• Current Research on Agriculture and Life Sciences
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• v.9
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• pp.37-49
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• 1991

This study was conducted to estimate the effects of year, age of dam at calving, farm and lactation period on milk yield with the data of 4,008 cows' records which were collected at 32 farms by Korea Animal Improvement Association from 1985 to 1989. The results obtained in this study are summarized as follows: 1. The average performance of the dairy cattle in the study were $5,959.23{\pm}2,113.03kg$ in actual milk yield, $49.19{\pm}22.77$ months in age of dam at calving, $27.11{\pm}5.13$ months in age at first calving and $255.11{\pm}79.68$ days in lactation period. 2. The percentages of variance component for different sources were 29.39% for the residuals, 1.91% for years, 4.86% for age at calving, 8.89% for farms and 54.94% for lactation period. 3. The overall mean of least-square estimate on the milk yield was 6,229.31kg. In the effects of year, the least-square means of milk yield were estimated 6,000.76kg in 1985-1987, 6,028.11kg in 1988 and 6,659.07kg in 1989. 4. The least-square means of calving age on the milk yield were estimated 5,456.01kg in less than 24 months, 6,565.48kg in 61-66 months which were the highest least-square means. This effects were gradually increased until the 61-66months and gradually decreased after the 61-66months, with highly significant differences among different months of age at calving(p<0.01). 5. In the effects of farm, the least-square means of milk yield were estimated 4,959.50 kg in the lowest farm and 7,497.07kg in the highest farm. Among the milk yield of each farm the effects showed highly significant difference(p<0.01). 6. The least-square means of milk yield in the effects of lactation period were gradually increased with the lapse of the lactation period. Among the lactation period the effects showed highly significant difference(p<0.01).

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.40 no.7 s.276
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• pp.480-484
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• 2007

Background: Major vascular injuries can jeopardize a patient's life or imperil limb survival. We performed this study to establish an optimal management plan for vascular injuries. Material and Method: We retrospectively reviewed 26 cases of vascular injury that were treated at Pusan National University Hospital from May, 1999 to September, 2004. The age and sex distribution, the locations and causes of vascular injury, the diagnostic tools, the degree of injuries, clinical manifestations, the treatment modality and complications were reviewed. Result: The mean age was 39.5 years (range: $12{\sim}86$) and the male to female ratio was 22 : 4. The injuries were in 6 descending thoracic aortas, 4 femoral arteries, 4 popliteal veins and so on. The causes of injury were iatrogenic in 8 cases, traffic accident in 7, stab injury in 6 and industrial accident in 5. The most commonly used diagnostic tools were CT and angiography. The degrees of arterial injury were pseudoaneurysm in 10 cases, partial severance in 5, complete severance in 3 and thrombosis in 3. The degrees of venous injury were partial severance in 6 cases, complete severance in 2 and arteriovenous fistula in 2. The clinical manifestations were absence of pulse in 8 cases, coldness in 7, chest pain in 6, swelling in 5, bleeding in 5 and so on. The most frequently used type of revascularization was graft interposition in 11 cases. Two arteriovenous fistulae were repaired by endovascular procedure. There was one case of mortality due to multi-organ failure after hemorrhagic shock, There were three major amputations, and two of them were due to delayed diagnosis and treatment. Conclusion: A system for the early diagnosis and treatment is essential for improving limb salvage and patient mortality. As a consequence of the widespread application of endovascular procedures, the incidence of iatrogenic injuries has recently increased. Educating physicians is important for the prevention of iatrogenic injury. Easy communication and cooperation for earlier involvement of a vascular surgeon is also an important factor.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.41 no.6
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• pp.710-717
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• 2008

