• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.63-67
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• 2015

White rot fungi produce lignin-degrading enzymes such as laccase, manganese peroxidase and lignin peroxidase. These extracellular oxidases efficiently degrade recalcitrant synthetic dyestuffs with diverse chemical structures. Here, we examined the activities of lignin-degrading enzymes in Trametes versicolor using triphenyl methane dyes, crystal violet (CV) and malachite green (MG). Both dyes were decolorized by T. versicolor in solid and liquid culture conditions. T. versicolor decolorized MG more quickly than CV in both conditions. Among three ligninolytic enzymes, laccase was most abundantly found in the decolorization processes of CV and MG. However, higher activity of laccase was needed to degrade CV than MG. The much less activity of MnP was also detected. But the increase of MnP activity was well corresponded to the decolorization efficiency of CV, suggesting the involvement of MnP in CV degrading process. However, its role in the degradation process of MG is supposed to be subsidiary to laccase.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.14-22
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• 2004

The effect of cadmium ions on ligninolytic and decolourizing activities in cultures of two white-rot fungi, Cerrena unicolor and Trametes versicolor, were examined. Cadmium was added to the shallow stationary cultures growing on a liquid mineral medium. Both examined strains sorbed Cd ions in the first 24 hr of incubation. An appreciable stimulation of the activity of extracellular laccase (LAC) and inhibition of the extracellular manganese-dependent peroxidase (MnP) were simultaneously observed when 25 mgL^-1 and 50 mgL^-1 of cadmium ions were added to the cultures. On the other hand, the addition of cadmium ions also resulted in stimulating the decolorization activity of C. unicolor to decolorize Remazol Brilliant Blue R (RBBR) in the cultures, but decreasing it in the culture of T. versicolor, which is compared to the inhibition of MnP activity in this fungus. Our data indicate that the presence of Cd(II) ions can affect the ligninolytic activity of white-rot fungi. It was found that C. unicolor is a strain resistant to the presence of Cd ions in the liquid culture media, and has a potential to use this strain for bioremediation of sites contaminated with both heavy metals and aromatic pollutants.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.31 no.2
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• pp.8-14
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• 1999

A screening has been performed to find hyper-ligninolytic fungi, which degtrade beech and pine lignin extensively in order to broaden the understanding of the ligninolytic enzymes elaborated by various white-rot fungi. One hundred and twenty two ligninolytic strains were selected from decayed woods with a selective medium for screening ligninolytic wood-rotting fungi. Two of them, Phanerochaete sordida YK-624 and YK-472, showed much higher ligninolytic activity and selectivity in beech-wood degradation than typical lignin-degrading fungi, phanerochaete chrysosporium and Coriolus versicolor. They also degraded birch dioxane lignin and residual lignin in unbleached kraft pulp(UKP) much more extensively than P. chrysosporium and C. versicolor. During fungal treatment of beech wood-powder, the fungus strain P. sordida YK-624 showed higher activity of extracellular manganese peroxidase (MnP) in the medium than P. chrysosporium. It also showed MnP activity, which would not be lignin peroxidast during treatment of oxygen-bleached kraft pulp(OKP) and under enzyme-inducing conditin.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.10 no.6
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• pp.737-752
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• 2000

Wood-rotting basidiomycetous fungi are the most efficient degraders of lignin on earth. The white-rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium has been used as a model microorganism in the study of enzymology and its application. Because of the ability of the white-rot fungus to degrade lignin, which has an irregular structure and large molecular mass, this fungus has also been studied in relation to degrading and mineralizing many environmental pollutants. The fungus includes an array of enzymes, such as lignin peroxidase (LiP), manganese-dependent peroxidase (MnP), cellobiose:quinone oxidoreductase, and $H_2O_2$-producing enzymes and also produces many other components of the ligninolytic system, such as veratryl alcohol (VA) and oxalate. In addition, the fungus has mechanisms for the reduction of degradation intermediates. The ligninolytic systems have been proved to provide reductive reactions as well as oxidative reactions, both of which are essential for the degradation of lignin and organopollutants. Further study on the white-rot fungus may provide many tools to both utilize lignin, the most abundant aromatic polymer, and bioremediate many recalcitrant organopollutants.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.19-32
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• 2013

In this study, outstanding white rot fungi for biodegradation of organosolv lignin were selected on the basis of their ligninolytic enzyme system. Fifteen white rot fungi were evaluated for their ability to decolorize Remazol Brilliant Blue R (RBBR) in SSC and MEB medium, respectively. Six white rot fungi (Ceriporiopsis subvermispora, Ceriporia lacerate, Fomitopsis insularis, Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Polyporus brumalis, and Stereum hirsutum) decolorized RBBR rapidly in SSC medium within 3 days. The protein contents as well as the activities of manganese peroxidase (MnP) and laccase for 6 selected fungi were determined on the SSC medium with and without organosolv lignin. Interestingly, extracellular protein concentrations were determined to relative higher for S. hirsutum and P. chrysosporium in the presence of organosolv lignin than others. On the other hands, each fungus showed a different ligninolytic enzyme pattern. Among them, F. insularis resulted the highest ligninolytic enzyme activities on incubation day 6, indicating of 1,545 U/mg of MnP activity and 1,259 U/mg of laccase activity. In conclusion, $STH^*$ and FOI were considered as outstanding fungi for biodegradation of organosolv lignin, because $STH^*$ showed high extracellular protein contents and ligninolytic enzyme activities over all, and ligninolytic enzyme activities of FOI were the highest among white rot fungi used in this study.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.179-188
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• 2017

