• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제33권6호
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• pp.472-481
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• 2000

축분(우분) 퇴비화시 악취 경감과 양질의 퇴비생산을 위한 적절한 공기주입율을 설정하고자, 밀폐형 반응조 (242l)에 우분과 볏짚의 혼합물(65% 수분함량)을 퇴적하고 0.09, 0.18, 0.90 및 $1.79l\;min^{-1}kg^{-1}dry-solids^{-1}$ 4처리의 공기량을 주입하여 574시간의 퇴비기간동안 퇴적물내의 산소농도 및 산소소비율의 변화와 황화합물 가스의 발생양상 및 산소농도와의 상관관계를 구명하였다. 1. 퇴적물내의 산소농도는 공기주입 즉시 급격히 감소하였으며, 공기주입을 $0.90l\;min^{-1}kg^{-1}dry-solids^{-1}$이하 처리에서의 산소제한성(산소 15%이하)은 공기주입율과 부의 지수적 관계로써 35~300시간의 범위에 있었으나 $1.79l\;min^{-1}kg^{-1}$에서는 산소제한성이 없었다. 2. 공기주입율별 산소소비율은 $0.80{\sim}1.57O_2g\;h^{-1}\;kg^{-1}VS^{-1}$ 범위로써 그 크기는 0.90> 1.79> 0.18> $0.09lmin^{-1}kg^{-1}$ 순이었고, 누적산소소비량은 $460{\sim}900O_2g\;kg^{-1}VS^{-1}$ 범위를 나타내었다. 최대 산소소비량은 공기주입율 $1.2{\sim}1.3lmin^{-1}\;kg^{-1}$ 범위로 추정되었다. 3. 황화수소, 이산화 황 및 메틸멀캅탄 가스의 배출농도는 퇴비화 초기에 극도로 높고 후기로 갈수록 급격히 감소하였으며, 처리별로는 공기주입율이 증가할수록 뚜렷이 감소하였다. 가스의 평균 배출농도는 0.03~2.18, 0~0.50, 0.07~3.38 ppm으로 각각 배출되어 그 농도의 크기는 매틸멀캅탄> 황화수소> 이산화황의 순이었다. 4. 퇴적물내의 산소농도와 황화합물 가스의 배출농도와는 1% 고도의 부의 지수적 상관이 있었으며, 황화수소와 메틸멀캅탄 가스는 산소농도 5%이하에서 급격히 증가하고 15%이상에서는 거의 배출되지 않으나 이산화황은 산소농도 29%에서도 배출되는 것으로 추정되었다.

• 대한기계학회논문집B
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.384-391
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• 2007

Hydrogen-blending effects in flame structure and NO emission behavior are numerically studied with detailed chemistry in methane-air counterflow diffusion flames. The composition of fuel is systematically changed from pure methane to the blending fuel of methane-hydrogen through $H_2$ molar addition up to 30%. Flame structure, which can be described representatively as a fuel consumption layer and a $H_2$-CO consumption layer, is shown to be changed considerably in hydrogen-blending methane flames, compared to pure methane flames. The differences are displayed through maximum flame temperature, the overlap of fuel and oxygen, and the behaviors of the production rates of major species. Hydrogen-blending into hydrocarbon fuel can be a promising technology to reduce both the CO and $CO_2$ emissions supposing that NOx emission should be reduced through some technologies in industrial burners. These drastic changes of flame structure affect NO emission behavior considerably. The changes of thermal NO and prompt NO are also provided according to hydrogen-blending. Importantly contributing reaction steps to prompt NO are addressed in pure methane and hydrogen-blending methane flames.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• 제44권1호
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• pp.1-11
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• 2022

