• Toxicological Research
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.161-165
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• 2005

Bisphenol A (SPA), a environmental endocrine disruptor, is considered to bind to estrogen receptors and to regulate the expressions of estrogen responsive genes. This study was to evaluate the effect of SPA administration on body weight, sex ratio and litter size on 18 days in prenatal periods, the effect of reproductive organ weight and blood hematological values on 24 days postpartum in pregnant mice. The female mice was administrated to low doses of SPA (0, 0.05, 0.5 and 5.0 mg/kg B.W.) by intraperitoneal injection in gestation days $0\~15$ with 5 times at 3 days interval. The maternal body weight, litter size and sex ratios were similar to in all experimental groups, but body weights of male and female offspring was significantly lower in 5.0mg SPA group when compared to any other groups (P<0.05). No treatment-related effects on body weight, ovary weight and blood hematological values were observed in dams on 24 days after delivery. The uterine weight in 5.0mg SPA group was slightly higher than those of any other groups, but not significantly difference. The histological evaluation of ovary in dam mice on 24 days after dilivery was not difference in all experimental groups, but the endometriosis of uterus in dam mice were significantly increased in 0.5mg SPA group when compared to control group. These results indicates that low concentration of SPA should not be considered as a selective reproductive toxicant.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
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• 제14권7호
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• pp.3310-3318
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• 2013

본 연구의 목적은 개별적 모유수유증진 프로그램이 모유수유 태도와 모유 수유 실천에 미치는 효과를 검정하고자 시행되었다. 연구 설계는 비동등성 대조군 전후 시차설계의 유사 실험 연구로, 연구 기간은 2011년 6월 1일부터 9월 30일까지 이었다. 참여자는 일개 모자보건센터에 산전관리를 위해 내원한 임신 32주 이상의 임신부 64명(실험군; 32, 대조군; 32)을 대상으로 하였다. 수집된 자료는 SPSS 프로그램을 이용하여 빈도, 백분율, $x^2$-test와 t-test로 분석하였으며, 결과는 다음과 같다. 개별적 모유수유증진 프로그램을 제공 받은 실험군은 대조군보다 모유수유 태도 점수와 모유수유 실천율이 더 높았고, 시간 경과에 따른 두 그룹 간 모유수유실천 정도는 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 있었다. 결론적으로, 본 연구에서 사용한 개별적 모유수유 증진 프로그램은 모유수유 태도를 변화시키고, 모유수유 실천율 상승을 위한 효과적인 간호중재인 것으로 확인되었다.

• 한국발생생물학회지:발생과생식
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.195-204
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• 2012

Recently, we reported growth arrest-specific gene 6 (Gas6) as a new maternal effect gene (MEG), that expressed in the oocytes but functioned principally during embryogenesis. Gas6 RNAi-treated oocytes developed to metaphase II (MII) stage but they have affected M-phase promoting factor (MPF) activity and incurred abnormal pronuclear (PN) formation during fertilization. Gas6 is a ligand of TAM family members (Tyro3, Axl and Mertk) of receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK). Purpose of the present study was to evaluate the expression of Tyro3, Axl and Mertk transcripts in oocytes and early embryos. Expression of Gas6 and Mertk mRNA was detectable in oocytes and follicular cells, while Tyro3 and Axl mRNA was expressed only in follicular cells. Expression of Mertk mRNA was relatively constant during oocytes maturation and embryogenesis, but the other receptors, Tyro3 and Axl, were not expressed in oocytes and PN stage of embryos at all. Knockdown of Mertk mRNA and protein by using sequence-specific Mertk double strand RNA (dsRNA) did not affect oocytes maturation. In this case, however, contrary to the ligand Gas6 RNA interference (RNAi), MPF activity had not been changed by Mertk RNAi. Therefore, we concluded that the Gas6-Mertk signaling is not directly related to the oocyte maturation. It is still required to study further regarding the function of Mertk as the receptor of Gas6 during preimplantational early embryogenesis.

• 아동학회지
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.93-118
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• 1988

Systematic Training for Effective Parenting, developed by Dinkmeyer and McKay, is a parent education program that emphasizes social-emotional development. The present research studied the applicability of STEP to Korean mothers by examining changes in mothers' self-concept, mother's child-rearing attitudes, and children's behavior. The subjects of this study were 43 mothers of a kindergarten in Chonju City. 25 mothers were assigned to the control group and 18 mothers to the experimental group. Primary observes, consisting of 43 fathers of kindergarten children, and secondary observers, consisting of 43 Woosuk University students observed mothers' child-rearing attitudes and children's behavior. Instruments included the self-concept test by Jung Woonsik, Schaefer's Maternal Behavior Research Instrument, O Kiseon's Parent Child Relationship Test, Fear's parent questionnaire, and McKay's Adlerian Parental Assessment of Child Behavior. The mothers' child-rearing attitudes and the children's behavior are recorded by the observers and were compared with mothers' responses. The data were analyzed by MANOVA (multivariate analysis of variance), and ANOVA (analysis of variance). While the MANOVA showed no significant difference between the control and the experimental groups in changing the mothers' self-concept, differences in 5 of the 8 subfactors showed that STEP implemented positive change in the self-identity, self-satisfaction, self-behavior, personal self and family self in the experimental group. The MANOVA showed a significant difference between the two groups in changing the mothers' child-rearing attitudes. That is after participating in the STEP program, the mothers of the experimental group showed more significant progress than those of the control group. Mothers' observations of positive change in children's behavior agreed with those of the primary and secondary observers.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제31권8호
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• pp.1270-1282
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• 1998

