• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.341-348
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• 2013

Maintenance of adequate soil tension or content during the period of crop growth is necessary to support optimum plant growth and yields. A better understanding of soil tension and content for precision irrigation would allow optimal soil water condition to crops and minimize the adverse effects of water stress on crop growth and development. This research reports on a comparison of soil water tension and content variations in differently textured soils over time under drip irrigation using two different water management methods, i.e. pulse time and required water irrigation methods. The pulse time-based irrigation was performed by turning the solenoid valve on and off for preset times to allow the wetting front to disperse in root zone before additional water was applied. The required water estimation method was a new water control logic designed by Rural Development Administration that applies the amount of water required based on a conversion of the measured water tension into water content. The use of the pulse time irrigation method under drip irrigation at a high tension of -20 kPa and high temperatures over $30^{\circ}C$ was not successful at maintaining moisture tensions within an appropriate range of 5 kPa because the preset irrigation times used for water control could not compensate for the change in evapotranspiration during day and night. The response time and pattern of water contents for all of the tested soils measured with capacitance-based sensor probes were faster and more direct than those of water tensions measured with porous and ceramic cup-based tensiometers when water was applied, indicating water content would be a better control variable for automatic irrigation. The required water estimation-based irrigation method provided relatively stable control of moisture tension, even though somewhat lower tension values were obtained as compared to the target tension of -20 kPa, indicating that growers could expect to be effective in controlling low tensions ranging from -10 to -20 kPa with the required water estimation system.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.120-125
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• 2018

The study was conducted to determine effects on forage productivity, feed value, grazing intensity and livestock productivity in growing Korean native female goat grazing in native pasture. Its with average initial body weight of $14.10{\pm}3.6kg$ and an average age of 4 months were used in this study. Dry matter content of native pasture was the highest at $33.48{\pm}2.56%$ in June, and the content was significantly increased from spring to autumn (p<0.05). Crude protein was maintained between 11% and 12% on average. Nutrient content was maintained at a certain level in native pasture, but there were differences due to the different types of wild grasses produced in each season. The productivity of forage crops increased from June, but decreased after August and showed a characteristic of grassland where productivity decreased rapidly in spring and autumn. The average grazing intensity are 39 head/ha. Black goat average daily gain was 80.2g/d. The stable weight gain in grazing is that the nutrient requirement of the black goat was met by supplementing the concentrated feed during grazing. study, can be expected that the productivity of livestock can be increased through the proper feeding of supplementary feed and maintenance of grazing intensity.

• The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education
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• v.2
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• pp.75-94
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• 1996

This survey study was aimed at identifying the degree of educational need of the KNOU(Korea National Open University) nursing students defined as admission purposes, satisfaction of distance learning education, learning methods, and courses after graduation. Among randomly assigned 1000 students, 320 KNOU nursing students who allowed to participate in the study completed the questionnaires. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, chi-square test, and t-test, Results of this study were as follows : 1. The admission purposes of the KNOU nursing students were 'in order to get a bachelor's degree(83.8%)', 'to acquire knowledge for task(61.3%)', or 'to be admitted for the graduate school (53.1%)' etc. Comparing the admission purposes by age, tow items- 'to explore new possibilities for myself' and 'excellent curriculum' showed statistically significant differences. These two items were also found to show significant differences by marital status. 2. For the media maintenance, the results showed that students use their own cassett radios(96.3%), VTR(49.4%), TV only for the study (44.1%), personal computer (3.31%), or joining Hitel (6.3%). 3. Listening rates of the radio lecture were 'over 80%(9.1%)', '50-80%(9.1%)', '20-50%(18.1%)', 'below 20%(30%)' and 'never(33.1%)', And record lecture showed listening rates as follows : 'over80%(17.2%)', '50-80%(15.9%)', '20-50%(24.4%)', 'below 20%(27,2%)' and 'never(14.4%)'. 4. The difficulties with KNOU life were 'listening radio lectures(38.8%)', studying by following teaching schedules (37.8%)', 'isolated self-study(10.3%)', and 'appearance in the attending classes(8.1%)'. 5. As for satisfaction with teaching methods, the data showed that 81.2% of the respondents were satisfied (or very satisfied) with 'attending classes' and 75%, with 'paper lectures'. On the other hand some of respondents were very dissatisfied with 'recorded lecture(12.8%)' and 'radio lecture(10.9%)' 6. The results also showed that the students want to have 'video conferencing lecture(77.2%)', 'cable TV(64.1%)' and 'CD ROM program' to improve learning effects. 7. Concerning learning attitudes, 48.8% of the students reported 'study mainly for examnination', and only 4.1% answered 'study every day with plan'. The learning attitude showed significant differences by marital status and age. The students also evaluated themelves as 'study very hard(5.9%)', 'study hard in general(41.6%)', 'study a little(40.3%)' and 'study little(11.9%)'. 8. The students responded the most effective learning material was the 'textbook (92.2%)'. 9. For the purposes of using the local center, the results showed 'for the attending classes(76.3%)', 'for the use of references(14.7%)', and 'for the study group(66.7%)'. 10. The results revealed that 20.3% of the respondents had ever experienced unregistration or temporary withdrawal, and 53.4% among them did not register more than one time. The most common reason for the unregistration was 'due to family affairs or their job (70.8%)'. 11. 88.1% of the respondents answered 'they will graduate without fail'. 12. Regarding the benefits from the KNOU graduation, respondents indicated 'graduate school admission(38.1%)', 'self-confidence in social life(17.5%)', and understanding social problems (10.9%)'. 13. 64.4% of the students showed that they have intention to enter the graduate school. The item 'changing work place' showed statistically significant differences by marital status and age.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.447-455
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• 2011