Hypoxia can affect water-atmosphere methane flux by controlling the production and consumption processes of methane in coastal areas. Seasonal methane concentration and fluxes were quantified to evaluate the effects of seasonal hypoxia in Dangdong Bay (Gyeongsangnamdo, Jinhae Bay, South Korea). Sediment-water methane flux increased more than 300 times during hypoxia (normoxia and hypoxia each 6, 1900 µmol m^-2 d^-1), and water-atmospheric methane flux and bottom methane concentration increased about 2, 10 times (normoxia and hypoxia each 190, 420 µmol m^-2 d^-1; normoxia and hypoxia each 22, 230 nM). Shoaling of anaerobic decomposition of organic matter in the sediments during the hypoxia (August) was confirmed by the change of the depth at which the maximum hydrogen sulfide concentration was detected. Shoaling shortens the distance between the water column and methanogenesis section to facilitate the inflow of organic matter, which can lead to an increase in methane production. In addition, since the transport distance of the generated methane to the water column is shortened, consumption of methane will be reduced. The combination of increased production and reduced consumption could increase sediment-aqueous methane flux and dissolved methane, which is thought to result in an increase in water-atmospheric methane flux. We could not observe the emission of methane accumulated during the hypoxia due to stratification, so it is possible that the estimated methane flux to the atmosphere was underestimated. In this study, the increase in methane flux in the coastal area due to hypoxia was confirmed, and the necessity of future methane production studies according to oxygen conditions in various coastal areas was demonstratedshown in the future.

• 공업화학
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.543-553
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• 1996

산소전극 촉매로서 페롭스카이트형 산화물을 사용하여 알칼리형 연료전지에서의 산소환원반응에 관하여 연구하였다. 능금산(malic acid)을 사용하여 고표면적의 페롭스카이트형 $La_{0.6}Sr_{0.4}Co_{1-x}Fe_xO_3$(x=0.00, 0.01, 0.10, 0.20, 0.35 및 0.50) 산화물을 제조하였으며, Fe 치환량과 암모니아수 첨가량에 따른 XRD 구조와 비표면적의 변화를 고찰하여 Fe와 암모니아간에 생성되어지는 착화합물이 페롭스카이트로의 구조안정화와 비표면적 증대의 주요임을 알았다. 그리고 페롭스카이트 단일상을 얻기 위해서는 다단계 승온처리가 필요했으며, XRD 실험결과 단순 정입방체상이 형성됨을 확인하였다. $La_{0.6}Sr_{0.4}Co_{1-x}Fe_xO_3$ 산화물을 촉매로 사용한 알칼리형 연료전지용 산소전극의 산소환원반응활성을 측정하기 위하여 순환 전압-전류법, 정전압-전류법, 전류단절법 등을 이용하였다. $La_{0.6}Sr_{0.4}Co_{1-x}Fe_xO_3$ 산화물에서 Fe의 치환비가 증가함에 따라, x=0.01에서 최소, x=0.20와 0.35 사이에서 최대의 산소환원활성(전류밀도)을 보였으며, 이와 같은 경향은 표면적의 변화와 무관하였다.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.5-17
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• 1970

The effects of Physical exercise, gymnastics and sports on the cardiopulmonary function were studied in the middle and high school toys. The subjects were divided into 4 groups; non-training group and training group in both middle school and high school boys. In the above groups, pulmonary function studies were performed, and blood pressure and the heart rate were also checked to evaluate physical fitness during and immediately after running exercise on the tread-mill, with the speed of 5 MPH and elevation of 9% and 11.25%. The types of sports in the training group were base ball, body building, Taekwondo (Korean style boxing) and hand ball. The results obtained were as followings: 1) In the training group, cardiopulmonary function showed some tendency of the increase comparing to the non-training group. 2) The increase in cardiopulmonary function was observed according to the age became older, but the clear changes on cardiopulmonary function was not observed as the difference of the group between the training and the non-training. 3) The expiratory volume was decreased as the increase of age except 17 years of age for the value of the per kg body weight. 4) In the non-training group, the mean value of oxygen consumption under maximum work load was increased, while those in the training group was decreased. But it may be noted that oxygen consumption for the expiratory volume was increased in the training group, and that the oxygen cost in the training group was .higher than that of the non-training group. 5) The pulse pressure of the high school group during and immediately after running exercise was observed in the higher value comparing with that of the middle school group It was suggested that the changes of the pulse pressure was owing to the method of determination and that to the decrease of diastolic pressure caused by the decrease of peripheral vascular resistance up to critical closing pressure. 6) Any differences of the changes in the heart rate between the training group and non-training group was not observed during and immediately after running exercise. 7) The relative value of the expiratory volume to the heart rate was decreased in the elder age group.