The purpose of this research is to compare the effdct of the new weekly iron supplementation on maternal iron and zinc nutritional status with the effect of the present daily iron supplementation. To assess the iron ad zinc status of rpegant women visiting public health center in Ulsan, interview for dietary survey and general aspect of each subject was given and biochemical analysis of blood and urine was performed. The study subjects were divided to two groups randomly, but the subjects whose Hgb level was very low were allocated in daily group ethically because theeffect of weekly supplementation was not yet established as safety. Daily group received 80mg elemental Fe(250mg Fe as ferrous sulfate) per day for 100days, while weekly group received 160mg elemental Fe once a week for 15 weeks. After treatement, Hgb(p<0.01), Hct(p<0.01) , serum iron(p<0.05) and serum ferritin(p<0.001) in weekly group but RBC, Hgb , Hct , serum iron and serum iron and serum ferritin increased slightly. After correction for the initial Hgb by including it in the MANIVA, the difference in treatment effects of Hgb and TIBC between groups was statistically significant. The effect of weekly vs, daily iron supplementation program on zinc status was also studied. The difference in treatment effect between two groups was, however, not sifnificant. It is concluded that once weekly rion supplementation program in pregnant women was less effectgive to improve the iron status than daily iron supplementation program. However, because the weekly dose prevented a decline in Hgb as well as in ferritin, itw effect was positive , given the fact that non-supplemented women almost always exhibit a sifnificant drop in Hgb values. It seems that it will improve the iron status well if the amount or frequency of supplements is to be adjusted . Biweekly supplementation of a different dose or antother type of iron supplement, such as through a gastric delivery system, might be better.

• 아동학회지
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• 제36권3호
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• pp.35-57
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• 2015

The present study employed a pretest-posttest quasi-experimental design model in order to evaluate the effectiveness of the Respected Parents & Respected Children (RPRC) parent education program for mothers of early school-age children. Ninety mothers were randomly assigned to an intervention (n=45) group or a control group (n=45). Mothers in the intervention group participated in 8 weekly sessions of the parent education program. After the termination of the program, the differences between pretest and posttest were analyzed in terms of both maternal parenting characteristics (i.e., parenting behavior, parenting efficacy, parenting stress, and co-parenting) and children's social competence. The results indicated that only in the intervention group, self-reported positive parenting characteristics were significantly improved and negative parenting characteristics were significantly decreased. There were no significant effects of the program on children's social competence as rated by the mothers. These findings suggest that the RPRC parent education program is effective in changing parenting characteristics known as crucial predictors of child outcomes.

• 대한간호학회지
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.345-358
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• 1996

All human health behavior is deeply rooted one's beliefs or value system usually encompassed within the culture in which they live. The Taegyo, based on Oriental folk medicine, is defined as the behavior and self care of pregnant women administered for herself and her fetus(unborn child). Taegyo is believed to be desirable, effective, and healthy behavior by most of Korean pregnant women. It is essential in our contemporary culture, to ascertain what the components of Taegyo are and to integrate them into current, western nursing care, particularly in the area of prenatal care. 910 Korean women were the subjects of this study, who were in a gestation period of pregnancy between 10 weeks to three months postpartum. The subjects were selected by clustered smpling from 10 representative cities in Korea. Data was collected from February 10 to March 30 1995 by a constructed Questionnaire which consisted of 95 items. The questionnaire was developed through three steps such as content analysis, calculation of content validity index, and pretest. Data was analyzed by descriptive statistics and rotated matrix factor analysis with pc-SAS. The mean age of the subjects was 28.9 years : 36.5％ of them were employed and the mean income per month was about 2000 dollars. The component of Taegyo was clustered into five factors such as fetus psychological stability(equity), fetus personality development, maternal-fetal interaction, fetus intellectual development and physical health promotion. The variance of each factor were 23.7％, 8.3％, 4. 7％, 4.1％, and 3.3％ respectively in that order. The Eigen value of each factor was 13.03, 4.57, 2.60, 2.23, and l.83 respectively. It was found that the Taegyo is an unique and holistic self care behavior of Korean pregnant women. Therefore it has been concluded that this study has broadened the understandability of the implications the Taegyo. It is suggested that further studies on the effects of the Taegyo are needed to provide a scientific basis for professional maternity nursing.

