J, Berger-Sweeney J. Carbon dioxideinduced anesthesia has no effect on brain biogenic amine concentrations in mice. Lab Anim Sci 1999; 49: 316-8.
3 Kohler I, Meier R, Busato A, Neiger-Aeschbacher G, Schatzmann U. Is carbon dioxide (CO2) a useful short acting anaesthetic for small laboratory animals? Lab Anim 1999; 33: 155-61.   DOI
4 Pelissier T, Pajot J, Dallel R. The orofacial capsaicin test in rats: effects of different capsaicin concentrations and morphine. Pain 2002; 96: 81-7.   DOI
5 Raoof M, Esmaeili-Mahani S, Nourzadeh M, Raoof R, Abbasnejad M, Amirkhosravi L, et al. Noxious stimulation of the rat tooth pulp may impair learning and memory through the induction of hippocampal apoptosis. J Oral Facial Pain Headache 2015; 29: 390-7.   DOI
6 Leicht CA, Bishop NC. The effect of acute and chronic exercise on inflammatory markers in SCI. In: The physiology of exercise in spinal cord injury. Edited by Taylor J. Boston (MA), Springer. 2016, pp 217-31.
7 Lee YY, Yang YP, Huang PI, Li WC, Huang MC, Kao CL, et al. Exercise suppresses COX-2 pro-inflammatory pathway in vestibular migraine. Brain Res Bull 2015; 116: 98-105.   DOI
8 Koltyn KF. Analgesia following exercise: a review. Sports Med 2000; 29: 85-98.   DOI
9 Bement MK, Sluka KA. Low-intensity exercise reverses chronic muscle pain in the rat in a naloxone-dependent manner. Arch Phys Med Rehabil 2005; 86: 1736-40.   DOI
10 Su CF, Chang YY, Pai HH, Liu IM, Lo CY, Cheng JT. Mediation of beta-endorphin in exercise-induced improvement in insulin resistance in obese Zucker rats. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2005; 21: 175-82.   DOI
11 Grace PM, Hutchinson MR, Maier SF, Watkins LR. Pathological pain and the neuroimmune interface. Nat Rev Immunol 2014; 14: 217-31.   DOI
12 Chidiac JJ, Rifai K, Hawwa NN, Massaad CA, Jurjus AR, Jabbur SJ, et al. Nociceptive behaviour induced by dental application of irritants to rat incisors: a new model for tooth inflammatory pain. Eur J Pain 2002; 6: 55-67.   DOI
13 Hung CH, Huang PC, Tzeng JI, Wang JJ, Chen YW. Therapeutic ultrasound and treadmill training suppress peripheral nerve injury-induced pain in rats. Phys Ther 2016; 96: 1545-53.   DOI
14 Loyd DR, Sun XX, Locke EE, Salas MM, Hargreaves KM. Sex differences in serotonin enhancement of capsaicin-evoked calcitonin gene-related peptide release from human dental pulp. Pain 2012; 153: 2061-7.   DOI
15 Erfanparast A, Tamaddonfard E, Nemati S. Effects of intrahippocampal microinjection of vitamin B12 on the orofacial pain and memory impairments induced by scopolamine and orofacial pain in rats. Physiol Behav 2017; 170: 68-77.   DOI
16 Dietrich A, McDaniel WF. Endocannabinoids and exercise. Br J Sports Med 2004; 38: 536-41.   DOI
17 Bechara RG, Kelly AM. Exercise improves object recognition memory and induces BDNF expression and cell proliferation in cognitively enriched rats. Behav Brain Res 2013; 245: 96-100.   DOI
18 Sleiman SF, Henry J, Al-Haddad R, El Hayek L, Abou Haidar E, Stringer T, et al. Exercise promotes the expression of brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) through the action of the ketone body ${\beta}$-hydroxybutyrate. Elife 2016; 5: e15092.
19 Kim SE, Ko IG, Kim BK, Shin MS, Cho S, Kim CJ, et al. Treadmill exercise prevents aging-induced failure of memory through an increase in neurogenesis and suppression of apoptosis in rat hippocampus. Exp Gerontol 2010; 45: 357-65.   DOI
20 Phaneuf S, Leeuwenburgh C. Apoptosis and exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2001; 33: 393-6.   DOI
21 Esch T, Stefano GB. Endogenous reward mechanisms and their importance in stress reduction, exercise and the brain. Arch Med Sci 2010; 6: 447-55.
22 Greenwood BN, Fleshner M. Exercise, stress resistance, and central serotonergic systems. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 2011; 39: 140-9.   DOI
23 Venkatachalam K, Montell C. TRP channels. Annu Rev Biochem 2007; 76: 387-417.   DOI
24 Lipton JA, Ship JA, Larach-Robinson D. Estimated prevalence and distribution of reported orofacial pain in the United States. J Am Dent Assoc 1993; 124: 115-21.