• 한국해양학회지:바다
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.349-358
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• 2007

투수성이 큰 낙동강 하구 사질 갯벌 퇴적물에서 유기탄소의 생지화학적 순환을 이해하기 위해 현장과 실험실에서 유기탄소 생산 및 소비에 대한 정보를 추정했다. 퇴적물 상부층의 Chl-a 농도와 공극수의 영양염 농도는 니질 퇴적물에 비해 낮았다. 반면, 사질 퇴적물의 산소소모율은 유기물 함량이 높은 연안 니질 퇴적물 보다 높아 이류에 의한 유기탄소의 분해와 물질의 이동이 큰 것을 의미했다. 간단한 유기탄소의 물질수지는 퇴적물에서 유기탄소의 주 공급원이 퇴적물 표층에 서식하는 저서미세조류와 수생식물의 쇄설성 유기물로 나타났다. 해수 여과율에 낙동강 전체 면적을 외삽한 일당 자연 생촉매 여과양은 부산시 7개 주요 하수종말처리장의 최대 처리량 보다 한 자리수 이상 크게 나타나 연안환경에서 사질퇴적물이 생지화학적 정화와 물질의 재분배에 매우 큰 기여를 할 것으로 판단된다.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제39권3호
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• pp.172-176
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• 1996

Candida parapsilosis ATCC 22019 돌연변이주를 이용하여 xylitol 생산에 영향을 주는 배양 조건인 pH와 온도 그리고 교반속도 및 산소전달속도등의 환경인자가 Xylitol의 생성에 미치는 영향을 살펴보았다. 발효조에서 pH가 증가 할수록 균체농도와 기질소비속도가 증가하여 발효시간이 단축되었다. 그러나, Xylitol생산은 pH 4.5와 5.5에서 큰 차이 없이 50g/l의 xylose로 부터 약 34g/l로 최대농도를 보여주었다. 온도가 증가 할수록 최대 비증식속도가 증가하였지만 최종 균체농도는 감소하였고, xylitol 생산성은 $30^{\circ}C$에서 최대값을 보여주었다. 산소전달속도의 영향을 조사하기 위하여 발효조의 교반속도를 변화시키면서 배양한 결과 균체농도는 산소 전달속도가 높을수록 증가하였지만, xylitol 생산은 크게 감소하였다. 교반속도를 150rpm(산소전달속도 $30\;hr^{-1}$에 해당)으로 배양할때 발효시간 62시간에서 50g/l의 xylose로 부터 xylitol 농도가 35.8g/l로 최대값을 나타내었다. Xylitol 생산성을 증가시키기 위하여 1차 발효가 끝난 발효조에서 균체를 회수하여 20g/l로 농축하여 최적조건인 pH 4.5, $30^{\circ}C$, 산소전달속도 $30\;hr^{-1}$에서 재배양을 하였을 때 50g/l의 xylose가 배양시간 약 18시간만에 모두 이용되었고 전환수율 80%에 해당하는 40g/l의 Xylitol이 생성되었다. 이때 Xylitol의 생산성은 2.22g/l-hr으로 일반 발효때 얻은 $0.5{\sim}g/l-hr$ 보다 약 $3{\sim}4$배 증가되었다.