• 한국환경성돌연변이발암원학회지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.77-81
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• 2001

Kamijadowhan (KMD), an oriental herbal medicine used for anti-angiogenic effect, was extracted with 80% ethanol from mixture of source materials and lyophilized. KMD was orally administered to plugpositive pregnant rats from gestational days 12 to 20, dividing into three groups including vehicle-treated control, 0.5 g/kg or 3 g/kg KMD-treated groups. Dam weight during gestation and post-gestation, weight of pre- and post-weaning offsprings in male and female, and reproductive and developmental endpoints including incisor eruption, eye opening and testes descent were measured. No significant alterations in development of physical landmarks in offspring, maternal weight gain during gestation and post-gestation, and offspring weight were observed in KMD-treated group. The measurement of organ weight at post-gestational days 21 was not changed in dams. In 0.5 g/kg KMD-treated rats, kidney weights in male and female offsprings were significantly increased, and the body weight in male offspring was also increased. Liver and brain weights were not changed. Taken together, these data suggest that KMD may not significantly cross the placenta and produce no reproductive and developmental toxicity at maternally non-toxic dosages.

• 보건교육건강증진학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.137-148
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• 1999

The necessity of school health promoting projects is well known to many researchers, however, there is a lack of research on the development of strategies for school health programs and the evaluation of the effectiveness of the programs. The results of our previous study in 1996 identified poor eyesight as one of the several health problems among elementary school children in urban areas. The main objective of this study is to develop, implement, and evaluate vision care for elementary school children. The research method utilized a quasi experimental design using non-equivalent group, pre-post comparison. The sample consisted of all second grade children in two elementary schools in Kyung-giProvince. In order to prevent a contamination effect of the vision care program, one school was selected as a control and the other school was selected as a treatment group. The experimental school had 467 children and the control school had 402 children. The visual acuity of children in both group was measured and a survey questionnaire was sent out to parents on the knowledge, attitude, and behavior related to vision care before the program was implemented. The children of the experimental school received the following programs; separate education on proper nutrition and care of eyesight for children and parents, daily eye exercises using video tape, and an essay and poster contest on healthy eyesight. The eye exercise program lasted from March, 1997 to November, 1997. On November, 1997, visual acuity was measured again from children in both schools. The data was analyzed by using SAS statistical package. The results indicate that the children in the experimental group had significantly (p〈0.001) better eyesight than the children in the control group. Also, some of the behavior highly related to the poor eyesight are poor maternal eyesight and watching TV from a short distance. In conclusion, one of the significance of this project is that the vision care program was developed after the need assessment. It will be encouraged in the future that more school health program should be developed after a need assessment. Also, inclusion of family members was important in health promoting projects within a school setting since healthy behavior needs to be reinforced at horne as well as at school.

• 한국환경보건학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국환경보건학회 2005년도 국제학술대회
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• pp.73-83
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• 2005

Higher methylmercury (MeHg) accumulation and susceptibility to toxicity in the fetus than in the mother at parturition is well known. However, the difference in MeHg exposure to fetus and offspring throughout gestation and suckling is not well established. In the human, the effects of MeHg exposure on pregnant and breast-feeding women remain an important issue for elucidation, especially those of continuous uptake in high-fish-consumption populations. The purpose of this paper was to evaluate the difference in MeHg exposure to fetus and offspring throughout gestation and lactation using our recent animal and human studies data. In the animal study, adult female rats were given a diet containing 5 ${\mu}$g/g Hg (as MeHg) for 8 weeks. Then they were mated and subsequently given the same diet throughout gestation and suckling. On embryonic days 18, 20, 22 and at parturition, the concentrations of Hg in the brains of fetus were approximately 1.5-2.0 times higher than those in the mothers. However, during the suckling period Hg concentrations in the brain rapidly declined to about 1/10 of that during late pregnancy. Hg concentrations in blood also decreased rapidly after birth. In human study, Hg concentrations in red blood cells (RBCs-Hg) in 16 pairs of maternal and umbilical cord blood samples were compared at birth and 3 months of age after parturition. RBCs-Hg concentration in the umbilical cords was about 1.6 times higher than those in the mothers at parturition. However, all the infants showed declines in Hg concentrations throughout the breast-feeding period. The Hg concentration in RBCs-Hg at 3 months of age was about half that at birth. Both the animal and human studies indicated that MeHg exposure to the fetus might be especially high but it dramatically decreases during the suckling period. Therefore, close attention should be paid to the gestation rather than the breast-feeding period to avoid the risk of MeHg to human infants.