• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.147-159
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• 2011

The purpose of the study is to propose a policy implication of urban logistics in the Incheon metropolitan city. To attain the aim, it reviews new characteristics that Logistics Policy Fundamental Law(LPFL) published by government 2009 suggests and studies the previous papers like Logistic Fundamental Plan(LFP) of other metropolitan cities. After that it proposes a policy implication through benchmarking of urban logistics plan at Tokyo city not only located at a capital area at Japan but also including port and airport. The results are as follows. Firstly, field survey studies of the "LFP" every five years will need to keep pace with "Urban Fundamental Plan"(UFP) having designed to all cities legally every ten years. Secondly, Incheon will be required to create value-added logistics, making best use of third-party logistic companies to small-medium sized businesses along with the age of green. Thirdly, LFP needs to be performed through a mutual cooperation and adjustment among Incheon, Gyeonggi-do and Seoul and in this regions eco-friendly companies performing related logistic activities have to be followed executive and financial supports. Lastly, it will be obliged to develop a evaluation management index to understand the advancement level through a feedback system.

• Journal of Naturopathy
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.93-99
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• 2022

Background: It is necessary to understand the correlation between stress and depression according to eating habits in the elderly. Purposes: To empirically verify the mediating effect of eating habits in the relationship between stress and depression in the elderly. Methods: we distributed an 'online questionnaire' to men and women aged 60 or more living in large cities, medium, and small-sized cities in Korea using Google questionnaires, and 365 replies were collected and used for analysis. Results: First, we found that stress in the elderly directly affected depression. In summary, an increment in the stress level of the elderly induces an increment in the depression level. Second, the eating habits of the elderly indirectly mediated the relationship between stress and depression. Conclusions: This study is meaningful in that it has verified eating habits have a mediating effect on the relationship between stress and depression in the elderly, and healthy eating habits of individuals can reduce depression. Therefore, counseling institution must check their daily eating habits when counseling the degree of depression of the elderly. In addition, eating habits are affected by stress, and it is necessary to grasp the individual stress index for the elderly who has terrible eating habits. Furthermore, it is needed to provide continuous nutrition education in institutions and communities to have proper eating habits.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.15 no.7
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• pp.4132-4138
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• 2014

The purpose of this assessment was to provide the basic data for setting up education in terms of 'Hand wash' as one of the health plan & education programs for adolescents. The task analyzed the behavior of students regarding hand washing, which were ranged from middle school to high school. The SPSS 18.0 statistical program, frequency-test and cross-analysis were used for data analysis by 2011, 2012 and 2013, which were the recent 3 years, the Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey data. In the data, the response of "Never washed" from students before having a meal accounted for 29.4% in 2011, 30.5% in 2012 and 18.5% in 2013, respectively. Unlike other subjects, these facts suggest that this kind of behavior should be considered significant under the assessment. By tracking the trend over three years, some facts were confirmed in that students living in the metropolitan and medium-sized cities were less likely to wash their hands than students in small- sized towns. In terms of gender, female students were less likely to wash their hands than male students. Regarding the type of school, more students in the public middle & high schools had a tendency to respond "Never hand wash" than the students in the special-purpose high schools. Furthermore, as the grade was increased in middle school and high school, students were less likely to wash their hands before meals in school. Therefore, Health promotion and health education for students should be conducted more carefully with more emphasis on this point.

• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.313-319
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• 2005