• 한국안전학회지
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.39-43
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• 2013

The present study has been conducted to investigate the fire combustion properties and fire behavior of an IEEE-383 qualified flame retardant cable. The reference reaction rate and reference temperature which are commonly used in pyrolysis model of fire propagation process was obtained by the thermo-gravimetric analysis of the cable component materials. The mass fraction of FR-PVC sheath abruptly decreased near temperature range of $250{\sim}260^{\circ}C$ and its maximum reaction rate was about $2.58{\times}10^{-3}$[1/s]. For the XLPE insulation of the cable, the temperature causing maximum mass fraction change was ranged about $380{\sim}390^{\circ}C$ and it has reached to the maximum reaction rate of $5.10{\times}10^{-3}$[1/s]. The flame retardant cable was burned by a pilot flame meker buner and the burning behavior of the cable was observed during the fire test. Heat release rate of the flame retardant cable was measured by a laboratory scale oxygen consumption calorimeter and the mass loss rate of the cable was calculated by the measured cable mass during the burning test. The representative value of the effective heat of combustion was evaluated by the total released energy integrated by the measured heat release rate and burned mass. This study can contribute to study the electric cable fire and provide the pyrolysis properties for the computational modeling.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.228-234
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• 1981

Measurement of cardiac output by thermodilution method is easy to perform and can be repeated at very short intervals and offers a number of theoretical and practical advantages. The purpose of this paper is to reevaluate the accuracy and reproducibility of the thermodilution cardiac output by comparing the results with those obtained by the direct Fick technique. From January through April 1981 [4 months], 26 simultaneous cardiac output measurements were made using thermodilution and direct Fick methods in 12 patients in the intensive care unit of Severance Hospital following open heart surgery. The average age of the patients was $34.8{\pm}12.0$ [SD] years [range; 17-57 years]. For cardiac output determination by thermodilution technique [$CO_TD$], a Swan-Ganz Thermodilution Catheter, Model 93A-131-7F [Edwards Laboratories], a Cardiac Output Computer, Model 9520A, and Strip Chart Recorder, Model 9810 [Edwards Laboratories] were used. For the determination of cardiac output by direct Fick principle [$CO_Fick$], a Van Slyke Manometric Apparatus [Thomas] for the measurements of arteriovenous oxygen content difference and a Collin`s Respirometer with Kymograph for the measurement of oxygen consumption were used. The correlation between the simultaneously measured $CO_TD$ and $CO_Fick$ was found to be $CO_Fick$ = 0.95.$CO_TD$ + 0.1073, [r= 0.9777, P < 0.001 ]. For 26 double or triple determinations of $CO_TD$, the values ranged from 1.77 L/min to 6.66 L/min, with a reproducibility of 2.18%. The maximum difference of $CO_TD$ for $CO_Fick$ was between +11.99% and -12,99% [$Mean{\pm}SD$ = $6.07{\pm}3.97$%]. Measurement of cardiac output by thermodilution method provides a simple, rapid, reproducible and highly accurate method for multiple cardiac output measurements suitable for use at the bedside. Comparison of Cardiac Output Determination by Direct Fick and Thermodilution Method in Man.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.53-62
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• 1974

A study was made on the primary production of Lake Changjamot during the spring season of 1973 by menas of the oxygen method. The stratification of temperature and dissolved oxygen were formed in May with the stratified structure of phytoplankton. The range of Secchi disc transparency was from 0.8m to 2.3m during the nine months of this investigation, which was begun in January, 1973. The value was lowest in early June when the phytoplankton blooming reached the peak. The concentration of PO4-P, NH3-N, NO3-N and NO3-N was reduced at the beginning of the phytoplankton blooming and increased again after May except PO4-P. It might have been caused by the inflow of the nitogenous fertilizer from the surrounding agricultural area since May when farming was started. The total amount of chlorophyll-a in the entire water column varied from 25mg/$m^2$ to 277mg/$m^2$ from January till September with the maximum value occurring in early June. These values show a considerable eutrophication of the in comparison with the data obtained in 1969. The daily gross production in the lake varied from a low of 655mgC/$m^2$ to a high of 2,859 mgC/$m^2$ during the spring season and this corresponds to the variation of the amount of chlorophyll. The total amount of daily respiration varied from 650mg C/$m^2$ in winter to 2,307 mg C/$m^2$ in late spring and exceeds gross primary production especially in late May showing the negative balance of daily production and consumption of organic material at that time. In conclusion, Lake Changjamot is a fairly productive and a moderately autotrophic lake and has been eutrophicated much during the past four years.