• International Journal of Highway Engineering
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• v.6 no.4 s.22
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• pp.13-24
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• 2004

The Marshall mix design method used in Korea, which was described in the design & construction regulation, had been introduced from Japan Highway Cooperation standard guide. Most engineers have thought that it is the major reason that causes pavement distresses. Therefore, there is a need to modify the current Marshall mix design through using the volumetric design concept, which is most widely used in asphalt mix design. The modified mix design determines the preliminary optimum asphalt content at 4% VTM (Voids in Total Mix). If the Marshall properties, which are VFA, VMA, stability, and flow, were satisfied with the requirements, the preliminary optimum asphalt content is determined as the final optimum asphalt content. The modified Marshall mix design considers VMA. while the current Marshall mix design does not consider VMA. By considering the Marshall stability and flow as the criteria instead of design factors, the modified Marshall mix design is able to decrease the errors occurred in Marshall stability test The test was performed to compare the Marshall properties between current and modified Marshall mix design. The left results showed that there was no difference in the Marshall properties, except for VTM. Thus, the modified Marshall mix design can produce the asphalt mixtures with the constant VTM (4%), and it can improve the asphalt mixture quality in Korea.

• International Journal of Highway Engineering
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• v.6 no.4 s.22
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• pp.65-73
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• 2004

Marshall stability and flow don't reflect mechanical property of asphalt mixtures and have little correlation with rutting-related performance. There is often rutting occurred on the asphalt pavement which was constructed using a mixture passing the specification for stability and flow. This study dealt with comparison of volumetric properties of mixtures from Marshall mix design and from Superpave mix design. This study used one binder, three aggregates and two gradations. The mixtures were manufactured by each mix design method. Result showed that OAC, VMA and VFA by Marshall mix design were higher than those by Superpave mix design. This is because Mashall mixture has the gradation prone to rutting and it should be further investigated whether or not the high OAC is direct cause of rutting in asphalt pavement.

• Geotechnical Engineering
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.17-34
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• 1996

The objective of this paper is to evaluate the asphalt mixture performance with pyrolyzed carbon black(CBP) and air -cooled iron blast furnace slag. Marshall mix design was performed to determine the optimum binder content, The optimum binder content ranged from 6.3 percent to 7.75 percent. Dynamic creep testing was carried out using mixtures at the optimum binder content. Based on the test results, the use of pyrolyzed carbon black and slag in the asphalt pavement showed a positive result, such as the increase of Marshall stability, the decrease of the strain rate and the decrease in the mix stiffness rate at high temperature(5$0^{\circ}C$) and 137.9 kPa confinement. Within the limits of this research. it was concluded that pyrolyzed carbon black as an additive and slag as a coarse aggregate could be used to produce an asphalt paving mixture that has good stability, stiffness, and rutting resistance.

• International Journal of Highway Engineering
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• v.2 no.4 s.6
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• pp.123-131
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• 2000

The compaction equipment and the Marshall stability head are the two important testing equipment for the Marshall test. The compaction equipment is closely related to the air void, VMA and compactability of the mixtures, and the stability head is related to the Marshall stability and the flow, therefore the size and the shape of the equipment is essential for finding the accurate optimum asphalt content for the asphalt mix design. However, the size and the shape of the equipment currently used and the condition of the installation of compaction pedestal in this country are different from each agency and manufacturer. The national inspection of the Marshall equipment is necessary because the difference can affect the test results and also the performance of the asphalt pavement.

• Advances in Computational Design
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• v.7 no.3
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• pp.253-279
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• 2022

This study investigated and predicted the Marshall stability of glass-fiber asphalt mix, carbon-fiber asphalt mix and glass-carbon-fiber asphalt (hybrid) mix by using machine learning techniques such as Artificial Neural Network (ANN), Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Random Forest(RF), The data was obtained from the experiments and the research articles. Assessment of results indicated that performance of the Artificial Neural Network (ANN) based model outperformed applied models in training and testing datasets with values of indices as; coefficient of correlation (CC) 0.8492 and 0.8234, mean absolute error (MAE) 2.0999 and 2.5408, root mean squared error (RMSE) 2.8541 and 3.3165, relative absolute error (RAE) 48.16% and 54.05%, relative squared error (RRSE) 53.14% and 57.39%, Willmott's index (WI) 0.7490 and 0.7011, Scattering index (SI) 0.4134 and 0.3702 and BIAS 0.3020 and 0.4300 for both training and testing stages respectively. The Taylor diagram also confirms that the ANN-based model outperforms the other models. Results of sensitivity analysis show that Carbon fiber has a major influence in predicting the Marshall stability. However, the carbon fiber (CF) followed by glass-carbon fiber (50GF:50CF) and the optimal combination CF + (50GF:50CF) are found to be most sensitive in predicting the Marshall stability of fibrous asphalt concrete.