To investigate the effects of the improvement of postharvest quality on fresh tomato, antimicrobial microperforated (AMP) films were prepared and their antimicrobial abilities were observed. AMP films were made by coating different types of natural antimicrobial agents such as cinnamon, clove, and clary sage essential oils into microperforated (MP) films. Cinnamon essential oil of 10% (v/v) has proven to be very effective as inhibitor of the mold growth on tomato, compared to the clove and clary sage essential oils. Quality changes of fresh tomatoes packed using the natural AMP films (AMP10 and AMP30) and MP films (MP10 and MP30) during storage were evaluated. Total microbial growth, weight loss, firmness, lycopene content, and decay rate as the major quality parameters were monitored over 9 days at $15^{\circ}C$. The oxygen transmission rates and mechanical properties between the natural AMP and MP films were also compared. There was no significant difference in change of oxygen transmission rate, tensile strength and elongation between the AMP and MP films. For storage studies, the freshness of tomato packaged in AMP30 film was higher than that in OPP film (the control), MP10, MP30, and AMP10 films. Especially, AMP30 film exhibited high efficiency compared to the control for tomato decay during storage periods. Based on the results, the microperforation and antimicrobial properties of the packaged films may significantly affect the maintenance of an optimum gas composition within the package atmosphere for increasing the storage life and quality of produce. They were also effective on the inhibition of microbial growth by controlled release of antimicrobial agent at an appropriate rate from the package into the tomato. Natural antimicrobial agent coating microperforated films could use potential functional package as a method of extending the freshness of postharvest tomato for storage.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.308-316
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• 2013

Fresh ginseng has a limited storage life due to the quality change caused by microbial spoilage as well as physiological deterioration. The present study investigated the effects of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) treatment, an inhibitor of ethylene action, on the microbial growth and quality maintenance of fresh ginseng during storage. Harvested fresh ginsengs were treated with $1{\mu}L{\cdot}L^{-1}$ 1-MCP for 20 hours at $4^{\circ}C$ and then stored at room temperature (RT) for 18 days or low temperature ($4^{\circ}C$) for 160 days. After 18 days of storage at RT, the percentage weight loss in 1-MCP treated fresh ginseng (8.3%) is lower than that of control (10.1%). During long-term storage at $4^{\circ}C$, weight losses were increased slightly until 120 days without difference between non-treated and 1-MCP ginsengs. In contrast, after 120 days of storage at $4^{\circ}C$, higher increase in weight loss was observed in non-treated ginsengs than in 1-MCP treated ginsengs. Respiration rate and ethylene production of fresh ginseng were reduced by 1-MCP treatments at RT. The 1-MCP treatment also resulted in lower microbial population compared to those of non-treated ginsengs at RT. However, in ginsengs stored at $4^{\circ}C$ for short-term (45 days), no differences were noted in weight loss and microbial population between 1-MCP treated and non-treated ginsengs. Major ginsenosides was not changed by 1-MCP treatment during the 7 days of storage at RT. Results suggest that 1-MCP treatment can be used to maintain the freshness of ginseng at room temperature for short term storage and at low temperature for long term storage. 1-MCP treatment could be applied on fresh ginseng to avoid deleterious effect of exogenous ethylene during storage and shipping.

