• Korean Journal of Biological Psychiatry
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.193-201
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• 1999

This study was designed to evaluate the effects of opioid receptor agonists on the spontaneous alternation behaviour in an animal model of obsessivecompulsive disorder in rats. According to the theory that dopamine is related to the biological etiology of obsessive-compulsive disorder, the effect of the nalbuphine(opioid kappa agonist) and the tramadol(opioid mu agonist), which act as manipulating agents on the inhibition or stimulation of dopamine release, in the spontaneous alternation behaviour were evaluated. 24 hours prior to the experiment, rats were food-deprived. These rats were put into the T-maze, in which white and black goal boxes were baited with small amounts of chocolate milk. Each rat was given 2 set of 7 trials during which it was placed in the start box and allowed to choose the one of the goal boxes for each time. After identifying the stable baseline of spontaneous alternation behaviour, nonselective 5-HT agonist 5-MeODMT(1.25mg/kg/IP) disrupted spontaneous alternation. Rats were stratified into fluoxetine(10mg/kg/IP), nalbuphine(10mg/kg/IP), tramadol(46.4mg/kg/IP), and saline(0.5cc/IP) injection group with experimental drug treatment for 21 days. The effects on the 5-MeODMT(1.25mg/kg/IP) induced disruption of spontaneous alternation behaviour were checked at the next day of discontinuation of drug treatment. The results were as follows ; 1) At the day after 21 days of the drug treatment, the nalbuphine treated group and the fluoxetine treated group showed significant difference from the tramadol treated group and the saline treated group in the 5-MeODMT(1.25mg/kg/IP) induced suppression of spontaneous alternation behaviour. 2) Within each drug treatment group, the fluoxetine treated group showed significant difference between before and after the treatment of fluoxetine in the 5-MeODMT(1.25mg/kg/IP) induced suppression of spontaneous alternation behaviour. And also, the nalbuphine treated group showed significant difference between before and after the treatment of nalbuphine in the 5-MeODMT(1.25mg/kg/IP) induced suppression of spontaneous alternation behaviour. There was no difference between the baseline and after the treatment of nalbuphine in the 5-MeODMT(1.25mg/kg/IP) induced suppression of spontaneous alternation behaviour. We indentified that the opioid kappa agonist that act as dopamine release inhibitor affect the spontaneous alternation behaviour which is an animal model of obsessive-compulsive disorder in rat.

• Journal of the Korean Vacuum Society
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.145-154
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• 2001

A new type of modular mirror manipulator with independent adjustability was developed for the EPU6 beamline under construction at the Pohang Accelerator Laboratory. The mirror manipulator was designed so that the angular displacements of roll and pitch rotations do not introduce translational displacements and are independent with each other by positioning the mirror center to the center of a newly devised spherical joint. Manipulating its roll and pitch micrometers, the rotation angles of a dummy mirror were measured at an accuracy of 5 $\mu$rad using a gravity-referenced inclinometer. While the designed angular resolution was 3.937 $\mu$rad/$\mu\textrm{m}$, measured angular resolutions were 3.94 $\mu$rad/$\mu\textrm{m}$ for roll rotation and 3.85 $\mu$rad/$\mu\textrm{m}$ for pitch rotation. The effect of roll rotation on pitch angles was measured to be -3.18% and the effect of pitch rotation on roll angles was measured to be -5.21%. As the mirror manipulator was designed with emphases on independent adjustability and standardization, it results in eases of manufacturing, installation and adjustment as well as reductions of development period and design cost of mirror manipulators for various types of mirrors.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.11 no.7
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• pp.580-584
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• 2001

We have investigated the deposition characteristics of Ti-Si-N films obtained by rf magnetron sputtering with ratios of Ti/Si targets in an $Ar/N_2$ gas mixture. The growth rate and stoichiometry dependence of the Ti-Si-N films on the ratio of Ti/Si and $N_2$ flow rate ratio were found to be due to the different nitriding rate of Ti and Si targets. Additionally, their different sputtering yield of nitrified Ti and Si make a reason as well. Lowering Si content in the film favored the formation of crystalline TiN, leading to the low resistivity. Increasing N content led to the Ti-Si-N films having a higher density and compressive stress, suggesting that the N content in the film is one of the most important factors determining the diffusion barrier characteristics. In the current work, the optimum process conditions for the formation of efficient diffusion barrier of Ti-Si-N film has successfully obtained by manipulating the Ti/Si ratio of target and $N_2$ flow rate ratio.