This survey was conducted in order to obtain the basic data for desirable consumption habits through investigation and analysis of university students' fast food consumption behaviors. Questionnaires were collected from a total of 374 male and female students living in big or small and medium-sized cities in August, 2004. The contents surveyed were utilization and expenses of fast foods, choice of fast foods, relationship between fast foods and a diet, and characteristics of fast food restaurants. The results obtained are summarized as follows: 1. The ratio of the surveyees varied according to gender, residence, and the size of a city they're living in. For example, males took up 48.66% of the surveyees, while females did 51.34%. The ratio of residents in apartments and stand-alone houses was 54.81% and 45.19% each. 47.33% of the respondents were living in big cities, while 52.67% of them in small and medium-sized cities. 2. 70.1% of the surveyees responded that they are with friends when having fast foods. There was a highly significant difference between male and female in the type of eating companions (p<0.001). The average number of days that they eat fast foods was 1 to 2 times a week, which accounted for 63.7% of the respondents. However, in the case of eating foods, there was no significant differences between two sexes. 3. 64.2% of the surveyees paid more than 20,000 won to buy fast foods for a week, which showed no significant differences between genders. They tend to split a bill, rather than one person pays all. There was a highly significant difference between genders in paying method (p<0.001). 4. 52.1 % of the respondents chose a menu themselves. Their most favored food was chickens (26.5%), which showed a statistically significant difference between genders (p<0.001). 46.8% of them preferred coke as a drink, which had no significant difference between genders. 42.2% of the surveyees had fast foods between lunch and dinner, which also had no significant difference between genders. The most important factor in choosing a menu was its taste (62.8%), which indicated a significant difference between males and females (p<0.05). 5. The preference to fast foods was due to the influence of western culture (36.4%) and eating-out habits (29.1%), which was significantly different between genders (p<0.05). Those who eat fast foods answered they have normal weight and normal body type (49.5%). 24.3% of them were relatively fat with significant difference between genders (p<0.05). 63.4% of the surveyees thought themselves not picky with foods, and there was a significant difference between genders (p<0.05). 78.3% of them mostly preferred franchise restaurants because they are convenient and cheap.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.198-205
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• 2016

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: A healthy diet has been reported to be associated with physical development, cognition and academic performance, and personality during adolescence. This study was performed to investigate the relationships among milk consumption and academic performance, learning motivation and strategies, and personality among Korean adolescents. SUBJECTS/METHODS: The study was divided into two parts. The first part was a survey on the relationship between milk consumption and academic performance, in which intakes of milk and milk products and academic scores were examined in percentiles among 630 middle and high school students residing in small and medium-sized cities in 2009. The second part was a survey on the relationships between milk consumption and learning motivation and strategy as well as personality, in which milk consumption habits were collected and Learning Motivation and Strategy Test (L-MOST) for adolescents and Total Personality Inventory for Adolescents (TPI-A) were conducted in 262 high school students in 2011. RESULTS: In the 2009 survey, milk and milk product intakes of subjects were divided into a low intake group (LM: ${\leq}60.2g/day$), medium intake group (MM: 60.3-150.9 g/day), and high intake group (HM: ${\geq}151.0g/day$). Academic performance of each group was expressed as a percentile, and performance in Korean, social science, and mathematics was significantly higher in the HM group (P < 0.05). In the 2011 survey, the group with a higher frequency of everyday milk consumption showed significantly higher "learning strategy total," "testing technique," and "resources management technique" scores (P < 0.05) in all subjects. However, when subjects were divided by gender, milk intake frequency, learning strategy total, class participation technique, and testing technique showed significantly positive correlations (P < 0.05) in boys, whereas no correlation was observed in girls. Correlations between milk intake frequency and each item of the personality test were only detected in boys, and milk intake frequency showed positive correlations with "total agreeability", "organization", "responsibility", "conscientiousness", and "intellectual curiosity" (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Intakes of milk and milk products were correlated with academic performance (Korean, social science, and mathematics) in Korean adolescents. In male high school students, particularly, higher milk intake frequency was positively correlated with learning motivation and strategy as well as some items of the personality inventory.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.183-198
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• 1997

