• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.33 no.11
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• pp.1699-1713
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• 2020

Bovine mastitis, an inflammation of the mammary gland, is the most common disease of dairy cattle causing economic losses due to reduced yield and poor quality of milk. The etiological agents include a variety of gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, and can be either contagious (e.g., Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, Mycoplasma spp.) or environmental (e.g., Escherichia coli, Enterococcus spp., coagulase-negative Staphylococcus, Streptococcus uberis). Improving sanitation such as enhanced milking hygiene, implementation of post-milking teat disinfection, maintenance of milking machines are general measures to prevent new cases of mastitis, but treatment of active mastitis infection is dependant mainly on antibiotics. However, the extensive use of antibiotics increased concerns about emergence of antibiotic-resistant pathogens and that led the dairy industries to reduce the use of antibiotics. Therefore, alternative therapies for prevention and treatment of bovine mastitis, particularly natural products from plants and animals, have been sought. This review provides an overview of bovine mastitis in the aspects of risk factors, control and treatments, and emerging therapeutic alternatives in the control of bovine mastitis.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.273-278
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• 1982

A total of 136 dairy cows were subjected to test for bovine mastitis by AHI mastitis detector, microbiological test (MT) and California mastitis test (CMT). The results obtained were summarlized as follows: MT indicated that the most important causative microorganisms isolated from mastitic milk were Staphylococcus aureus (59.3%), Staphylococcus epidermidis (16.4%), Streptococcus agalactiae (12.4%) and Streoticoccus uberis (4.4%). In Holstein breed, the critical threshold of electrical conductivity values of normal and mastitic milk were found to be less than $6,900{\mu}S$ and above, $7,700{\mu}S$, respectively. Although there was goad agreement (92.0%) between AHI mastitis detector test and CMT for the diagnosis of bovine mastitis, the diagnostic efficiency of AHI mastitis detector (80.0%) was higher than that of CMT (74.0%) when compared with microbiological findings. In addition, handiness and objectivity of AHI mastitis detector for the detection of mastitic milk suggested that this could effectively be used for the diagnosis of both clinical and subclinical bovine mastitis in field.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.150-165
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• 1992

The study for a effect of monitoring on bovine mastitis was conduced for a year from Dec, 1989 to Nov, 1990, Sampling the bulk milk of 350 herds in Inchon city and out of 10 herds among them were carried out herds guidance, CMT, SCC, isolation of pathogens and antibiotic sensitivity tests. The results obtained were summarized as follows 1. Annual mean SCC of 1213 herds was 558, 000 cell /ml 2. The number of SCC below 500, 000 cell /ml to quarters for herds guidance was at 1st 77. 0%, End 84.8% and 3rd 80.4%. The is shown that milk quality was steadly improved. 3. The most number of isolated pathogens of bovine mastitis was Staphylococcus SPP - 402(47.2%) Streptococcus SPP - 80(18.7% ) 4. The highest rate of antibiotic sensitivity test was Stapylococcus SPP - cephalothin(76.7%) Streptococcus SPP - ampicillin(77.5%) Gram negative bacilli - tetracyclin(76.0%) 5. The effect of monitoring on bovine mastitis was improved showing that at 1st 49.0% to 3rd 72.0%

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.231-235
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• 2008

Various kinds of antibiotic intramammary infusions are used for treatment of bovine mastitis. As antibiotic-resistant bacteria are increased, the therapeutic rate for bovine mastitis is decreased. The goal of this research is to detect significant synergic effects of combination of antibiotics with sulbactam, $\beta$-lactamase inhibitor, on methicilin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). We used 5 strains of MRSA isolated from bovine mastitis with clinical and subclinical signs. All of the bacteria isolated had resistance to oxacillin and showed multi-resistant patterns in the antimicrobial susceptibility tests. Minimal bactericidal concentrations of ampicillin, amoxicillin, cephalexin, ampicillin/sulbactam(2:1), amoxicillin/sulbactam (2:1), and cephalexin/sulbactam (1:1) were measured according to broth microdilution method suggested by National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (NCCLS, M31-A2) to compare the synergic effects of sulbactam combination with each antibiotic alone. Ampicillin and amoxicillin showed synergic antibacterial activity to 4 and 3 respectively in 5 strains of MRSA in combination with sulbactam. This study demonstrates that ampicillin/sulbactam and amoxicillin/sulbactam can be therapeutic choices for mastitis associated with MRSA.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.75-81
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• 1987

Epidemiological study on the bovine mastitis was carried out on 1,493 raw milk samples from 7,406 dairy cows of dairyfarms in Chonnam province. And, it were classified by R. B. V. test during the period from July, 1984 to June, 1986. Of these positive samples, the mastitis causative agents were isolated, and examined for susceptibility to 14 antibiotics by disc method. The results are summarized as follows 1. Incidence rate of bovine mastitis from raw milk examined was observed in 1,393 dairy cows (18.8%) among 7,406 dairy cows of dairy farms. These outbreaks according to years were increased to 17.1% in 1984, 19.7% in 1985, and 20.5% in 1986. And, outbreaks of bovine mastitis according to seasons were high observed during the period from August to October. 2. Isolated rate of mastitis causative agents from raw milk was observed in the order of Staphylococcus sp. (50.2-51.7%), Streptococcus sp. (35.6-48.3%), Bacillus sp. (2.2-6.7%), Pseudomonas sp. (0.3-5.7%), and others (0.6%). 3. Generally, antibiotics susceptibility of isolated mastitis agents from raw milk was observed high susceptible in CP, CL, NB, PC, SM, NM, EM, GM etc.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.257-263
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• 2009