• Korean Security Journal
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• no.30
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• pp.33-60
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• 2012

False alarm of Electronic security causes various serious side effects such as decrease of electronic security guard's morale caused by unnecessary mobilization, increase of fatigue caused by workload increase, increase of electronic security company owner's management burden and decrease of electronic security service utilization rate caused by customer's distrust. Therefore, the study considered the Korean regulation related with false alarm of electronic security and proposed actual status of false alarm and measure for it. The study proposed systematic resolution assignments and political assignments in relation with the measure for false alarm. Systematic resolution assignments are as follows. First, electronic security company should construct electronic security system accurately from the initial step of security consulting and security planning related with target facility. Second, it is necessary to encourage installation and operation of video monitoring system. Third, sensor wiring should be separated. Fourth, the measures for false alarm depending on main system causes should be prepared. It is necessary to encourage the installation of 'arming disarming alarm sound' generator. In addition, the measures for false arm depending on the characteristics of sensor should be prepared and standardized. Fifth, system maintenance should be reinforced. Political assignments related with the measures for false alarm are as follows. First, it is necessary to reinforce education & training. Individual nurturing & education process should be run by electronic security company or the education focusing on the measure for false alarm should be performed in job training defined in "Security Industry Act". Second, it is necessary to establish and reinforce legal regulation and establish device. If police authority standardizes the documents related with false alarm, provides their forms and requires them for periodical reports or documents, it is expected that good measures for false alarm will be prepared on the basis of actual data in the future. Third, cooperation organization to discuss the measures for false alarm like 'Conference for False Alarm of Electronic Security' should be organized and operated. Fourth, interest and role of electronic security company and electronic security supervisor should be enlarged.

• Journal of Home Health Care Nursing
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.114-128
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• 2002

In order to provide information for the establishment and maintenance of a rehabilitation day care center for stroke patients. this study is to assess needs for the rehabilitation day care center of the stroke patients and to identify the factors influencing the needs for the center. The data were collected face-to-face interview with 223 stroke patients. using a structured questionnaire. from September 24. 2001 to November 20. 2001. Major findings are as follows. 1. Most of the participants($94.6\%$) needed rehabilitation day care center for stroke patients. $95.5\%$ of participants were willing to use the rehabilitation day care center. 2. Also the score of the needs for the center's health services was $2.84\pm60$ out of 4.00. In regards to the sub-contents. while the physical exercise therapy showed the highest mark($3.54\pm71$) in the needs. the following marks showed physical therapy($3.48\pm79$), training for the memory. thinking and judgment($3.30\pm93$). training for ADL($3.09\pm99$). health education program($3.04\pm93$). In the meantime. the expected effects from the use of the center are $2.89\pm61$ out of 4 and its sub-contents showed that the center would promote their physical and mental well-being($3.30\pm74$) and the center would be more effective than in home care($3.12\pm70$). 3. Meanwhile. the desired frequency of use in the future and distance had significant interrelation with their families living together(p<.05). In addition those who paid to use it differentiated significantly according to their ages and the types of insurance they had(p<.05). 4. The needs in degrees of speech disorder therapy and hobbies & amusements. the patients with other disease had significantly higher degrees than those patients without it (p<.05). Also in regard to the need degrees for physical therapy. healthy education programs and individual counseling including their families. the degrees of the patients with speech disorders were significantly lower than those of the patients without the disorder (p<.05). On the other hand. the patients with speech disorders were significantly higher than those patients without it in the need degree of the speech disorder therapy (p=.000). And the needs in degree concerning about speech disorder therapy. physical exercise therapy. training for ADL. medicinal substances therapy and family education were negatively correlated with the ADL (r=-.236$\sim$.305, (p<.005). 5. Finally. the expected effect of using the rehabilitation day care center showed significant differences statistically according to whether or not they had other disease (p<.05). In conclusion. the study showed the stroke patients were willing to use the center and had a high requirements for it and they especially had relatively high need degrees for the physical exercise therapy. physical therapy. training for memory. thinking and judgment. and healthy education program. And significant factors for the use of the center were their ages. types of insurance. family cohabitation. complications and speech disorders. ADL and so forth. Accordingly. the rehabilitation day care center needs to be established for the stroke patients and the center should develop rehabilitation care programs. which are individual and special programs customized for each patient's characteristics and health conditions.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.170-174
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• 1997

