• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.405-414
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• 2008

When we evaluate slope stability, we regard the slope homogeneous and evaluate slope stability at the most dangerous portion of slope. However, since conditions and properties of rock mass/soil are different from one location to another within a single slope, slope stability evaluated by current concept can not represent slope correctly. This also result in over-reinforcement at the portion where reinforcement is not necessary. In order to solve these problems, we suggest a cell unit evaluation method in which we apply small rectangular cells in a slope and regard each cell as a single slope. In this method, slopes are classified into soil slope and rock slope depending on materials. Strength of rock, volumetric joint count, spacing of joints, condition of joints, ground water condition and so on are examined and SMR and condition index values are calculated. Finally, all data and results are presented as contour maps. We apply the cell unit evaluation method into 3 cut slopes. SMR values estimated by the new method are larger than those by current concept at most portions of slope, indicating that the new method suggested by this research represent slope stability more correctly than methods which were used. This method will prevent over-reinforcement at the portion of slope where reinforcement is not necessary.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.26 no.3_4
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• pp.390-401
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• 2002

This study was to evaluate the fitness and the suitability of size specification of the ready made jacket for women by analysing pattern size and space between skin and clothing using 3D scanner. The results were as follows: 1. Pattern B had the lowest score and the feeling of wearing was significantly different among the given patterns even though all jacket size specification were the same. 2. Ease amount was different between each brand even though the jacket size specification was the same due to the different pattern grading rules. And increasing grading amounts were bigger in horizontal direction rather than in vertical direction. 3. We could obtain accurate a 3 dimensional figure, using 3D scanner which was very useful and more accurate than 2 dimensional data using photography method. 4. Analyzing the average space between skin and clothing of each pattern, there was no significant difference in the average space between skin and clothing among all patterns except waist part of B88 size. And analyzing the average space between skin and clothing of each measured body parts by each size, there existed a significant difference in the interscye, abdomen and hip parts.

• Archives of design research
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• v.18 no.3 s.61
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• pp.95-104
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• 2005

Although the volume and complexity of available information have increased, our ability to process such volume of complex information has not been met with corresponding development. Information designers have been given the responsibility to address such unbalanced progress by developing effective visual systems to deliver and communicate such information to the masses in a manner that is quick and easy to process and understand. This study originated in recognition of these issues. This study seeks to find a solution to these issues in rhetorics in order to proliferate visual communications in recognition of the increasing importance of information and visual communication. Rhetorics, a field of study with a long history of analyzing the delivery of communication, provides numerous possibilities for the re-establishment of importance placed on visual information communication. Included in this study are (i) a thorough analysis of the principals of expression and logic offered by rhetorics, as applicable to information design (ii) a proposal to the solution to the above-mentioned issues encompassing the rhetoric process and methods of expression of information design and (iii) the practical application of these design principals to social activities. In order to provide an example of the practical use of the rhetoric methodology Presented in this study, we applied the rhetoric methodology to the 'Information Design for Public Transportation of Seoul.' and developed a new map and a guidebook. The raw data necessary for the foregoing were obtained through the analysis of the information designs that are currently in use in connection with mass transportation in Seoul and the survey evaluation conducted among Seoul residents. We modulated the infrastructure of Seoul by using 48 TAZs, computed the routes that are most likely to be used, and proposed the predictable information analysis process. The design proposed on this study encompasses color coding and use of combined information, and application of style and sequential information analysis process.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.94-101
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• 2008

Warming trends during winter seasons in East Asian regions are expected to accelerate in the future according to the climate projection by the Inter-governmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Warmer winters may affect short-term cold hardiness of deciduous fruit trees, and yet phenological observations are scant compared to long-term climate records in the regions. Dormancy depth, which can be estimated by daily temperature, is expected to serve as a reasonable proxy for physiological tolerance of flowering buds to low temperature in winter. In order to delineate the geographical pattern of short-term cold hardiness in grapevines, a selected dormancy depth model was parameterized for "Campbell Early", the major cultivar in South Korea. Gridded data sets of daily maximum and minimum temperature with a 270m cell spacing ("High Definition Digital Temperature Map", HDDTM) were prepared for the current climatological normal year (1971-2000) based on observations at the 56 Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA) stations and a geospatial interpolation scheme for correcting land surface effects (e.g., land use, topography, and site elevation). To generate relevant datasets for climatological normal years in the future, we combined a 25km-resolution, 2011-2100 temperature projection dataset covering South Korea (under the auspices of the IPCC-SRES A2 scenario) with the 1971-2000 HD-DTM. The dormancy depth model was run with the gridded datasets to estimate geographical pattern of change in the cold-hardiness period (the number of days between endo- and forced dormancy release) across South Korea for the normal years (1971-2000, 2011-2040, 2041-2070, and 2071-2100). Results showed that the cold-hardiness zone with 60 days or longer cold-tolerant period would diminish from 58% of the total land area of South Korea in 1971-2000 to 40% in 2011-2040, 14% in 2041-2070, and less than 3% in 2071-2100. This method can be applied to other deciduous fruit trees for delineating geographical shift of cold-hardiness zone under the projected climate change in the future, thereby providing valuable information for adaptation strategy in fruit industry.