25 Geurts JW, Haumann J, van Kleef M. Multidisciplinary treatment of orofacial pain. Ned Tijdschr Tandheelkd 2016; 123: 547-51.   DOI
26 Sessle BJ. Neural mechanisms and pathways in craniofacial pain. Can J Neurol Sci 1999; 26 Suppl 3: S7-11.   DOI
27 Huang J, Zhang X, McNaughton PA. Inflammatory pain: the cellular basis of heat hyperalgesia. Curr Neuropharmacol 2006; 4: 197-206.   DOI
28 Moriarty O, McGuire BE, Finn DP. The effect of pain on cognitive function: a review of clinical and preclinical research. Prog Neurobiol 2011; 93: 385-404.   DOI
29 Petersen LJ, Winge K, Brodin E, Skov PS. No release of histamine and substance P in capsaicin-induced neurogenic inflammation in intact human skin in vivo: a microdialysis study. Clin Exp Allergy 1997; 27: 957-65.   DOI
30 Nahman-Averbuch H, Dayan L, Sprecher E, Hochberg U, Brill S, Yarnitsky D, et al. Pain modulation and autonomic function: the effect of clonidine. Pain Med 2016 [in press].
31 Raoof R, Esmaeili-Mahani S, Abbasnejad M, Raoof M, Sheibani V, Kooshki R, et al. Changes in hippocampal orexin 1 receptor expression involved in tooth pain-induced learning and memory impairment in rats. Neuropeptides 2015; 50: 9-16.   DOI
32 Kooshki R, Abbasnejad M, Esmaeili-Mahani S, Raoof M. The role of trigeminal nucleus caudalis orexin 1 receptors in orofacial pain transmission and in orofacial pain-induced learning and memory impairment in rats. Physiol Behav 2016; 157: 20-7.   DOI
33 Williamson DJ, Hargreaves RJ, Hill RG, Shepheard SL. Intravital microscope studies on the effects of neurokinin agonists and calcitonin gene-related peptide on dural vessel diameter in the anaesthetized rat. Cephalalgia 1997; 17: 518-24.   DOI
34 Parise M, Kubo TT, Doring TM, Tukamoto G, Vincent M, Gasparetto EL. Cuneus and fusiform cortices thickness is reduced in trigeminal neuralgia. J Headache Pain 2014; 15: 17.   DOI
35 Wu Z, Qian XY, An JX, Liu CC, Tian M, Cope DK, et al. Trigeminal neuralgia induced by cobra venom in the rat leads to deficits in abilities of spatial learning and memory. Pain Physician 2015; 18: E207-16.
36 Kandola A, Hendrikse J, Lucassen PJ, Yucel M. Aerobic exercise as a tool to improve hippocampal plasticity and function in humans: practical implications for mental health treatment. Front Hum Neurosci 2016; 10: 373.
37 Weissman-Fogel I, Moayedi M, Tenenbaum HC, Goldberg MB, Freeman BV, Davis KD. Abnormal cortical activity in patients with temporomandibular disorder evoked by cognitive and emotional tasks. Pain 2011; 152: 384-96.   DOI
38 Hillman CH, Erickson KI, Kramer AF. Be smart, exercise your heart: exercise effects on brain and cognition. Nat Rev Neurosci 2008; 9: 58-65.   DOI
39 Chang YK, Labban JD, Gapin JI, Etnier JL. The effects of acute exercise on cognitive performance: a meta-analysis. Brain Res 2012; 1453: 87-101.   DOI
40 Radahmadi M, Hosseini N, Alaei H. Effect of exercise, exercise withdrawal, and continued regular exercise on excitability and long-term potentiation in the dentate gyrus of hippocampus. Brain Res 2016; 1653: 8-13.   DOI
41 Subramaniapillai M, Tremblay L, Grassmann V, Remington G, Faulkner G. The effect of an acute bout of exercise on executive function among individuals with schizophrenia. Psychiatry Res 2016; 246: 637-43.   DOI
42 Fuss J, Steinle J, Bindila L, Auer MK, Kirchherr H, Lutz B, et al. A runner's high depends on cannabinoid receptors in mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112: 13105-8.   DOI
43 Stagg NJ, Mata HP, Ibrahim MM, Henriksen EJ, Porreca F, Vanderah TW, et al. Regular exercise reverses sensory hypersensitivity in a rat neuropathic pain model: role of endogenous opioids. Anesthesiology 2011; 114: 940-8.   DOI
44 Calixtre LB, Gruninger BL, Haik MN, Alburquerque-Sendin F, Oliveira AB. Effects of cervical mobilization and exercise on pain, movement and function in subjects with temporomandibular disorders: a single group pre-post test. J Appl Oral Sci 2016; 24: 188-97.   DOI
45 Park SJ. The effects of exercise of diverse intensities on the expression of TNF-${\alpha}$ in the spinal cord in osteoarthritic rats. J Korean Soc Phys Med 2013; 8: 539-47.   DOI
46 de Moura Guimaraes T, Tavares CD, Almeida FR, Cunali PA, Ferraz O, Dal Fabbro C, et al. Mandibular exercises for the prevention of temporomandibular disorder during mandibular advancement device therapy in obstructive sleep apnea patients: a randomized controlled trial. Int Arch Med 2016; 9.