• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.28 no.8
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• pp.1299-1304
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• 2007

New sulfur functionalized cyclopentadiene ligands, 1-[2-(thioanisole)]-2,5-dimethylcyclopentadiene (3), 1-[2- (thioanisole)]-2,3,5-trimethylcyclopentadiene (4), and 1-[2-(thioanisole)]-2,3,4,5-tetramethylcyclopentadiene (5), were prepared. In these ligands, the S-donor atom is connected to a cyclopentadiene ring by a rigid phenylene spacer. CpCo(III)-diiodo half-sandwich complexes (6-8) were obtained from reaction the ligands (3- 5) with Co2(CO)8, followed by treatment of I2. Substitution reaction of CpCo(III)-diiodo complexes with MeLi yielded the corresponding CpCo(III)-dimethyl complexes (9-11). Further transformation to the corresponding cationic cobalt complexes (12-14) were achieved by reaction of the CpCo(III)-dimethyl complexes with HB(ArF)4·2Et2O and trapping with CD3CN. The new sulfur functionalized cyclopentadiene ligands having a rigid phenylene spacer and the corresponding cobalt complexes were characterized by 1H, 13C and 19F NMR spectroscopy. The diiodo Complex 6 was also characterized by a single crystal X-ray diffraction method.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.509-514
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• 2007

This study was conducted to investigate the optimal energy level at growing Korean black goat from April 20 to November 6, 2006. Forty male Korean black goat were divided into four treatments and were fed with concentrate feed containing ME 2.4, 2.6, 2.8 and 3.0 Mcal/kg with CP 15% and rice straw. Average daily gains of were 59.8, 65.4, 73.2 and 77.2 g/day in groups fed with ME 2.4, 2.6, 2.8 and 3.0 Mcal/kg diet, respectively. There was a tendency to increase ADG as the ME level of concentrate feed grew. Dressing percentage were 49.73, 48.64, 50.19 and 51.36% in each group, and were increased as the ME level grew. Meat percentage ranged between 53.1 and 55.3%, and were almost constant. Ranges of crude fat contents and water holding capacity were and 57.9~59.0%, which were increased as the ME level grew. On the other hand, shear force were between 2.8 and 3.1 kg/cm2, which were decreased as the ME level grew. These results suggest that the optimal energy level at growing goat's concentrate is ME 3.0 Mcal/kg.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.387-391
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• 2007

This study was conducted to evaluate effects of dietary nutrient levels on growth performance, blood urea nitrogen, and meat quality in finishing pigs. A total of ninety six pigs ($Landrace{\times}Yorkshire{\times}Duroc$) were used in this 66 day study. Dietary treatments included 1) T1 (ME 3,441 kcal/kg, CP 16.30%, Lysine 0.93%), 2) T2 (ME 3,433 kcal/kg, CP 17.00%, Lysine 1.00% and 3) T3 (ME 3,449 kcal/kg, CP 17.00%, Lysine 1.00%). During the overall period, there were no significant differences in ADG (average daily gain), ADFI (average daily feed intake), gain/feed ratio or BUN (blood urea nitrogen) among the treatments (p>0.05). The $b^*$ value of M. longissimus dorsi muscle color significantly increased (p<0.05) with T3 treatment compared to T2 treatment. However, there were no differences in the $L^*\;and\;a^*$ values, pH, M. logissimus dorsi area, drip loss, cooking loss, TBARS and WHC (water holding capacity) for pigs fed the various treatments (p>0.05). The total feed cost per kg of weight gain was not significantly different among the various dietary treatments (p>0.05). In conclusion, these results show no effects of dietary nutrient levels on growth performance and meat quality in finishing pigs, and also suggest that a high nutrient density diet may not be a beneficial feeding strategy for finishing pigs in terms of cost.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.403-409
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• 1995

A growth experiment was conducted to evaluate the nutritivie values of supplemental lysine and methionine in broiler chicks. Two types of L-lysine, liquid and powder type, and DL-methionine were added to the diets at different levels of dietary protein with two growth phases, 0-3 weeks and 4-6 weeks named starter and grower, respectively. Six hundred seventy two chicks were allotted in 14 treatments; 3 controls by dietary CP level (starter-grower) with CP 23-21%, CP 21-19% and CP 20-18, 8 groups of liquid and powder lysine supplementation of 0.1, 0.2, 0.3 and 0.4%, and 3 groups of lysine and methionine supplementation. Body weight, feed intake, and excreta were measured and analyzed to determine growth performance, amino acid digestibilities, and the quantity of excreted nitrogen in feces. Chicks fed CP 23-20 with 3,200 ME kcal showed significantly better growth performance than those fed CP 21-18 for 6 weeks. The supplementation of 0.2% of either type of lysine to CP 21-19 diet improved weight gain and feed efficiecy to the extent that CP 23-21 diet was fed. Physical type of lysine did not affect chick's growth and amino acid digestibilities of the diets. The level of CP in the diet significantly affected nitrogen excretion in feces. Supplementation of lysine and methionine to CP 21-18 diet reduced fecal nitrogen by 10% compared to CP 23-21 diet. It was confirmed that 0.2% of supplemental lysine to the broiler diet spared the dietary protein by 3%, and also reduced nitrogen excretion in feces by 10%.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.159-167
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• 2020