This case study was conducted by verification the site characteristics based on the questionnaire and interview obtained from the all factories located at No. 1 developing area in Kumi industrial complex. The site characteristics were presumed from the process of location behavior and spatial linkage. Kumi industrial complex was developed to improve export industry at national levels by providing chief land price and benefiting various tax. Kumi industrial complex which enticed many factories is playing an important role in export industry in Korea. At beginning, the detention of large enterprises promoted the establishment of related small to medium sized factories into the complex. Two distinctive industries. textile and electronic, were reflected by the purpose to establish the complex and industrial characteristics of Taegu city. respectively. In Kumi industrial complex, positive responses on traffic and raw material supply and negative reactions on the environmental impact on social community as well as high labor charge were investigated. Especially the higher labor cost prevented to hire laborers effectively. In the linkages of spatial and raw material, most factories in the complex depended on the availability of out side the Kumi city. For the textile factories, the supply of raw material and parts were relied on Taegu and/or other cities, whereas in electronic factories purchased them mainly from other cities and partly from abroad. Although questionnaire and interview suggested it, most of the parts were supplied by a parts maturing companies on the complex to a few large enterprises. In the marketing linkage, textile factories revealed higher relation-ship with the foreign countries and sewing factories in Korea. On the other hand, electronic factories have strong relation-ships in the marketing linkage to the parts supplying companies in the complex or large-scale resembling companies in other cities. In the textile companies, the right for decision on purchasing raw materials and parts is belonging to the owner whereas mother enterprise usually have the right for the marketing. In the case of the electronic factories, all the purchasing activities are related to the sub-contracting companies. In the service linkage, the Quality of the service created spatial distinction. There was high linkages on inside of Kumi complex for the low grade services such as repairing and installing machines, whereas strong linkages on outside of the complex for the high grade services such as management, law, taxation, new product development. and manufacturing technology. In the linkages of activity on the R&D (research and development), electronic factories do not have sufficiently qualified institutes in the complex. Strong regional linkages in the field of textile and electronic industries revealed limitations of the local industrial complex. In the sub-contracting linkage, high linkage ship within Kumi boundary reflected the characteristics of industrial site in the complex. There, most decisions by the companies centered by the mother enterprise.

• Land and Housing Review
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• v.2 no.4
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• pp.559-568
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• 2011

This study aims at listing up those manufacturing activities sensitive to regional characteristics by analyzing locational hierarchy designed on the urban rank-size rule. This locational hierarchy by manufacturing activities is expected to provide a ground for the proper supply of an industrial complex. The analysis of the locational hierarchy by manufacturing activities can work as a method of observing the characteristics of the distribution of location for each economic activity by analyzing the trend in the change of manufacturing location. Consequently, it can be used to determine the appropriate manufacturing activities for the industrial complex of a particular region. Here, the locational hierarchy is analyzed depending on the base of the basic local government such as Gun(district level) and Si(city level), and manufacturing activities are categorized by Korea Standard Industry Code. Those activities demonstrating growth pattern are Manufacture of Electronic Equipment(KSIC 26), Manufacture of Medical Precision Optical Instruments Watch(KSIC 27), Manufacture of Motor Vehicles (KSIC 30, 31), etc. With proper infrastructures, these activities can be located everywhere. Those sectors on the decline pattern in the locational hierarchy can be summarized as Manufacture of Tobacco Products(KSIC 12), Manufacture of wearing apparel Fur Articles(KSIC 14), etc. Those sectors scattered widely in the locational hierarchy are Manufacture of Food Products(KSIC 10), Manufacture of Coke Petroleum Products(KSIC 19), Manufacture of Chemical Products(KSIC 20), Manufacture of Electronic Equipment(KSIC 26). These particular manufacturing activities can be operated in those regions in a sufficient supply of unskilled workers regardless of proper infrastructures. Those activities that have a tendency to reconcentrate on larger cities are Manufacture of Textiles(KSIC 13), Manufacture of Wearing Apparel Clothing Fur Articles(KSIC 14), Manufacture of Other Transport Equiptmen(KSIC 31). In most cases, these sectors tend to favor their existing agglomerated areas and concentrate around large cities. Therefore, it is inefficient to promote these sectors in small or medium-sized cities or underdeveloped regions. The establishment of developmental strategies of an industrial complex can gain greater competitiveness by observing such characteristics of the locational hierarchy.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.881-891
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• 2011

