• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.85-92
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• 2007

This study was carried out to select the promising forage crops fer forage production in paddy field of YARI, RDA, Milyang from 1999 to 2001. The species of forage crop used in this experiment were barley(5 varieties), wheat(2), rye(3) and Italian ryegrass(IRG, 3). Stages of heading, milk and yellow ripe of barley were $20{\sim}24$ April, $6{\sim}10$ May and $21{\sim}24$ May, respectively. In milk to yellow ripe stage, dry matter(DM) yield of barley was $7.89{\sim}9.66$ MT per ha, and averaged ADF and NDF contents were $26.9{\sim}33.3%\;and\;53.1{\sim}59.2%$, respectively. Albori and Naehanssalbori were the most promising varieties among the barley. The growth of wheat was a little late compared to that of barley, but it seemed to be crop having higher forage yield and nutritive value. In milk to yellow stage, DM yield of wheat was $9.13{\sim}10.38$ MT per ha, and nutritive value of wheat was very good(ADF $25.9{\sim}31.7%$ and NDF $53.3{\sim}55.8%$). Heading stage of rye was $20{\sim}24$ April, and it seemed to be suitable far harvest at heading to flowering stage because of heavy lodging after flowering. In flowering stage, DM yield of rye was 13.64 MT per ha, and nutritive value of rye was the lowest among 4 species(ADF $33.1{\sim}38.0%$ and NDF $56.4{\sim}65.0%$). Heading stage of early maturing IRG was 2 May and it seemed to be suitable for harvest at flowering stage of middle May in cropping system. In flowering stage, DM yield of early type IRG was 5.51 MT per ha, and averaged ADF and NDF contents were $30.1{\sim}34.7%\;and\;59.7{\sim}60.5%$, respectively. The results demonstrated that the promising forage crops far forage production in paddy field were rye, barley, early maturing IRG and wheat in Yeongnam region. In Southern region, rye harvesting at early May was recommended when considered middle May of rice transplanting period, and barley(Albori and Naehanssalbori) and early maturing IRG harvesting at middle May were recommended when considered late May of rice planting period. And also, wheat with high nutritive value and possibility for harvesting at late May were recommended in case of transplanting period at early June.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.227-232
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• 2000

Triticale(Moniko, Presto, Tewo), wheat(Kitami 66, Tsukisarnul, chihoku) and rye(Almo, Warko, Mardar) were harvested in heading, milk, dough and ripe stage. Effects of various harvesting stage on the feed chemical composition and in vitro digestibility(IVDMD) was investigated in these species and varieties. 1. Dry matter yield increased with advancing maturity regardless of forage species. Among the species triticale plants showed the highest yield. 2. The chemical composition of triticale plants in view of feed value generally placed between wheat and rye plants. 3. IVDMDs of triticale plants decreased from heading to dough stage and then increased at yellow ripe stage, while thoes of wheat and rye plants decreased with advancing maturity. Among plant species triticale. plants showed the highest IVDMD at heading and yellow ripe stage, while rye plants showed the lowest value throughout the maturity.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.321-329
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• 2018

A study was carried out to determine the influence of climatic environments on the growth characteristics and bulb quality of extremely early-maturing type onion grown at different altitudes, such as 60m, 200m, 350m and 700m above sea level (ASL). The mean air temperature during the growing season of extremely early-maturing type onion (October 18 to April 27) was $10.8^{\circ}C$, $9.6^{\circ}C$, $8.1^{\circ}C$ and $6.1^{\circ}C$ at 60m, 200m, 350m and 700m ASL. The mean air temperature during the bulb growth period (March 16 to April 14) was recorded $10.5^{\circ}C$, $9.4^{\circ}C$, $7.9^{\circ}C$ and $6.0^{\circ}C$ at 60m, 200m, 350m and 700 m ASL. Plant height, neck diameter, leaf number, leaf area, top fresh weight and top dry weight were significantly increased in growing of extremely early-maturing type onion at 60m ASL. Bulb/neck diameter ratio increased rapidly under the same temperature regime. The diameter and weight of the bulb were also the largest at 60m ASL during the bulb growth period (daily mean temperature of $12.5^{\circ}C$). At 60m ASL, there was the highest bulb size like a height, diameter and weight of bulb related directly on onion yield in the bulb growth period from March 16 to April 14. In contrast, yield and bulb quality were considerably decreased at 700m ASL during the bulb growth stage (daily mean temperature of $8.4^{\circ}C$). The quantity of extremely early-maturing type onion has gradually decreased as the daily average temperature drops below $12.5^{\circ}C$ during the bulb growth stage (March 16 to April 14). As a result, the lower temperature (daily mean temperature below $12.5^{\circ}C$) during the bulb growth stage significantly decreased the size and quantity of bulb in direction proportion.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.137-142
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• 1991