This study investigated the effect of different light sources in the poultry house on performance, meat quality, and blood composition of finishing broilers. Two hundred and forty male broilers (1-day-old, 42.2±0.1 g) were divided into three groups and subjected to different light source treatments (incandescent, LED, and fluorescent lamps) from 3 weeks of age (four replications/treatment, 20 birds/replication). After breeding for 6 weeks, the carcass yield and meat quality of broilers with similar body weight (BW; 3.4±0.07 kg) were investigated, and blood components were analyzed. Corn-soybean meal-based feed was provided as starter (CP 22.5%, ME 3,020 kcal/kg), early (CP 18.5%, ME 3,050 kcal/kg), and finishing (CP 18%, ME 3,100 kcal/kg). Performance, carcass yield, meat quality, and blood components were evaluated. BW, BW gain, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio did not show any significant differences among treatments. There was no significant difference on live weight and carcass yield among treatments. There was no significant difference on meat color, shear force, and water holding capacity; however, cooking loss at 17.2% was the highest in the LED treatment (P<0.05). There was no significant difference on blood components except for glucose (blood biochemistry component) among treatments. Glucose was 234.5 mg/dL, 256.9 mg/dL, and 250.1 mg/dL in the three treatments, respectively, with a significant difference between incandescent and LED treatments (P<0.05). These results are used useful as basic data for investigating the effect of lighting in broilers production.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.185-191
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• 1997

This experiment was conducted to determine the effects of a low-protein diet supplemented with DL-methionine plus L-cystine (Met + Cys) on the growth performance and fat accumulation of female broiler chicks during the growing period (3-6 wks old). A low-protein diet (17% CP; 3,200 ME kcal/kg) was supplemented with Met + Cys (1.1 : 1.0) at levels 0.75, 0.94, 1.25, 1.31 or 1.50% of diet, respectively. Another diet with 21% CP and 3,200 ME kcal/kg served as the control group. All essential amino acids were adjusted to meet the National Research Council (1984) requirement for chicks. Feed and water were given ad libitum. Body weight of the chicks fed the low-CP diets supplemented with Met + Cys were heavier than those of the control birds. Feed conversion ratio and feed intakes were not significantly different between and among the treatment groups. Similary, abdominal fat content was not significantly different among the various treatments except that of the chicks fed the low CP diet with 1.25% Met + Cys which was higher than that of the control group. Fatty acid synthetase (FAS), acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) activities and carcass protein content were not influenced by dietary treatments. Carcass fat content was lowest in chicks fed low CP diet with 0.75% Met + Cys and highest in the group that received 1.50% Met + Cys supplementation. Liver triglyceride increased as Met + Cys supplementation level increased. Various lipid fraction concentrations (cholesterol ester, free cholesterol, and phospholipid) in the serum went up as Met + Cys increased up to 1.25% after which it levelled off. Results of this experiment suggest that it is possible to reduce dietary protein level from 21% to 17% for growing broiler chicks by the supplementation of Met + Cys when other EAA were sufficient.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.367-373
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• 2009

This experiment was conducted to determine optimum dietary levels of dietary energy and protein for laying performance and egg quality in organic laying hens. In a $2{\times}3$ factorial arrangement, 360 Hy-Line pullets (21 wk of age) were randomly assigned to experimental diets with 2,800, 3,080, and 3,360 kcal of ME/kg of diet, each containing 16 and 18% CP, respectively. Each dietary treatment was replicated 4 times, and feed and water were provided ad libitum. Experimental birds were raised in floor and received 14h of light throughout 52 weeks of experimental period. The birds were observed for feed consumption, egg production, egg weight, egg mass, feed conversion ratio, Haugh unit, shell thickness, and shell color at 30, 50, and 70 wk of age. Egg production, egg weight, and egg mass were higher (P<0.05) in hens receiving diets with 2,800 kcal/kg of ME/kg of feed than those fed diets containing 3,080 and 3,360 kcal of ME/kg of diets. Eggshell breaking strengths were not significantly different among the dietary ME and CP concentrations. Eggshell thickness was higher (P<0.05) in hens receiving diets with 3,360 kcal of ME/kg of feed than those fed diets containing 2,800 and 3,080 kcal of ME/kg of diets at 50 and 70 week. With increasing in dietary energy levels, the concentrations of blood total cholesterol were also significantly increased. Overall, the laying hens fed organic diet of 2,800 kcal ME/kg and 16% CP showed superior egg production than those of other dietary regimens.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.47 no.6
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• pp.547-552
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• 2003