Objectives : This study was carried out in order to contribute to preventing dental caries, which is the biggest disease in adolescence and to promoting oral health by implanting a right habit on oral care targeting adolescents, and further to offer basic help to proceeding with making the better health life. Methods : This study carried out questionnaire survey targeting 1,100 students of middle schools where are located in small and medium-sized cities of Gyeongnam from March 7-18, 2011. Statistical processing was performed frequency analysis and cross tabulation, by using SPSSWIN 12.0 program. Results : As for middle school students' oral health education experience, the group with educational experience was indicated to be 52.9% for girl students and 47.1% for boy students(p<.05) in case of gender. Toothbrushing time was indicated to be the highest with 25.6% in 'after having breakfast'. The appearance of toothbrushing after having lunch at school was indicated to be 53.3% for girl students and 26.3% for boy students(p<.001) by gender. The most important reason for toothbrushing accounted for 82.1% in the 1st grade, 71.1% in the 2nd grade, and 67.4% in the 3rd grade depending on school year as for the response as saying of 'aiming to prevent decayed tooth and gum disease.' Thus, the lower school year led to having indicated to be higher in response as saying of brushing teeth for preventing decayed tooth and gum disease(p<.001). As for a toothbrushing method by gender, boy students accounted for 24.2% in response as saying of 'brushing teeth freely', thereby having been indicated to be higher than 15.0% for girl students(p<.001). Conclusions : In order for toothbrushing method to be rightly practiced and habituated continuously, there will be a need of changing adolescents' awareness and of being driven systematically and continuously through oral health education. School oral health education, which can nurture right attitude and habit of oral health care, is thought to be necessarily expanded and executed.

• Korean Journal of Adult Nursing
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• v.25 no.6
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• pp.701-711
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• 2013

Purpose: The plan proposed by the Ministry of Health and Welfare in 2012 did not reflect the position of nurses and focused only on how to increase the number of nurses. There is a need for coming up with a specific and viable alternative plan considering the qualitative aspect of nursing, delegation of nursing tasks, the in-death analysis of the reasons for leaving the nursing profession, and the legal standards based on varying nursing tasks. Methods: Drawing on a review of existing literature, this report was written to examine policy directions and the factors that influence the institutional environment that regulates the supply and demand of the nursing workforce in Korea. Results: Implementing the government's plan for introducing a new type of nurse, the registered practical nurse, which generally requires a two-year associate's degree, must be reconsidered. Also, a concrete plan to make use of unemployed nurses and to close the salary gap between nurses working at hospitals in cities and those working at hospitals in rural areas must be prepared. Furthermore, there is a need for introducing a new rating system aimed at boosting the quality of nursing care in small-and medium-sized hospitals, thereby increasing the number of nursing professionals who provide high quality care. Conclusion: In preparation for expected poor quality of care and looming unemployment crisis due to the increase in the number of nursing professionals, a practical and concrete plan for the supply and demand of the nursing workforce should be made. The Korean Nurses Association should mount a profession-wide campaign to make the government formulate a new and viable policy on the supply and demand of the nursing workforce.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.346-358
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• 2009

Objectives: A study was conducted by analysing the contents and frequency of emergency treatment practiced by emergency medical technicians(EMTs) in emergency situations and contains related factors. Methods: The study subjects included 80 EMTs who participated in ongoing education classes during the period from June 25th to June 26th, 2008. the survey included 53 EMTs employed within 119 first aid teams in fire stations in both a metropolitan city and a medium-sized city. From the survey results relation between frequency of emergency treatment and subjects characteristics explored statistically including t-test, X2 test, Pearson correlation and finally stepwise multiple regression. Results: The most frequent procedure by EMTs checking vital signs. The statistically significant related factors overall of the 23 items of emergency treatment frequency was the working area and the grading of EMT certification. In contrast, significant related factors with frequency of IV linkage were found to be the subjects gender, institution employed and the importance of recognizing the item. The statistically significant related factors of that of ECG monitoring was the gender of respondents. Conclusions: To keep the appropriate frequency of emergency treatment by EMT, active efforts to promote their individual importance and confidence cognition are necessary, especially towards males and persons who have 2nd class certification. Moreover, EMTs who work in small cities must be supported.