For the constitution of forage cropping system including the double-cropping of corn, attention has been directed towards the early and short maturing varieties of corn such as Comet 80, Comet 85 and Linda as a component forage crop of forage cropping system. Four corn varieties, Comet 80, Comet 85, Linda and Suwon 19 were planted delayedly by each of 45, 55 and 65 days from the recommended sowing date of suwon 19. Under these condition, growth characteristics and late-sowing adaptability of 4 corn varieties were investigated, and the results are summarized as follows; 1. The variety of suwon 19 did not reach the stage of silking in the occasion of late sowing by 50 days from the optimum sowing time for mono cropping of suwon 19. However early varieties such as Comet 80, Comet 85 and Linda silked under the condition of 65 days-delayed sowing from the recommended sowing time of Suwon 19 for mono-cropping. 2. Early varieties of Comet 80, Comet 85 and Linda were so grown by approximately 92% in plant height, 66% in ear height, 88% in stem diameter and 81% in leaf number respectively compared to Suwon 19 at each of three delayed sowing time that exhibited the dwarfish appearance of canopy. 3. Days from sowing to silking decreased as the sowing time was delayed and the average days from sowing to silking in the sowing treatments of 55 days-delayed of Suwon 19, Comet 80, Comet 85 and Linda were 61, 46, 47 and 51 days, respectively. 4. The size of variations of plant height and ear height influenced by delayed-sowing time was comparatively larger in the varieties of Suwon 19 and Linda than in those of Comet 80 and Comet 85. 5. As sowing time was delayed from the optimum sowing time of Suwon 19 for mono-cropping, ear content decreased from 0% of Suwon 19 at 55 day-delayed sowing treatment to 3540% of Comet 80 and Comet 85 at 65 days-delayed sowing treatment.

• Korean Journal of Organic Agriculture
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.69-78
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• 2002

This experiment was conducted to investigate the changes of sugar contents and chip color during 104days storage after harvesting of five potato varieties. The potato varieties were planted on 1st April in 1999 and harvested on 10. July in 1999. $No_2$ contents in potato petiole tended to decrease repidly at tuber maturing stage. $K^+$ contents in potato petiole tended to in crease at 70 days ofter planting on medium maturing varieties, and at 90 days after planting on late maturing variety. Snowden variety was no desirable cultivar for processing on spring cultivation due to long growth period. Contents of solid and sugar in potatoes affected on potato chip color. Higher contents of solid in potato varieties showed low sugar contents and no change on chip color during storage.

• International Journal of Oral Biology
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.89-96
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• 2016

Tooth development shows dynamic morphological changes from the stages of cap to hard tissue formation and is strictly regulated during development. In the present study, we compared expression and localization of 3 major enamel matrix proteins in rats: amelogenin, enamel and ameloblastin. DD-PCR and RT-PCR revealed differential expression of the major proteins from the cap stage to root stage. Immunofluorescence staining results indicated that amelogenin was not detected in either inner enamel epithelium or reduced enamel epithelium, but highly immunoreactive in preameloblasts and ameloblasts; in addition, it was sporadically expressed in preodontoblasts abutting preameloblasts. Ameloblastin expression was also observed in not only differentiated ameloblasts but also osteoblasts. Immunoreactivity to ameloblastin in ameloblasts was strong in Tomes' processes. Enamelin was exclusively localized along the entire newly formed and maturing enamel. Enamelin was largely localized in near Tomes' processes and enamel rods in maturing enamel. Alendronate treatment resulted in down-regulation of amelogenin and ameloblastin at both transcription and translation levels; whereas, enamelin expression was unchanged in response to the treatment. These results suggested that amelogenin, ameloblastin and enamelin might be implicated in cell differentiation, adhesion of ameloblasts to enamel and enamel crystallization during enamel matrix formation, respectively.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.42 no.3
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• pp.255-262
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• 1997

To estimate the total dry matter(TDM) of rice plant by non-destructive method, spectral reflectance from rice plant canopy was measured by using the spectroradiometer (LI-1800, LICOR Inc.) with one week interval during the rice growing season at Suwon paddy field in 1993. Two medium late maturing rices, Daechung-byeo Ilpum-byeo, and one early maturing variety, Jinbu-byeo, were cultured to observe TDM, then they were compared with those estimated by vegetation index together. Vegetation index determined by the reflectance of visible against near infrared wavelength showed high correlation with TDM. Vegetation index derived from narrow band(10nm interval) ratio, R910/R460, has the highest correlation coefficient with TDM. TDM estimated from R910/R460 from transplanting to heading stage corresponded well to measured values (Y=21.2428X-212.734 ; $R^2$=0.87). But another vegetation index, NIR(720~1,100nm) /Red(600~700nm) showed higher correlation with TDM than NIR(720~1,100nm) /Blue(400~500nm) did from heading stage to maturity.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.192-196
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• 2004

