• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제15권8호
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• pp.1085-1090
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• 2002

Genetic parameters for birth weights (BWT), calving ease scores observed from calves born by heifers (CEH), and calving ease scores observed from calves born by cows (CEC) were estimated using Bayesian methodology with Gibbs sampling in different threshold animal models. Data consisted of 77,458 records for calving ease scores and birth weights in Gelbvieh cattle. Gibbs samplers were used to obtain the parameters of interest for the categorical traits in two univariate threshold animal models, a bivariate threshold animal model, and a three-trait linear-threshold animal model. Samples of heritabilities and genetic correlations were calculated from the posterior means of dispersion parameters. In a univariate threshold animal model with CEH (model 1), the posterior means of heritabilities for calving ease was 0.35 for direct genetic effects and 0.18 for maternal genetic effects. In the other univariate threshold model with CEC (model 2), the posterior means of heritabilities of CEC was 0.28 for direct genetic effects and 0.18 for maternal genetic effects. In a bivariate threshold model with CEH and CEC (model 3), heritability estimates were similar to those in unvariate threshold models. In this model, genetic correlation between heifer calving ease and cow calving ease was 0.89 and 0.87 for direct genetic effect and maternal genetic effects, respectively. In a three-trait animal model, which contained two categorical traits (CEH and CEC) and one continuous trait (BWT) (model 4), heritability estimates of CEH and CEC for direct (maternal) genetic effects were 0.40 (0.23) and 0.23 (0.13), respectively. In this model, genetic correlation estimates between CEH and CEC were 0.89 and 0.66 for direct genetic effects and maternal effects, respectively. These estimates were greater than estimates between BWT and CEH (0.82 and 0.34) or BWT and CEC (0.85 and 0.26). This result indicates that CEH and CEC should be high correlated rather than estimates between calving ease and birth weight. Genetic correlation estimates between direct genetic effects and maternal effects were -0.29, -0.31 and 0.15 for BWT, CEH and CEC, respectively. Correlation for permanent environmental effects between BWT and CEC was -0.83 in model 4. This study can provide genetic evaluation for calving ease with other continuous traits jointly with assuming that calving ease from first calving was a same trait to calving ease from later parities calving. Further researches for reliability of dispersion parameters would be needed even if the more correlated traits would be concerned in the model, the higher reliability could be obtained, especially on threshold model with property that categorical traits have little information.

• 아동학회지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.27-44
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• 2003

This study examined effects of children's emotionality, interpersonal problem solving strategies, and maternal behaviors during mother-child interaction on children's social competence as rated by teachers. Data were analyzed separately for boys and girls. A total of 102 children(60 boys, 42 girls; aged 5-6) and their mothers were studied. Children's positive and negative emotionality were related to their social competence. Positive solving strategies were positively related to boy's social competence; negative solving strategies had negative to both boy's and girl's social competence. Mother's negative affect related negatively to boy's social competence and mother's sensitivity/guidance related positively to girl's social competence. When children's emotionality and interpersonal problem solving strategies were controlled, maternal behaviors during mother-child interaction did not contribute to children's social competence.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제49권9호
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• pp.15-24
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• 2011

We investigated the effects of maternal parenting behavior and preschoolers' social skills on the children's withdrawal behavior. The participants were 92 mothers of five year-old preschoolers and their teachers from two day care centers and one kindergarten in Seoul and Gyeong-gi province. The data were analyzed by using descriptive statistics, correlation analysis, t-test and hierarchical regression. The major findings were summarized as follows: (1) there were no differences between the boys' and girls' withdrawal behavior. (2) the mothers' consistent parenting behavior and preschoolers' lack of assertive behavior explained the children's withdrawal behavior. In conclusion, maternal parenting behavior and preschoolers' social skills influence on the children's withdrawal behavior.

• 아동학회지
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• 제26권6호
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• pp.393-409
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• 2005

This study examined effects of self-perceived obesity, peer victimization, stress, and maternal child rearing behaviors on self-esteem in an obese group(OG) and a normal weight group(NWG) of elementary school children. Subjects were 1,501 elementary school children in the 4th to the 6th grades in Seoul, Busan, Daegu, Gwangju, and Andong and their mothers. Major findings were that maternal child rearing behaviors and stress related to parents and home environments influenced children's self esteem only in the NWG; school-related stress was an influential variable on children's self esteem in both the NWG and OG. Peer victimization influenced children's self-esteem in both NWG and OG. Self-perceived obesity influenced some domains of children's self-esteem, especially in girls.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제48권8호
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• pp.77-86
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• 2010