Separation and determinations of Co(II) and Ni(II) ions as their 4-(2-pyridylazo)resorcinol(PAR) chelates by reversed-phase capillary high-performance liquid chromatography(RP-CpHPLC) were performed. Among many capillary columns, Vydac C4 column was selected and acetonitrile solution was used as mobile phase. The effect of pH and MeCN concentration(%) on the retention factor, k and peak intensity was examined and discussed. As a results, it was found that 22.5% MeCN and pH 5.60 was adequate as mobile phase for the separation of the two metal ions and determination of Co(II) ion, but the mobile phase condition for Ni(II) ion determination was 22.5% MeCN of pH 7.20. Detection limit(D.L., S/N=3) of Co(II) and Ni(II) ions were $2.0{\times}10{-7}$ M(14.9 ppb) and $1.0{\times}10{-6}$ M(59.2 ppb), respectively.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.61 no.3
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• pp.154-162
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• 2019

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary energy and crude protein (CP) levels on reproductive performance, litter performance, milk quality, and blood profiles in gestating sows. A total of 59 multiparous sows (Yorkshire ${\times}$ Landrace) with similar body weights (BW), backfat thickness (BF), and parity were assigned to one of six treatments with 9 or 10 sows per treatment using a $2{\times}3$ factorial arrangement and completely randomized design. The first factor was two levels of dietary metabolizable energy (ME) density (13.40 or 13.82 MJ/kg) and the second factor was three dietary protein levels based from 35 day in gestating phases (10.5%, 12%, and 13.5%). Backfat thickness change in lactating sows decreased linearly as CP level increased (p = 0.03). Increased energy level in the gestating sow diet tended to increase the total number of piglets born (p = 0.07), but piglet weight decreased (p = 0.02). Dietary CP level had a negative effect on colostrum quality. Casein, protein, total solid, and solids-not-fat concentrations decreased linearly and lactose level increased linearly as CP level in the gestating sow diet increased (casein%: p = 0.03; protein%: p = 0.04; lactose%: p = 0.06; total solids: p = 0.03; solid-not-fat: p = 0.03, respectively). However, improving ME by 0.42 MJ/kg had no significant effect on the chemical composition of sow colostrum. There were no significant differences in blood glucose concentration in gestating sows when sows were fed different levels of energy during gestation, but blood glucose increased at 21 day of lactation when energy increased by 0.42 MJ/kg (p = 0.04). Blood urea nitrogen concentration increased linearly when dietary CP levels increased at 110 day in gestation, 24-hours postpartum, and 21 days of lactation (linear, p < 0.05, p < 0.05, and p < 0.05, respectively), and it also increased when dietary energy increased at 110 days of gestation and 24-hours postpartum (p < 0.01, and p < 0.01, respectively). A gestating sow diet containing 13.82 MJ/kg ME and 10.5% CP can improve reproductive performance, litter performance, and colostrum quality.

• Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.209-214
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• 2011

Although the function and utility of RNA transcripts derived from matured spermatozoa remains unclear, they might play important roles in the establishment of a paternal genome and subsequently embryo development. Herein, we investigated the expression of X-chromosome linked RNA transcripts in matured bovine spermatozoa. The total RNA was extracted from the matured spermatozoa, and then converted to cDNA. Autosomal genes (ACT-${\beta}$ and H-2A) and X-chromosome linked genes (ANT3, HPRT, MeCP2, RPS4X, XIAP, XIST and ZFX) were analyzed for the characterization of X-chromosome linked RNA transcripts and compared to female fibroblasts by RT-PCR. The transcripts of autosomal genes (ACT-${\beta}$ and H2A) and X-chromosome linked genes (ANT3, HPRT, MeCP2, RPS4X and ZFX) were not detected in spermatozoa. However, XIAP (X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein) and XIST (X-chromosome inactive-specific transcript, a kind of paternal imprinted gene) transcripts were detected in spermatozoa, and relative levels of XIAP and XIST transcripts were similar and 0.5-fold lower when compared to female fibroblasts, respectively. Based on the findings, it is summarized that the presence of RNA transcripts of XIAP and XIST in the isolated spermatozoa may imply their role in inhibition of apoptosis and induction of X-chromosome inactivation in embryo development.