The in vitro effect of bisphenol A (BPA) on ovarian steroidogenesis of the longchin goby (Chasmichthys dolichognathus) was investigated. Oocytes taken during the maturing phase (vitellogenic, fully vitellogenic or germinal vesicle breakdown stage) were incubated with BPA (100 ng/mL) in the presence of exogenous precursor $^{3}H-17\alpha\;hydroxyprogesterone\;(^{3}H-17\alphaOHP).$ Steroids were extracted from the media and the isolated oocytes, and the extracts were separated and identified by thin layer chromatography and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The identities of the major metabolites were progestogens $[17{\alpha}-hydroxy,20{\alpha}-dihydroprogesterone\;(17{\alpha}20{\alpha}OHP)\;and\;17{\alpha}-hydrxy,20{\beta}-dihydroprogesterone\;(17{\alpha}20{\beta}OHP),$ androgens [androstenedione (A4) and testosterone (T)] and estrogens [estrone $(E_1)\;and\;estradiol-17{\beta}(E_2)].$ BPA treatment inhibited production of estrogens in all the maturing phases and progestogens in the germinal vesicle migrating stage. Percentage yield of estrogens was decreased with increased yield of androgens. In conclusion, BPA had an inhibitory effect on the conversion of $^3H-17\alphaOHP$ to estrogens and progestogens. These results demonstrate that BPA can act either estrogenic or anti-estrogenic effects.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.413-422
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• 2022

To identify rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars suitable for Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.)-rice double cropping systems, we investigated the yield and grain quality of four different midseason maturing rice cultivars ('Daebo', 'Haepum', 'Haiami', and 'Samdeog') and four midseason-to-late maturing rice cultivars ('Hyunpoom', 'Saeilmi', 'Saenuri', and 'Samkwang') in single rice cropping and Italian ryegrass-rice double cropping systems in paddy fields of Miryang, South Korea. We found that organic matter and available P₂O₅ content slightly decreased, whereas Na content increased, in the soil where Italian ryegrass was cultivated during winter compared to that in the soil that remained fallow during winter. The pH, electrical conductivity, organic matter, and contents of K⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, and Na⁺ decreased, whereas the available P₂O₅ content slightly increased, in the soil where rice was harvested in both single and double cropping systems. However, compared to the optimum soil conditions for rice cultivation, available P₂O₅ and K⁺ content were high and Mg²⁺ content was low in both single and double cropping systems. At the heading stage, the culm length and leaf color slightly increased in most of the rice cultivars, whereas the panicle length and number slightly decreased, in the double cropped system. After harvesting, spikelet number and milled rice yield did not show a significant difference between single and double cropping systems. However, the ripened grain rate and weight per thousand grains increased slightly in the 'Saeilmi' and 'Samkwang' cultivars but remained either stable or slightly low in other cultivars in the double cropping system. The milled rice yield was high (> 500 kg/10a) in 'Daebo' and 'Haepum' among midseason maturing rice cultivars, and in 'Saeilmi' and 'Saenuri' among midseason-to-late maturing rice cultivars, in both single and double cropping systems. The head rice rate was high in midseason maturing rice cultivars in the double cropping systems, reaching > 70% in 'Haepum' and 'Haiami' cultivars, whereas it decreased in most midseason-to-late maturing rice cultivars (excluding 'Samkwang' cultivar), in double cropping systems. Particularly, it exceeded > 70% in the 'Saenuri' cultivar in both single and double cropping systems. The protein content in milled rice increased, whereas the amylose content either remained stable or slightly increased, in double cropping systems. The Toyo taste value decreased in all midseason-to-late maturing rice cultivars and slightly increased in the 'Daebo' and 'Haiami' cultivars among midseason maturing rice cultivars in double cropping systems. However, Toyo taste values in the 'Haepum', 'Haiami', and 'Saenuri' cultivars exceeding > 80% in both single and double cropping systems. Therefore, we recommend 'Haepum', 'Haiami', and 'Saenuri' cultivars as candidates for Italian ryegrass-rice double cropping systems due to high yield, head rice rate, and Toyo taste value.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.68 no.4
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• pp.285-293
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• 2023

This study was conducted to determine the sowing limit period and predict growth in the northern region based on accumulative temperature for each growth stage of soybean cultivated in the southern regions of the Korean Peninsula. First, the results of a demonstration test in the central region (Yeoncheon) of the Korean Peninsula were very similar to the predicted and actual values on the date by growth stage obtained through cultivation. This method was then applied to seven agricultural climatic zones in the northern Korean Peninsula. The results predicted that regardless of ecotype, soybean could be grown and harvested in the southern and northern parts of Mt. Suyang, south of the East Sea, and in the central and northern inland areas. However, it was predicted that no ecotype could be grown and harvested normally in the northern alpine region. Furthermore, north of the East Sea, the prediction indicated that early and mid-maturing cultivars could be grown and harvested normally, but middle-late maturing cultivars appeared to lack the number of growth days. The sowing limit period also varied depending on the ecotype, although it was reached earlier as higher latitudes were approached; the period ranged from May 16 to June 26 in the northern and southern parts of Mt. Suyang, north and south of the East Sea, and central and northern inland areas. Furthermore, all ecotypes of the northern alpine region, as well as mid-late maturing cultivars in the north of the East Sea, were predicted to be unable to grow normally owing to the lack of number of days required for soybean growth and development.