White-rot basidiomycetes are the organisms that decompose lignin most efficiently, and Trametes villosa is a promising species for ligninolytic enzyme production. There are several publications on T. villosa applications for lignin degradation regarding the expression and secretion of laccase and manganese peroxidase (MnP) but no reports on the identification and characterization of lignin peroxidase (LiP), a relevant enzyme for the efficient breakdown of lignin. The object of this study was to identify and partially characterize, for the first time, gDNA, mRNA, and the corresponding lignin peroxidase (TvLiP) protein from T. villosa strain CCMB561 from the Brazilian semiarid region. The presence of ligninolytic enzymes produced by this strain grown in inducer media was qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed by spectrophotometry, qPCR, and dye fading using Remazol Brilliant Blue R. The spectrophotometric analysis showed that LiP activity was higher than that of MnP. The greatest LiP expression as measured by qPCR occurred on the $7^{th}$ day, and the ABSA medium (agar, sugarcane bagasse, and ammonium sulfate) was the best that favored LiP expression. The amplification of the TvLiP gene median region covering approximately 50% of the T. versicolor LPGIV gene (87% identity); the presence of Trp199, Leu115, Asp193, Trp199, and Ala203 in the translated amplicon of the T. villosa mRNA; and the close phylogenetic relationship between TvLiP and T. versicolor LiP all indicate that the target enzyme is a lignin peroxidase. Therefore, T. villosa CCMB561 has great potential for use as a LiP, MnP, and Lac producer for industrial applications.

• Forest Science and Technology
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.158-163
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• 2017

We examined the activities of lignin-degrading enzymes of the mycelium of cauliflower mushroom (Sparassis latifolia). Three different strains of S. latifolia collected from several sites in Korea and one crossbred strain were cultured on potato dextrose broth (PDB) and Kirk's medium in order to study the activities of their ligninolytic enzymes. Mycelial growth reached maximum levels between 14 and 21 days after inoculation and pH increased by 0.12 units over 35 days. Laccase activity began increasing after 14 days on both types of media. Manganese peroxidase (MnP) activity followed a trend similar to that of laccase on Kirk's medium, but not on PDB. The activity of lignin peroxidase (LiP) differed from that of other enzymes; its activity decreased by half after 14 days on PDB but remained constant on Kirk's medium over 35 days. The total protein concentration increased considerably after 14 days and peaked at 21 days on PDB. A similar maximum was attained on Kirk's medium. In contrast, the residual glucose increased rapidly at 14 days on Kirk's medium, while increasing gradually up to 28 days on PDB. This study indicates that S. latifolia is more similar to white rot fungi than to other brown rot fungi.

• Mycobiology
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.396-406
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• 2018

A newly isolated white rot fungal strain KU-RNW027 was identified as Trametes polyzona, based on an analysis of its morphological characteristics and phylogenetic data. Aeration and fungal morphology were important factors which drove strain KU-RNW027 to secrete two different ligninolytic enzymes as manganese peroxidase (MnP) and laccase. Highest activities of MnP and laccase were obtained in a continuous shaking culture at 8 and 47 times higher, respectively, than under static conditions. Strain KU-RNW027 existed as pellets and free form mycelial clumps in submerged cultivation with the pellet form producing more enzymes. Fungal biomass increased with increasing amounts of pellet inoculum while pellet diameter decreased. Strain KU-RNW027 formed terminal chlamydospore-like structures in cultures inoculated with 0.05 g/L as optimal pellet inoculum which resulted in highest enzyme production. Enzyme production efficiency of T. polyzona KU-RNW027 depended on fungal pellet morphology as size, porosity, and formation of chlamydospore-like structures.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.85-89
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• 2006

Typical property of the white-rot fungi is their ability to degrade lignin and other aromatic compounds with non-specific extracellular enzyme. In this work, the modification of the strain(Funalia trogii ATCC 200800) and the culture condition was performed to enhance enzyme productivity. Single cell was separated by the protoplasts formation and several putative laccase and manganese peroxidase inducers were tested. By adopting the modified strain, enzyme productivity increased comparing with that of the original strain. Extracellular enzyme formation was highly stimulated by the addition of copper and various aromatic compounds in the glucose-based culture medium.

• Journal of Mushroom
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.168-177
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• 2017

To evaluate effects of ligninolytic enzyme type on the mycelial response and ligninolytic enzyme production during interspecific interactions among wood-rotting fungi, 4 fungal strains, Trichophyton rubrum LKY-7, Trichophyton rubrum LSK-27, Pycnoporus cinnabarinus, and Trichoderma viride, were selected. Regarding ligninolytic enzyme production, LKY-7 secreted laccase and manganese peroxidase (MnP), P. cinnabarinus secreted only laccase, and LSK-27 secreted only MnP in glucose-peptone medium, while T. viride did not produce any ligninolytic enzymes. In the co-culture of LKY-7 with P. cinnabarinus, the formation of aerial mycelium was observed and the enhancement of laccase activity owing to interspecific interaction appeared to be very low. In the co-culture of LKY-7 and P. cinnabarinus with LSK-27, a hypha-free clear zone was observed, which resulted in deadlock, and increased laccase or MnP activity was detected at the interaction zone. The interaction responses of LKY-7, P. cinnabarinus, and LSK-27 with T. viride were characterized by the formation of mycelial barrages along the interface. As mycelial barrages were observed at the T. viride territory and no brownish pigment was observed in the mycelial barrages, it is suggested that laccase and MnP are released as part of an offensive response, not as a defensive response. The co-culture of P. cinnabarinus with T. viride lead to the highest enhancement in laccase activity, yielding more than 14-fold increase in laccase activity with respect to the mono-culture of P. cinnabarinus. MnP activities secreted by LKY-7 or LSK-27 was generally low in interspecific interactions.