• Journal of the Korea Institute of Information and Communication Engineering
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• v.10 no.11
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• pp.1960-1972
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• 2006

In this thesis, GPS and the electronic mapping were used to realize such a system by recognizing license plate numbers and identifying the location of objects that move at synchronous times with simulated movement in the electronic map. As well, throughout the study, a camera attached to a PDA, one of the mobile devices, automatically recognized and confirmed acquired license plate numbers from the front and back of each cu. Using this mobile technique in a wireless network searches for specific plate numbers and information about the location of the car is transmitted to a remote sewer. The use of such a GPS-based system allows for the measurement of topography and the effective acquisition of a car's location. The information is then transmitted to a central controlling center and stored as text to be reproduced later in the form of diagrams. Getting positional information through GPS and using image-processing with a PDA makes it possible to estimate the correct information of a car's location and to transmit the specific information of the car to a control center simultaneously, so that the center will get information such as type of the cu, possibility of the defects that a car might have, and possibly to offer help with those functions. Such information can establish a mobile system that can recognize and accurately trace the location of cars.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.35 no.6_2
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• pp.1107-1115
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• 2019

Satellite data play a major role in supporting knowledge about forest fire by delivering rapid information to map areas damaged. This study, we used 7 Sentinel-2A images to detect change area in forests of Sokcho on April 4, 2019. The process of classify forest fire severity used 7 levels from Sentinel-2A dNBR(differenced Normalized Burn Ratio). In the process of classifying forest fire damage areas, the study selected three areas with high regrowth of vegetation level and conducted a detailed spatial analysis of the areas concerned. The results of dNBR analysis, regrowth of coniferous forest was greater than broad-leaf forest, but NDVI showed the lowest level of vegetation. This is the error of dNBR classification of dNBR. The results of dNBR time series, an area of forest fire damage decreased to a large extent between April 20th and May 3rd. This is an example of the regrowth by developing rare-plants and recovering broad-leaf plants vegetation. The results showed that change area was detected through the change detection of danage area by forest category and the classification errors of the coniferous forest were reached through the comparison of NDVI and dNBR. Therefore, the need to improve the precision Korean forest fire damage rating table accompanied by field investigations was suggested during the image classification process through dNBR.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.40 no.1 s.174
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• pp.89-99
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• 2007

Uncertainty analysis is used to eliminate the climatic variables of input nodes and construct the model of an optimal type from COMBINE-GRNNM-GA(Type-1), which have been developed in this issue(2007). The input variable which has the lowest smoothing factor during the training performance, is eliminated from the original COMBINE-GRNNM-GA (Type-1). And, the modified COMBINE-GRNNM-GA(Type-1) is retrained to find the new and lowest smoothing factor of the each climatic variable. The input variable which has the lowest smoothing factor, implies the least useful climatic variable for the model output. Furthermore, The sensitive and insensitive climatic variables are chosen from the uncertainty analysis of the input nodes. The optimal COMBINE-GRNNM-GA(Type-1) is developed to estimate and calculate the PE which is missed or ungaged and the $ET_r$ which is not measured with the least cost and endeavor Finally, the PE and $ET_r$. maps can be constructed to give the reference data for drought and irrigation and drainage networks system analysis using the optimal COMBINE-GRNNM-GA(Type-1) in South Korea.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.42-51
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• 2006

