• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.597-603
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• 2011

The in-vitro whitening and anti-wrinkle effect of ethanol extracts from apple flesh and peel were investigated. The EtOAc fractions from the ethanol extracts of apple flesh and peel showed in-vitro antioxidant activities in a dose-dependent manner on ABTS radical-scavenging activity and ferric-reducing/antioxidant power, and had the highest total phenolic contents (84.25 and 318.25 mg GAE/g). In addition, the EtOAc fractions generally showed strong UV absorption within the UV-B range. In the cellular system, the melanin synthesis of the B16/F10 melanoma cells was decreased by the EtOAc fractions of apple peel in a concentration-dependent manner. The EtOAc fractions of apple peel also showed a great elastase inhibition of 46.40% at 100 ${\mu}g$/mL, thus showing good in-vitro anti-wrinkle characteristics. These results suggest that the EtOAc fractions from the ethanol extract of apple peel can be used as whitening and anti-wrinkle agents as well as antioxidant resources.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.89-93
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to investigate the antioxidant and skin whitening effects of Artemisia iwayomogi extract. Artemisia iwayomogi was extracted with 100% ethanol and water. The antioxidative and skin whitening effects of these extracts were determined with in vitro assays by using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method assessing the inhibitory effects on tyrosinase activity and melanogenesis in B16 melanoma cells. Radical scavenging activity of the extracts was tested by DPPH assay which showed a high DPPH radical scavenging activity ($SC_{50}$; 17.1 ppm in EtOH, 198.4 ppm in water). In term of tyrosinase inhibitory activity, Artemisia iwayomogi ethanol extract showed high inhibition activity ($IC_{50}$: 481.8 ppm). In B16 mouse melanoma cells, the ethanol extract significantly inhibited melanin synthesis by 36.8% at a concentration of 50 ppm. These results suggest that Artemisia iwayomogi ethanol extract has significant antioxidant activity and whitening activity.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.42 no.6
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• pp.750-754
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to investigate the antioxidant and skin whitening effects of Rhamnus yoshinoi extracts. Rhamnus yoshinoi was extracted with 100% ethanol and water. The antioxidative and skin whitening effects of extracts were determined by in vitro assays using the 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) method and inhibitory effects against tyrosinase activity and melanogenesis in B16F1 melanoma cells. The radical scavenging activities of the Rhamnus yoshinoi extracts were tested by DPPH assay and showed high DPPH radical scavenging activities (SC50; 21.6 ppm in EtOH, 40.5 ppm in water). As for tyrosinase inhibitory activity, the Rhamnus yoshinoi ethanol extract had the highest inhibition activity ($IC_{50}$; 256.3 ppm). In B16F1 mouse melanoma cells, the Rhamnus yoshinoi ethanol extract significantly inhibited melanin synthesis by 53.36% at the concentration of 50 ppm. These results suggest that Rhamnus yoshinoi ethanol extract has significant antioxidant activity and whitening activity.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.7-15
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• 2004

This research was designed to investigate the antioxidant activity of red cabbage (Brassica oleracea L., BO) fractions on the liposomes consisted of L-$\alpha$-dilinoleoylphosphatidylcholine (DLPC-liposome) and the tyrosinase activity of BO fractions. The methanol extract of BO (BOM) was fractionated into five different partition layers: hexane (BOMH), ethylether (BOMEE), ethylacetate (BOMEA), butanol (BOMB) and aqueous (BOMA) layers. The antioxidant activities of BOM fractions toward oxidized DLPC-liposome were examined by spectrophotometry measuring oxidized conjugated dines. The antioxidant activities of BOMEE and BOMEA fractions toward oxidized DLPC-liposomes were similar to the antioxidant activities of $\alpha$-tocopherol and weaker than that of BHT. The synergy effects of antioxidation of BOMEE and BOMEA fractions added with vitamin C and $\alpha$-tocopherol had even stronger antioxidant activities than the fractions without vitamin C and $\alpha$-tocopherol. These results showed that the fractions of BOMEE and BOMEA could be developed as a potent antioxidant. Out of five different partition layers of BOM fractions, BOMEA exhibited the strongest tyrosinase activity of 94% at a concentration of 40 $\mu\textrm{g}$/mL. This result suggests BOMEA fractions inhibit the foramation of melanin and therefore can be used as the inhibitor of melanin synthesis. Results of antioxidant activity and tyrosinase inhibition indicate that useful bioactive substances exist in BOMEE and BOMEA fractions. Both fractions from BO (red cabbage) have the potential of being developed into health related products.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.524-531
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• 2018