Bovine mastitis is an important disease causing serious economic loss in dairy production and food poison in public health. Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus are the major causative agents of bovine mastitis. These bacteria were found in milk and environmental condition such as feces, water, soil and so on. Bovine mastitis causative micro-organisms can survive in 1-2 weeks in feces and bed complexes. Low level of percentage of water content (PWC) of feces and bed complexes can reduce the spreading of bovine mastitis incidence from environmental contamination. In this study, we developed the fecal dehydrating system and determined the elimination rates of bovine mastitis causative agent from feces and bed complexes. To develop the fecal dehydrating system, the screw pressurized dehydrating system was used and the maximum rate of dehydrating was reached to 52% PWC using 90% PWC (wet base) of fecal and bed complexes. The elimination rates of the dehydrating system for E. coli and S. aureus were reached at 41.19 $\pm$ 7.84% to 62.55 $\pm$ 8.71% in various percentages of PWC of feces and bed complexes (80, 85 and 90%). These results suggested that the application of fecal dehydrating system would reduce the exposure of dairy cattle to bovine mastitis causing agents contaminated feces and bed complexes, and can be used for environmental bovine mastitis control avoiding misuse or abuse of chemical disinfectants and antibiotics in dairy farm.

• 한국생물공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.740-744
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• 2003

The antimicrobial substance produced by Lactobacillus bulgaricus was inactivated by pretense, which confirmed it as a bacteriocin and referred to 'bulgaricin HJ'. The bulgaricin HJ showed the inhibitory activity against mastitis pathogens, gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria. The optimal conditions for the production of bulgaricin HJ were at the temperature of $30^{\circ}C$ and 10 h after cultivation of L. bulgaricus. Staph. and Strep. agalactiae, common bovine mastitis pathogens, were treated with bulgaricin HJ by the agar well diffusion method and showed antimirobial activities to the bovine mastitis pathogens. The activity of the bulgaricin HJ was maintained at pH 6-7 and $100^{\circ}C$ for 60 min against the mastitis pathogens. The bulgaricin HJ was determined as class IV bacteriocin by various enzyme treatments. Colony forming units analysis with indicator strains by the treatments of bulgaricin HJ indicates that the mode of bacteriocin action was bactericidal rather than bacteriostatic.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.16 no.12
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• pp.1830-1836
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• 2003

Studies using natural resistance-associated macrophage protein (NRAMP) identification indicated that cattle could be selected for immunity. Several studies performed on intracellular organisms such as Mycobacterium, Salmonella, Brucella and Leishmania in human and mouse revealed that resistance against these bacteria was dependent on high activity of NRAMP1 in macrophages. However, hardly any researches have been done on Staphylococcus aureus in bovine mastitis, which is an intracellular organism and the main cause of bovine mastitis. The objectives of this study were to establish reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) methods, through which NRAMP1 mRNA expression could be compared and analyzed between mastitis-resistant and -susceptible cows. NRAMP1 gene and its expression were investigated using 20 cows (Holstein Friesian) in Korea. Cows were evenly split into two groups, with and without histories of clinical mastitis. Equivalent numbers of cows were randomly selected from each group. Monocytes were isolated from the bovine peripheral blood of each selected cows and activated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). mRNA was separated from the monocytes and cDNA of NRAMP1 was synthesized and amplified using RT-PCR with amplification of $\beta$-actin as a control. The difference in NRAMP1 expressions of mastitis-resistant (n=10) and -susceptible (n=10) Holstein cows was analyzed. Results demonstrate that resistant cows produced more NRAMP1 mRNA than the susceptible ones, and ratios of NRAMP1:$\beta$-actin expression were higher in resistant cows with or without LPS activation. Therefore, this study could be applied to select bovine mastitis resistant cows before infection based on the expression of NRAMP1.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.7-12
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• 1999

Bovine mastitis was examined by use of the rolling ball viscosity test in Kwang-ju area. Antibiotic sus-ceptibility of isolated pathogens from raw milk was investigated by the disc method. Positive rate of so-matic cell counts (over 500,000 cells/ml) was decreased from 11.1% in 1991∼1993 to 8.0-% in 1995∼1997. Isolated mastitis-causing-pathogens were identified as Staphylococcus sp. (49.7%) Escherichia coki(23.2%) Streptococcus sp. (10.4%) and Bacillus sp(7.2%) Antibiotic susceptibility of isolated pathogens to almost antibiotics was decreased.

• Journal of the korean veterinary medical association
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• v.19 no.7
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• pp.39-44
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• 1983

A Total of 15 cows with 26 Quarters affected with chronic mastitis in Anyang Area were used in this experiment. Levamisole was effective against chronic bovine mastitis by enhancing the immune response in cows. 1. Levamisole treatment was $65.0\%$