Background: Atrial fibrillation is associated with several complications such as cerebro-vascular accidents and peripheral arterial embolism. Most of the patients who have this arrhythmia chronically feel their heart beating and so they are frightened; therefore, the quality of a patient's life is decreased. The purpose of this article is to determine the long term results of a modified Maze procedure and the factors that influence the success of the procedure. Material and Method: This study enrolled 88 patients who underwent the modified Maze with using cryoablation between June, 2001 and February, 2007. The 88 consecutive patients were divided into two groups ac cording to how the pulmonary veins were isolated, that is, with or without cryoablation. There were 58 patients who were isolated by cutting and sewing in the right pulmonary veins and by cyroablation in the left pulmonary veins in group 1 (group 1, n=58), and 30 patients who underwent isolation by cryoablation in the right & left pulmonary veins were placed in group 2 (group 2, n=30). The ECG was checked at discharge to determine the sinus conversion rate and we followed up the patients to determine whether or not the patients maintained sinus rhythm. We also checked the ECG at the last visit to determine the patients' heart rhythm. Result: The mean follow up time was $44.3{\pm}19.2$ months. At discharge, 72.4% of the patients in group 1 were in proper sinus rhythm and 66.7% of the patients in group 2 were in proper sinus rhythm. At the last follow up, 81% of the patients in group 1 were in normal sinus rhythm and 60% of the patients in group 2 were in normal sinus rhythm. When we analyzed the data via the Kaplan-Meier method, 86.5% of the patients were free from atrial fibrillation (% free from AF) at 1 year, 80% of the patients were free from atrial fibrillation at 5 year in group 1 and 70% of the patients were free from atrial fibrillation at 1 year and 51 % of the patients in group 2 were free from atrial fibrillation at 5 year. Conclusion: The modified Maze technique using cryoablation was a simple and effective procedure. But the success rate of the Maze technique using cryoblation is lower than that of the standard Maze III. The method using cryoablation shorten the operation time, but we must conduct more studies to get a better result of the modified Maze technique with using cryoablation.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.211-216
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• 2002

The present study was aimed to examine the effect of different host plants on the biological property of cotton caterpillar, outbreak pest of cucurbit vegetables. The feeding and oviposition preferences toward cucumber and pumpkin were greater than those toward watermelon, oriental melon, and melon. The periods of egg and larva fed on oriental melon, melon, and pumpkin were longer than those on watermelon and cucumber. The longest pupal period was 10.5 days from cucumber. The hatching rate, pupation rate, emergence rate, and survival rate were observed from different host plants. The hatching rate was the highest on cucumber (87.2%) and the lowest on melon (72.8%). The pupation rate on watermelon and oriental melon (90.0% and 89.1%, respectively) was higher than that on cucumber (62.0%). The emergence rate on cucumber and pumpkin (93.5% and 92.0%, respectively) was higher than that on oriental melon (78.7%). The survival rate from hatching to emergence on watermelon (76.0%) was the highest, and the lowest on cucumber (50.0%). The adult period on melon (21.0 days) was the longest, and the shortest on cucumber (15.5 days) among 5 host plants. Average number of eggs per female on cucumber (281.8 eggs) was the highest, and the least on oriental melon (96.6 eggs). The survivorship on cucumber was the longest (30 days), and the shortest on pumpkin (17 days). The preoviposition period on oriental melon and melon (3.4 days) was longer than that on watermelon (2.1 days) and mean generation time in day (T) on melon was the longest (47.2 days) though they were not significant. The net reproductive rate per generation (R$_{o}$) on cucumber, 191.3, was the highest and the highest intrinsic rate of natural increase (r$_{m}$) was observed from cucumber as 0.127. All these results suggest that the growth ana reproduction of cotton caterpillar varies depending upon the kind of host plants. The analysis of the life table revealed that cucumber and pumpkin were the favorable host plants of cotton caterpillar.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.79-93
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• 2005

The purpose of this was to present the efficient directions of nutrition education for elementary school children. We examined the problems of eating habits. nutrition knowledge, and perception and expectations on nutrition education of elementary school children in school. This study was carried out using a self-administered questionnaire and subjects were 562 elementary school children in Gyeonggi Province. All data in this research was analyzed through SAS program, and the frequency$(\%)$ and the $mean{\pm}S.D.$ on each question were calculated. Data for each group was analyzed according to sex and the difference among the groups were treated for significance by using chi-square test and Student t-test. About $87.6\%$ of the children have a meal over three times a day, and $76.7\%$ answered that they ate at a certain time regularly everyday. Only $69.6\%$ of subjects said that they ate breakfast everyday, showing very high levels of skipping breakfast. The most common frequency of eating snacks was 'once a day' in both sexes(male $52.2\%$, female $48.6\%$). In the perception on the eating habits, $69.3\%$ of children recognized problems on dieting habits, such as unbalanced diet. irregular eating time, and overeating. The perceived and correct knowledge of nutrition were $99.5\%$ and $86.9\%$, respectively. Most of the children$(99.1\%)$ acknowledged that nutrition education need to be carried out in school. And children want to deeply deal with 'cooking', 'growth and nutrition', 'good eating habits', 'nutrition and disease', These results indicated that elementary school children tended to have undesirable eating behaviors, but the rate of children who recognize the importance and the needs of nutrition education in school was high. Therefore, their parents and teachers need to perform continuous education through a curriculum and life instruction so that students have healthy habits by considering what the problems of nutrition habits are, as the elementary students considerably recognize problems of their own dietary habits and needs of nutrition education.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.65 no.2
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• pp.110-115
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• 2008