• Journal of Elementary Mathematics Education in Korea
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.287-314
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• 2010

The algorithm is a chain of mechanical procedures, capable of solving a problem. In modern mathematics educations, the teaching algorithm is performing an important role, even though contracted than in the past. The conspicuous characteristic of current elementary mathematics textbook's manner of manipulating multiplication algorithm is exceeding converge to 'standard algorithm.' But there are many algorithm other than standard algorithm in calculating multiplication, and this diversity is important with respect to didactical dimension. In this thesis, we have reconstructed the experimental learning and teaching plan of multiplication algorithm unit by making the best use of diversity of multiplication algorithm. It's core contents are as follows. Firstly, It handled various modified algorithms in addition to standard algorithm. Secondly, It did not order children to use standard algorithm exclusively, but encouraged children to select algorithm according to his interest. As stated above, we have performed teaching experiment which is ruled by new lesson design and analysed the effects of teaching experiment. Through this study, we obtained the following results and suggestions. Firstly, the experimental learning and teaching plan was effective on understanding of the place-value principle and the distributive law. The experimental group which was learned through various modified algorithm in addition to standard algorithm displayed higher degree of understanding than the control group. Secondly, as for computational ability, the experimental group did not show better achievement than the control group. It's cause is, in my guess, that we taught the children the various modified algorithm and allowed the children to select a algorithm by preference. The experimental group was more interested in diversity of algorithm and it's application itself than correct computation. Thirdly, the lattice method was not adopted in the majority of present mathematics school textbooks, but ranked high in the children's preference. I suggest that the mathematics school textbooks which will be developed henceforth should accept the lattice method.

• Archives of Plastic Surgery
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.836-844
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• 2011

Purpose: Hands are the chief organs for physically manipulating the environment, using anywhere from the roughest motor skills to the finest, and since the fingertips contain some of the densest areas of nerve endings on the human body, they are continuously used organ with complex functions, and therefore, often gets injured. To prevent any functional loss, a detailed anatomical knowledge is required to have a perfect surgical treatment. Also it is necessary to have a thorough understanding of arrangements of the human extensor tendons and intertendinous connections when tenoplasty or tendon transfer is required. We performed a study of the arrangements of the human extensor tendons and the configuration of the intertendinous connections over the dorsum of the wrist and hand. Methods: A total of 58 hands from Korean cadavers were dissected. The arrangements of extensor indicis proprius, extensor digitorum communis, and extensor digiti minimi tendons and intertendinous connections were studied. Results: The most common distribution patterns of the extensor tendons of the fingers were as follows: a single extensor indicis proprius (EIP) tendon which inserted ulnar to the extensor digitorum-index (EDC-index); a single EDC-index; a single EDC-middle; a double EDC-ring; an absent EDC-little; a double extensor digiti minimi (EDM), a single EDC-index (98.3%), a single EDC-middle (62%), a double EDC-ring (50%), and an absent (65.5%) or a single (32.8%) EDC-little. A double (70.6%) EDM tendons were seen. Intertendinous connections were classified into 3 types: type 1 with thin filamentous type, type 2 with a thick filamentous type, and type 3 with a tendinous type subdivided to r shaped 3r type and y shaped 3y type. The most common patterns were type 1 in the 2nd intermetacarpal space, type 2 in the 3rd intermetacarpal space, and type 3r in the 4th intermetacarpal space. And in the present study, we observed one case of the extensor digitorum brevis manus (EDBM) on the boht side. Conclusion: A knowledge of both the usual and possible variations of the extensor tendon and the intertendinous connection is useful in the identification and repair of these structures.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.511-522
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• 2011