• International Journal of Highway Engineering
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.61-71
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• 2016

PURPOSES: The objective of this study was to determine the optimum ratio of mix design, for a reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) content of 100%, for spray injection application. METHODS: A literature review revealed that spray injection is an efficient and cost-effective application for fixing small defective regions of an asphalt pavement. Rapid-setting polymer-modified asphalt mixtures prepared from two types of rapid-setting polymer asphalt emulsion were subjected to Marshall stability and wet track abrasion tests, in order to identify the optimum mix designs. RESULTS and CONCLUSIONS : Different mix designs of type A and type B emulsions were prepared using RAP and virgin aggregates, in order to compare the performance and determine the optimum mix design. The performance of mixtures prepared with RAP was superior to that of mixtures containing virgin aggregates. Moreover, for optimum ratio of the design, the binder content prepared from RAP was set to 1~2% lower than that consisting of virgin aggregates. Compared to their Type A counterparts, type B mixtures consisting of a reactive emulsion performed better in the Marshall stability and wet track abrasion tests. The initial results confirmed the advantages associated with using RAP for spray injection applications. Further studies will be performed to verify the difference in the optimum mix design and performance obtained in the lab-scale test and tests conducted at the job site by using the spray injection machine.

• International Journal of Highway Engineering
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.227-236
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• 2007

The design number of gyration is required in the process of asphalt mix design using gyratory compactor. The purpose of this study is to select the design number of gyration for asphalt mix design in the laboratory. Three types of methods were used to select the design number of gyration. The first method is to select the gyration number which gives the same density with the mixtures compacted with 75 blows of Marshall Compaction. The second method is to select the gyration number which gives the same deformation strength with the mixtures compacted with 75 blows of Marshall Compactor. The third method is to select the gyration number which meet the 4% air voids. Ten mixtures, one type of aggregate(granite), one type of asphalt binder(pen. 60-80), and 10 types of gradation, were prepared for the laboratory tests. As a result, 100 number of gyration was selected for the design number of gyration of the asphalt mix design. This result shows a similar trend with the design number of gyration used in the foreign countries. Thus, the design number of gyration selected in this study can be used for the asphalt mix design using the gyratory compactors.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.732-737
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• 2016

Using the pyrolyzed carbon black (PCB) from waste tires, the performance of 13 mm dense-graded hot mix asphalt was evaluated. The Marshall mix design was carried out and the measured optimal asphalt content was 5.8%. The impact resonant test was conducted to obtain the elastic modulus and damping ratio of the hot mix asphalt. The elastic modulus of HMA increased with increasing amount of PCB. On the other hand, there was no significant change in the damping ratio. The Marshall mix design, indirect tensile test, permanent deformation test, and program analysis were carried out. The strength ratio of the PCB modified asphalt mixtures was within 10%. More 10% of PCB was not good for the permanent deformation of hot mix asphalt. From the pavement design program, the use of 5% PCB in hot mix asphalt showed a decrease in the top-down crack, bottom-up crack, and permanent deformation. Judging from the limited test and analysis, the use of 5% PCB is good for enhancing the pavement performance.

• International Journal of Highway Engineering
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• v.8 no.1 s.27
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• pp.15-23
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• 2006

Criteria of the current asphalt mix design, Marshall method, includes the stability and flow which are not related with field performance of HMA mixture, together with the air void, Void filled with asphalt (VFA) and/or Void of mineral Aggregate(VMA). In addition, the limits of stability and flow are satisfied in most cases, the Optimum asphalt content (OAC) is determined based on volumetric properties, such as the air void and/or VFA and/of VMA. Therefore, many researchers have sought mechanistic properties which can replace the stability and flow, making the designed mixture having potential for better field performance. This study initiated to develope a mix design by introducing two performance-related mechanistic properties, the deformation strengh and fracture energy, in place of the stability and flow of the Marshall method. The deformation strength $(S_D)$ from the Kim Test has a high correlation with rutting property and the fracture energy(FE) from the indirect tensile test represents the fatigue cracking property of asphalt mixture. Four types of asphalt mixture were prepared for examining possibility of using the suggested mix design method in comparison with current methods. The results showed that mechanical properties were reflected in determination of OAC with this suggested mix design, unlike the existing Marshall method.

• International Journal of Highway Engineering
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.75-85
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• 2017

PURPOSES : The purpose of this study was to determine the optimum mix design of the content of 100 % reclaimed asphalt pavement (RAP) for spray injection application with different binder types. METHODS : Literature review revealed that spray injection method is the one of the efficient and economical methods for repairing a small defective area on an asphalt pavement. The Rapid-Setting Polymer modified asphalt mixtures using two types of rapid setting polymers-asphalt emulsion and a quick setting polymer asphalt emulsion-were subjected to the following tests to determine optimum mix designs and for performance comparison: 1) Marshall stability test, 2) Retained stability test, 3) Wet track abrasion test, and 4) Dynamic stability test. RESULTS and CONCLUSIONS : Type A, B, and C emulsions were tested with different mix designs using RAP aggregates, to compare the performances and determine the optimum mix design. Performance of mixtures with Type A emulsion exceeded that of mixtures with Type B and C emulsion in all aspects. In particular, Type A binder demonstrated the highest performance for WTAT at low temperature. It demonstrated the practicality of using Type A mixture during the cold season. Furthers studies are to be performed to verify the optimum mix design for machine application. Differences in optimum mix designs for machine application and lab application will be corrected through field tests.