Background: Congenital cystic adenomatoid malformation of the lung (CCAM) is a rare congenital developmental anomaly of the lower respiratory tract. Most cases are diagnosed within the first 2 years of life, so adult presentation of CCAM is rare. We describe here six adult cases of CCAM and the patients underwent surgical resection, and all these patients were seen during a five and a half year period. The purpose of this study was to analyze the clinical, radiological and histological characteristics of adult patients with CCAM. Methods: Through medical records analysis, we retrospectively reviewed the clinical characteristics, the chest pictures (X-ray and CT) and the histological characteristics. Results: Four patients were women and the mean age at diagnosis was 23.5 years (range: 18~39 years). The major clinical presentations were lower respiratory tract infection, hemoptysis and pneumothorax. According to the chest CT scan, 5 patients had multiseptated cystic lesions with air fluid levels and one patient had multiple cavitary lesions with air fluid levels, and these lesions were surrounded by poorly defined opacities at the right upper lobe. All the patients were treated with surgical resection. 5 patients underwent open lobectomy and one patient underwent VATS lobectomy. On the pathological examination, 3 were found to be CCAM type I and 3 patients were CCAM type II, according to Stocker's classification. There was no associated malignancy on the histological studies of the surgical specimens. Conclusion: As CCAM can cause various respiratory complications and malignant changes, and the risks associated with surgery are extremely low, those patients who are suspected of having or who are diagnosed with CCAM should go through surgical treatment for making the correct diagnosis and administering appropriate treatment.

• Journal of The Korean Association For Science Education
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.985-995
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• 2015

This study examines the effects of the introduction of artistic and technological factors on science problems for the activation of creative and integrated thinking. We developed problems consisting of STA(problems that introduced technological and artistic factors on the College Scholastic Ability Test) and TA(problems that introduced artistic factors in a technological context). Subjects of the study included 60 high school senior students in Daegu. Their problem solving processes for STA were examined. Four students were interviewed using the retrospective interview method. Also, after finishing TA, the problem solving processes of four students were examined. The results of the study are as follows. First, students selected scientific context more than artistic and technological contexts. It was found that students preferred short length problem in order to solve problems in a short time. Second, students were more interested in artistic and technological contexts of STA than scientific context, but felt that they were more difficult. Moreover, students were more interested about the context of TA than scientific context. Third, irrespective of the given contexts in STA, students have a tendency to solve problems through relatively brief ways by using core scientific knowledge. This can seem to mean that there is a possibility to stereotype the problem solving process through repeated learning. Logical thinking and elaboration were observed, but creativity was not conspicuous. In addition, integrated thinking was not observed in all contexts of STA. Fourth, science related problems of TA showed similar results. However, in problems related to everyday life, students made original descriptions that they based on their daily lives. Particularly, in creative design, original ideas and integrated thinking were observed.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.48 no.5
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• pp.748-756
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• 2000