Flower color is one of the main target traits in the flower breeding. Recently, technological advances in genetic engineering have been successfully reported the flower colors, such as blue roses and blue carnations that are impossible to develop by traditional breeding. Accumulated knowledge-based approaches for flavonoid biosynthesis enabled to introduce novel and unique colors into flowers. These flower color modifications have been made through the regulation of flavonoid metabolic pathway - control of endogenous gene expression and introduction of foreign genes to produce novel and specific flavonoids - and the introduction of transcription factors that are known to regulate sets of genes being involving in the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway. More empirical regulation of the flavonoids metabolism requires the understanding for regulatory mechanism of intrinsic flavonoids depending on the flower crops and the very sophisticated control of flavonoid metabolic flow. In this review, we summarized successful examples of flower color modification. It might be useful to deduce the strategy for the creation of exquisite colors in flower plants.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.69-78
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• 2017

Purpose - As recently social contributions of firms are positioned as key strategic actions, it is demanding to review the effects of social contributions on overall corporate management. The research aims to effects of social contributions on social values and word of mouth in firm level and product level. Further roles of consumer identification with firm and product eco-friendliness are also analyzed. Research design, data, and methodology - The paper conducted a survey in which two scenarios are used for manipulating the degree of corporate social contributions. The survey sample consist of 165 undergraduate and graduate students in a university, located in Seoul. For analyzing data, analysis of variance is applied, in conjunction with analysis of moderating effects, through version 23 of SPSS statistical package. Results - In the firm level, social contributions by firms have a positive effect on social values of firms. Consumer identification showed a moderating role in the effect. Social value of the firm with passive social contribution perceived by respondents with a high degree of identification was higher than social value of the firm with active social contribution perceived by respondents with a low degree of identification. Corporate social value has positive effect on word-of-mouth of firms. In the product level, social contributions by firms has a positive effect on social values of product. Product eco-friendliness showed a moderating role in the effect. For eco-friendly product, social values are higher in the firm with active social contributions than in the firm with passive social contributions. However, for non eco-friendly product, the difference in social values between the two firms does not exist. Product social values has positive effect on intention for WOM of products. WOM of eco-friendly products with low social value showed no difference with WOM of non eco-friendly products with high social value. Conclusions - These results imply that firms should enhance consumer identification with firm in making social contributions for optimizing corporate social value and enhancing word-of-mouth(WOM). Managerial implications of the results suggest it would be more effective to improve social value of product by active social contributions for increasing word-of-mouth(WOM) of product.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.56-62
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• 2018

In this study, an artificially formed Gap graded soil, designed to increase its shear strength, was analyzed to determine the strength parameters through direct shear tests. Uniform and fine grain size samples were compared to the Gap graded soil to investigate the increase in the shear strength. Plate loading tests were conducted using 13mm and 19mm aggregates to confirm the reproducibility of the strength enhanced samples for site application. This test confirmed that the particle size ratio and the internal friction angle are correlated to the shear strength, and the shear resistance angle significantly increased in the specific particle size ratio range. The calculation of the ultimate bearing capacity by the plate load test demonstrated that the grain size adjustment method greatly influences the strength increase rate. Therefore, the findings were verified and it was confirmed that a high shear strength is achievable despite the existence of a poor particle size distribution.

• Journal of KIISE:Computer Systems and Theory
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• v.26 no.8
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• pp.975-983
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• 1999