The essential oil from Abies koreana E.H. Wilson had been developed, however, its efficacy has not yet been studied especially in terms of skin care research. The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of Abies koreana extracts (AKE) on melanogenesis and wrinkle formation in B16F10 melanoma cells (B16F10) and human dermal fibroblast cell line (HDF). The essential oil was extracted by hydrodistillation method and purified by anhydrous sodium sulfate. At a concentration of $10^{-5}$-fold, viability in these cells had been defined by cytotoxicity assays. Anti-melanogenic effects on B16F10 were evaluated using tyrosinase inhibition assay, and real-time PCR for verifying gene expression of tyrosinase, tyrosinase related protein-1 and -2 (TRP-1 and -2). AKEs reduced about 5-fold of tyrosinase inhibitory activity compared to ${\alpha}$-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (${\alpha}$-MSH)-induced group and about 30% reduction compared to Arbutin induced group. The mRNA levels of three melanin-related factors were increased, separately. To investigate the effects of anti-wrinkle, procollagen type I c peptide synthesis assay (PIP) and Western blot were performed. At AKE-treated group, PIP was up-regulated and the expression of collagen type 1 and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1 were improved. Furthermore, AKE presented anti-wrinkle effects by increasing UVB-inhibited collagen type 1 expression, and reducing UVB-induced MMP-1 production at $60mJ/cm^2$ of UVB radiation. Therefore, Abies koreana extracts has potentials as a safe and an effective skin ingredient for whitening and anti-wrinkle.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.341-350
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• 2015

Skin carrys out protective role against harmful outer environment assaults including ultraviolet radiation, heavy metals and oxides. Especially, ultraviolet-B (UVB) light causes inflammatory reactions in skin such as sun burn and erythma and stimulates melanin pigmentation. Furthermore, the influx of UVB into skin cells causes DNA damage in keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts, inhibition of extracellular matrix (ECM) synthesis which leads to a decrease in elasticity of skin and wrinkle formation. It also damages dermal connective tissue and disrupts the skin barrier function. Prolonged exposure of human skin to UVB light is well known to trigger severe skin lesions such as cell death and carcinogenesis. Haloarcula vallismortis is a halophilic microorganism isolated from the Dead Sea, Its growth characteristics have not been studied in detail yet. It generally grows at salinity more than 10%, but the actual growth salinity usually ranges between 20 to 25%. Because H. vallismortis is found mainly in saltern or salt lakes, there could exist defense mechanisms against strong sunlight. One of them is generation of additional ATP using halorhodopsin which absorbs photons and produces energy by potential difference formed by opening the chloride ion channel. It often shows a color of pink or red because of their high content of carotenoid pigments and it is considered to act as a defense mechanism against intense UV irradiation. In this study, the anti-inflammatory effect of the halophilic microorganism, H. vallismortis, extract was investigated. It was found that H. vallismortis extract had protective effect on DNA damage induced by UV irradiation. These results suggest that the extract of halophilic bacterium, H. vallismortis could be used as a bio-sunscreen or natural sunscreen which ameliorate the harmful effects of UV light with its anti-inflammatory and DNA protective properties.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.101-107
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• 2022

In this research, the anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiaging, and skin whitening properties of pulp and seed extracts of passion fruit were studied. The result of the primary skin irritation test using a skin-attached patch determined the skin irritation index to be 0.00 for the passion fruit extract. In addition, RAW 264.7 macrophages produce NO by stimulation of lipopolysaccharides, and the application of extracts to this resulted in significantly lower NOs, confirming the excellent anti-inflammatory properties of passion fruit extracts. The 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl test further confirmed that the passion fruit extract exhibits a good 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonate radical scavenging ability of 5.11% and strong antioxidant properties. The presence of collagen type I in the skin is a measure of aging and various skin diseases. The results obtained from the analysis of the activity of human procollagen I alpha 1 confirmed that the passion fruit extract reduces the synthesis of procollagen. In addition, the skin whitening property of the passion fruit extract was confirmed by the melanin inhibition test, and a sample was obtained that contained more than 2% of arbutin, a whitening agent approved by the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety, which is generally present in the form of a white powder and is used as a functional ingredient. This confirms that the whitening efficacy of the passion fruit extract obtained from nature contributes to the development of functional raw materials for cosmetics and food.