This study investigated the effects of maternal parenting behaviors and preschooler's emotional regulation on their internet-game addictive inclination. The participants were 129 mothers of 5 and 6 year-old preschoolers and their teachers from two day dare centers and one kindergarten in Seoul and Kyung-gi province. Data were analyzed by descriptive statistics and hierarchical regressions by SPSS program (12.0 version). The major findings were as follows: (1) Boys showed higher score of internet-game addictive inclination than that of girls. (2) mother's consistent parenting behaviors and preschooler's other-regulation behaviors significantly explained preschooler's internet-game addictive inclination. In conclusion, maternal parenting behaviors and preschooler's emotional regulation have influenced on preschooler's internet-game addictive inclination.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제15권8호
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• pp.1222-1226
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• 2002

Estimates of genetic correlation between direct and maternal effects for weaning weight of beef cattle are often negative in field data. The biological existence of this genetic antagonism has been the point at issue. Some researchers perceived such negative estimate to be an artifact from poor modeling. Recent studies on sources affecting the genetic correlation estimates are reviewed in this article. They focus on heterogeneity of the correlation by sex, selection bias caused from selective reporting, selection bias caused from splitting data by sex, sire by year interaction variance, and sire misidentification and inbreeding depression as factors contributing sire by year interaction variance. A biological justification of the genetic antagonism is also discussed. It is proposed to include the direct-maternal genetic covariance in the analytical models.

• 아동학회지
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• 제30권5호
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• pp.137-153
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• 2009

This study examined the effects on preschooler's social competence of preschooler's emotional regulation strategies and maternal attitude toward child's emotional expressiveness. Subjects were 57 3-to 5-year-old preschoolers, their mothers and 3 teachers in their classes. Data were adapted from the Social Intelligence part of Project Spectrum and analyzed by Pearson Correlation Coefficient and Stepwise Multiple Regression Analysis. Findings were that : (1) preschoolers' positive emotion regulation strategies significantly explained their social competence. (2) Older children showed higher social competence than younger children; the effect of children's age on social competence was more influential than emotional strategies or maternal attitudes. In conclusion, preschooler's emotion regulation strategies are an important factor as their social competence develops with age.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제48권9호
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• pp.103-111
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of perceived parental acceptance on social anxiety and depressive symptoms in children. Seven hundred and thirty eight 5th and 6th graders completed questionnaires. Regression analyses indicated that low levels of paternal acceptance was associated with higher social anxiety and depressive symptoms. Gender was a moderator of the effects of maternal acceptance on social anxiety and depressive symptoms. With high levels of maternal acceptance, girls were significantly less likely to report social anxiety and depressive symptoms, compared to boys. These results highlight the important role of parental acceptance in manifestations of social anxiety and depressive symptoms and clarify the relation of maternal acceptance to social anxiety and depressive symptoms as a function of gender.

• 한국보육지원학회지
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• 제16권5호
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• pp.47-67
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• 2020

Objective: The main purpose of this study was to investigate the direct effect of maternal parenting behavior and indirect effects through preschoolers'executive function on three types of social behavior, prosocial, aggressive and withdrawn behavior. Methods: A total of 299 mothers and their preschool-aged children were the subjects of this study. Mothers completed the questionnaire that included measures of their parenting behavior, preschoolers' executive function, and social behavior. Results: First, mothers' positive parenting behavior had a direct effect on preschoolers' prosocial behavior, and mothers' negative parenting behavior had direct effects on preschoolers' aggressive and withdrawn behavior. Second, mothers' positive parenting behavior had indirect effects on preschoolers' prosocial, aggressive and withdrawn behavior through preschoolers' executive function. In contrast, indirect paths from maternal negative parenting behavior to social behavior through preschoolers' execution function were not significant. Conclusion/Implications: These findings underscore the importance of executive function during early childhood and suggest the need for effective parenting programs to promote executive function.

• 아동학회지
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• 제36권6호
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• pp.59-83
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• 2015

This study examined the effects of maternal parenting behavior, relationships with friends, and relationships with teachers on the subjective well-being of children in late childhood. A total of 299 fifth and sixth grade students at elementary school (141 boys and 158 girls) participated in this study. The subjects completed questionnaires on maternal parenting behavior, relationships with friends, relationships with teachers, and their subjective well-being. The data were analyzed by means of Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The results are as follows. First, maternal parenting behavior was found to have a direct effect on children's subjective well-being. Second, maternal parenting behavior was seen to have an indirect effect on children's subjective well-being through their relationships with friends. Third, maternal parenting behavior was found to have an indirect effect on children's subjective well-being through their relationships with their teachers. The findings from this study suggest that relationships factors established in both family and school need to be considered together in order to explain children's subjective well-being. In addition, this study emphasizes the relative importance of maternal parenting behavior in improving the subjective well-being of school-aged children, as compared to the relationships with both their friends and their teachers at school.