Background : Bronchogenic carcinoma is generally considered as a disease that predominantly affects middleaged and elderly men. A small percentage of patients with lung cancer are diagnosed in the third or fourth decade of life or earlier. The current study was performed to review the clinical characteristics of bronchogenic carcinoma in patients younger than 40 years of age at Chungnam National University Hospital. Method : To determine the clinicopathologic characteristics including survival rates of lung cancer patients younger than 40 years of age and to compare them with those of patients 이der than 40 years of age at diagnosis, data of 905 patients diagnosed as lung cancer from January. 1990 to Marm 1997 were analyzed. Result : Twenty-three of 905 patients(2.5%) belonged to the young age group (less than 40 years). Male to female ratios of young age group and control group were 2.8 : 1 and 5.3 : 1, respectively. The mean duration of symptoms from onset to the definite diagnosis was 3.2 months in the young age group. The most common initial symptoms in the young age group were cough(52.2%) and dyspnea(43.5%). Adenocarcinoma (43.5%) was more frequent in the young age group than in the control group(20.1%). Stage III and IV(70%) tumors were more frequent in the young age group than in the control group(52.3%). Distant metastasis rate of the young age group(56.5%) was higher than that of the control group(22.3%). Conclusion : The predominance of adenocarcinoma, the lower male-female ratio, and the high incidence of advanced stage tumor at diagnosis are the characteristics of lung cancer in patients younger than 40 years of age.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.165-174
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• 1999

Background: Coal-worker's pneumoconiosis(CWP) is radiologically divided into two major groups: simple pneumoconiosis (SP), in which small, rounded or irregular opacities smaller than 1cm are observed, and progressive massive fibrosis(PMF), which is characterized by opacities larger than 1cm. SP has a life expectancy equivalent to miners with no radiographic evidence of CWP, but PMF is associated with more obvious impairments of ventilatory capacity and premature death. But only minority of workers develop PMF when exposed to dust concentrations similar to those experienced by workers who develop only SP. In this study, immune status in patients with CWP were evaluated by measurement of the serum immunoglobulin levels between control, SP and PMF groups. Method: Coal workers selected for this study were emplyees of the Tae-Baek and Dong-Hae Hospital. All the patients were men of 45-76 years old and the mean duration of exposure to coal dust were 23.2 years. By X-ray examination, 51 patients were classified in SP, 59 in PMF category. The normal controls examined were 58 men of 26-70 years old. Serum Ig levels were estimated by using Nephelometer(Behring Nephelometer : Germany) and serum were collected 51 in SP, 49 in PMF and 57 cases in control group. Results: The levels of IgG were increased but the levels of IgM were decreased with increasing age in control groups. There were no statistical difference of immunoglobulin levels between smokers and nonsmokers in control groups. There were no statistical difference of immunoglobulin levels between Control, SP and PMF groups. Multiple regression analysis were undertaken to determine the statistical significance of the apparent trends and estimate the effects associated with age, smoking habit and radiological category of CWP. According to this analysis, the levels of IgG were decreased significantly in SP group and had decreasing tendancy, but not statistically significant in PMF group. Conclusion : From the observations described, CWP patients had decreased IgG concentration compared to control gorup. Therefore, there was some relation between CWP and immunoglobulin concentration.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.62 no.4
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• pp.290-298
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• 2007

Background: The currently available diagnostic markers for pleural effusion have a limited role. The soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1 (sTREM-1) is a molecule recently reported to play an important role in the myeloid cell mediated inflammatory response, and is up regulated in the body fluid by bacterial or fungal products. This study examined the expression of sTREM-1 in pleural effusion. Methods: Between April 2004 and December 2005, 48 patients with pleural effusions were enrolled in this study. The pleural fluids were taken and analyzed for the total protein, glucose, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), adenosine deaminase (ADA), and sTREM-1. Bacterial cultures and cytology tests were also performed. Results: The clinical diagnoses were 17 parapneumonic, 14 tuberculous, and 13 malignant effusions. Four patients presented with transudates. The mean ages of the parapneumonic, tuberculous and malignant effusion groups were $57.1{\pm}19.7$, $49.5{\pm}18.6$, $66.9{\pm}15.5$, and $76.0{\pm}18.1$. respectively. The level of sTREM-1 expression was significantly higher in the parapneumonic effusions ($344.0{\pm}488.7$) than in the tuberculous effusions ($81.7{\pm}56.6$) and malignant effusions ($39.3{\pm}19.6$). With a cut-off value of 55.4pg/ml, the sensitivity and specificity for a parapneumonic effusion was 70.6% and 74.1%. Conclusion: sTREM-1 expression is significantly higher in parapneumonic effusions, suggesting its potential role as an additional diagnostic marker for pleural effusions.