We investigated the mechanism of contraction induced by S1P in esophageal smooth muscle cells. Western blot analysis demonstrated that $S1P_1$, $S1P_2$, $S1P_3$, and $S1P_5$ receptors existed in the cat esophagus. Only penetration of EDG-5 ($S1P_2$) antibody into permeabilized cells inhibited S1P-induced contraction. Pertussis toxin (PTX) also inhibited contraction, suggesting that it was mediated by $S1P_2$ receptors coupled to a PTXsensitive $G_i$ protein. Specific antibodies to $G_{i2}$, $G_q$ and $G_{\beta}$ inhibited contraction, implying that the S1P-induced contraction depends on PTX-insensitive $G_q$ and $G_{\beta}$ dimers as well as the PTX-sensitive $G_{i2}$. Contraction was not affected by the phospholipase $A_2$ inhibitor DEDA, or the PLD inhibitor ${\rho}$-chloromercuribenzoate, but it was abolished by the PLC inhibitor U73122. Incubation of permeabilized cells with $PLC{\beta}3$ antibody also inhibited contraction. Contraction involved the activation of a PKC pathway since it was affected by GF109203X and chelerythrine. Since $PKC{\varepsilon}$ antibody inhibited contraction, $PKC{\varepsilon}$ may be required. Preincubation of the muscle cells with the MEK inhibitor PD98059 blocked S1P-induced contraction, but the p38 MAP kinase inhibitor SB202190 did not. In addition, co-treatment of cells with GF 109203X and PD98059 did not have a synergistic effect, suggesting that these two kinases are involved in the same signaling pathway. Our data suggest that S1P-induced contraction in esophageal smooth muscle cells is mediated by $S1P_2$ receptors coupled to PTX-sensitive $G_{i2}$ proteins, and PTX-insensitive $G_q$ and $G_{\beta}$ proteins, and that the resulting activation of the $PLC{\beta}3$ and $PKC{\varepsilon}$ pathway leads to activation of a p44/p42 MAPK pathway.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.203-209
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• 2006

The aim of this study is to investigate the feasibility of ex vivo MR diffusion tensor imaging technique in order to observe the diffusion-contrast characteristics of human gastric tissues. On normal and pathologic gastric tissues, which have been fixed in a polycarbonate plastic tube filled with 10% formalin solution, laboratory made 3D diffusion tensor Turbo FLASH pulse sequence was used to obtain high resolution MR images with voxel size of $0.5{\times}0.5{\times}0.5mm^3\;using\;64{\times}32{\times}32mm^3$ field of view in conjunction with an acquisition matrix of $128{\times}64{\times}64$. Diffusion weighted- gradient pulses were employed with b values of 0 and $600s/mm^2$ in 6 orientations. The sequence was implemented on a clinical 3.0-T MRI scanner(Siemens, Erlangen, Germany) with a home-made quadrature-typed birdcage Tx/Rx rf coil for small specimen. Diffusion tensor values in each pixel were calculated using linear algebra and singular value decomposition(SVD) algorithm. Apparent diffusion coefficient(ADC) and fractional anisotropy(FA) map were also obtained from diffusion tensor data to compare pixel intensities between normal and abnormal gastric tissues. The processing software was developed by authors using Visual C++(Microsoft, WA, U.S.A.) and mathematical/statistical library of GNUwin32(Free Software Foundation). This study shows that 3D diffusion tensor Turbo FLASH sequence is useful to resolve fine micro-structures of gastric tissue and both ADC and FA values in normal gastric tissue are higher than those in abnormal tissue. Authors expect that this study also represents another possibility of gastric carcinoma detection by visualizing diffusion characteristics of proton spins in the gastric tissues.

• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
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• v.9 no.5
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• pp.595-605
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• 2006

In this thesis, GPS and the electronic mapping were used to realize such a system by recognizing license plate numbers and identifying the location of objects that move at synchronous times with simulated movement in the electronic map. As well, throughout the study, a camera attached to a PDA, one of the mobile devices, automatically recognized and confirmed acquired license plate numbers from the front and back of each car. Using this mobile technique in a wireless network, searches for specific plate numbers and information about the location of the car is transmitted to a remote server. The use of such a GPS-based system allows for the measurement of topography and the effective acquisition of a car's location. The information is then transmitted to a central controlling center and stored as text to be reproduced later in the form of diagrams. Getting positional information through GPS and using image-processing with a PDA makes it possible to estimate the correct information of a car's location and to transmit the specific information of the car to a control center simultaneously, so that the center will get information such as type of the car, possibility of the defects that a car might have, and possibly to offer help with those functions. Such information can establish a mobile system that can recognize and accurately trace the location of cars.