최근 네트워크의 속도가 빨라지고 멀티미디어 데이터를 다루기 위한 기술들이 개발됨에 따라 많은 멀티미디어 응용 프로그램들이 인터넷에 등장하고 있다. 그러나 이들 응용프로그램들은 수신자에게 전송되는 영상.음성의 품질이 낮기 때문에 기대만큼 빠르게 확산되지 못하고 있다. 영상.음성의 품질이 낮은 이유는 현재 인터넷이 실시간 응용프로그램이 요구하는 만큼 빠르고 신뢰성 있게 데이터를 전송할 수 없기 때문이다. 현재 인터넷의 내부구조를 바꾸지 않고 품질을 높이기 위해 많은 연구들이 진행되고 있는데 그 중 하나는 동적으로 변화하는 인터넷의 상태에 맞게 멀티캐스트 트래픽의 전송율을 조절하는 종단간의 흐름제어이다. 본 논문은 기존의 흐름제어 기법인 IVS와 RLM의 성능을 개선시키기 위한 두 가지 흐름제어 기법을 소개한다. IVS는 송신자가 주기적으로 측정된 네트워크 상태에 따라 전송율을 일정하게 조절한다. 송신자가 하나의 데이타 스트림을 생성하는 IVS와는 달리 RLM에서는 송신자가 계층적 코딩에 의하여 생성된 여러개의 데이타 스트림을 전송하고 각 수신자는 자신의 네트워크 상태에 맞게 데이타 스트림을 선택하는 기법이다. 그러나 IVS는 송신자가 전송율을 일정하게 증가시키고, RLM은 각자의 네트워크 상태를 고려하지 않고 임의의 시간에 하나 이상의 데이타 스트림을 받기 때문에 성능을 저하시킬 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 TCP-like IVS와 Adaptive RLM이라는 두 가지 새로운 기법을 소개한다. TCP-like IVS는 송신자가 전송율을 동적으로 결정하고, Adaptive RLM은 하나 이상의 데이타 스트림을 받기 위해 적당한 시간을 선택할 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 시뮬레이션을 통해 여러 가지 네트워크 구조에서 두 가지 방식이 기존의 방식에 비하여 더욱 높은 대역폭 이용율과 10~20% 정도 적은 패킷손실율을 이룬다는 것을 보여준다.Abstract Nowadays, many multimedia applications for the Internet are introduced as the network gets faster and many techniques manipulating multimedia data are developed. These multimedia applications, however, do not spread widely and are not fast as expected at their introduction time due to the poor quality of image and voice delivered at receivers. The poor quality is mainly attributed to that the current Internet can not carry data as fast and reliably as the real-time applications require. To improve the quality without modifying the internal structure of the current Internet, many researches are conducted. One of them is an end-to-end flow control of multicast traffic adapting the sending rate to the dynamically varying Internet state. This paper proposes two flow-control techniques which can improve the performance of the two conventional techniques; IVS and RLM. IVS statically adjusts the sending rate based on the network state periodically estimated. Differently from IVS in which a sender produces one single data stream, in RLM a sender transmits several data streams generated by the layered coding scheme and each receiver selects some data streams based on its own network state. The more data streams a receiver receives, the better quality of image or voice the receiver can produce. The two techniques, however, can degrade the performance since IVS increases its sending rate statically and RLM accepts one more data stream at arbitrary time regardless of the network state respectively. We introduce two new techniques called TCP-like IVS and Adaptive RLM; TCP-like IVS can determine the sending rate dynamically and Adaptive RLM can select the right time to add one more data stream. Our simulation experiments show that two techniques can achieve better utilization and less packet loss by 10-20% over various network topologies.

• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.71-84
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• 2014

We examine evidence on the relationship between firms that targeted by the Financial Supervisory Service for allegedly manipulating annual earnings and accounting quality measured by the discretionary accruals, an issue with important public policy implications. The main purpose of this paper is to empirically investigate the extent to which Korean WDS(Window Dressing Settlement) firms identified by the financial supervisory service in their audit review exhibit higher level of accounting quality in order to avoid any potential negative effects and to regain public confidence after audit review. In this study, we analyzed 51 WDS firms and 102 control firms which traded in the Korean Stock Exchange market during the period from 2000 to the 2010. The number of observations subject to various tests are 251 and 502 firm-years for WDS and control samples respectively across the 5 year sample period. The results of the study show that the accounting quality after auditor review be significantly improved. This result suggests that the FSS's audit review system would control the accounting quality and then improve the transparency of the accounting information. Thus it may be suggested that the current audit review system is efficient ways to lead listed firms to provide transparent financial statements.