Constructed wetland system was studied to treat wastewater from industrial complex in rural area. Pilot plant at the Baeksuk Nongkong Danzi in Chunahn-City was used for field study. For the DO, the effluent concentration was higher than the influent concentration and it implies that natural reaeration supplies enough oxygen to the system. For the SS, the effluent concentration was consistently lower than the water quality standard even though the influent concentration varied significantly, which showed that SS was removed by the system effectively which is consist of soil and plants. For the BOD and COD, the average removal rate of them were 56% and 43%, respectively, therefore, the effluent concentration could not meet water quality standards when influent concentration was high. The removal rate of BOD and COD can be improved by supplemental treatment in addition to this system if necessary. For the T-N and T-P, the influent concentration of them were lower than the water quality standards than no further treatment was needed. Overall, the result showed that constructed wetland system is a feasible alternative for the treatment of wastewater from industrial complex in rural area. For actual application of this system, further study on design factors including loading rate, removal mechanism, and temperature effects is required to meet water quality standard consistently. Compared to existing systems, this system is quite competitive because it requires low capital cost, almost no energy and maintenance, and therefore, very cost effective.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.138-148
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• 2004

Objective : Insomnia is the disorder of initiation or maintenance in sleeping that results in daytime sleepiness and dysfunction, and it arises from multiple psychological, physiological and environmental factors. A number of stroke patients suffer from insomnia are classified as sleep disorder patients with physical illness. In addition, insomnia may have profound deleterious effects on the natural course of stroke. We are to assess the effectiveness of intradermal acupucture on stroke combined with insomnia. Methods : We recruited hospitalized patients with insomnia after stroke. Then, the subjects were allocated into a treatment group and a control group by randomization. The treatment group received intradermal acupuncture therapy at He-7(神門), EH-6(內關) correctly. However in control group, intradermal acupuncture were just attached to He-7(神門), EH-6(內關) without insertion. Treatment over time at first day and second day a various indexes were repeatedly checked such as sleep latency, total sleep time, sleep quality, condition on awakening, ability of concentration, morning sleepiness, Insomnia Severity Index, and Athens Insomnia Scale. In the second analysis, we divided the treatment group into a response and a non-response group by their response to intradermal acupuncture. With the acupuncture treatment, accompanied symptoms were checked Results : Among thirty two subjects, two of them were dropped out: One complained the pain from needle insertion, and the other underwent the change of his herbal medication. At baseline investigation with the residual 30 subjects, the control and the treatment group were assessed to have an equal comparability. In the treatment group, sleep latency, total sleeping time, a number of awakenings, sleep quality and ability of concentration showed improvement significantly compared with the control group. The non-response Group showed symptoms such as nausea and halitosis, belching and acid regurgitation, abundant expectoration, while Responder Group showed palpitation, oppressed feelings in chest and sleep disorder. Conclusions: The result of this clinical study suggests that the intradermal acupuncture at He-7(神門), EH-6(內關) is one of the effective treatments for the insomnia after stroke.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.81-93
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• 1998

In order to estimate the an adequate application level for dry matter production of orchardgrass(Dactylis glomerata L.) were investigated in different application levels of food waste compost and mineral nitrogen in 3 cuttings per annum, and to evaluated the soil improving effect of food waste compost. Annual food waste compost and mineral nitrogen were applied at levels of 0, 10, 20, 40 and $60ton\;ha^{-1}$, and 0, 90, 180 and $270kg\;ha^{-1}$, respectively. Significantly higher dry matter yield of orchardgrass obtained were ranges of $8.92{\sim}9.70ton\;ha-1$ at levels of $180{\sim}270kg\;ha^{-1}\;yr^{-1}$ than that of other levels of mineral nitrogen. Relative yield of each cut to annual dry matter yield were 32.0% 49.2% and 18.8% for 1st cut, 2nd cut and 3rd cut in mineral nitrogen treatment. Significantly higher dry matter yield of orchardgrass obtained were ranges of $8.04{\sim}8.90ton\;ha^{-1}$ at levels of $20{\sim}60ton\;ha^{-1}\;yr^{-1}$ than that of other levels of food waste compost. The efficiency of dry matter production to application of mineral nitrogen(kg DM $kg^{-1}$ N) were 21.2, 19.0 and 15.6kg at levels of 90, 180 and $270kg\;ha^{-1}\;yr^{-1}$, respectively. Higher efficiency of dry matter Production obtained were 27.6~20.2 kg at levels of $90{\sim}180kg\;ha^{-1}$ of mineral nitrogen applied to $20ton\;ha^{-1}$ of food waste compost, it may due to accelerated mineralization by mineral nitrogen application. Highest efficiency of dry matter production to application of food waste compost (kg DM $ton^{-1}$ FWC) obtained was 71.0 kg at level of $40ton\;ha^{-1}\;yr^{-1}$. Maximum dry matter yield of orchardgrass obtained were $9.98ton\;ha^{-1}$ at limiting level of mineral nitrogen of $358.5kg\;ha^{-1}$ and $9.12ton\;ha^{-1}$ at limiting level of food waste compost of $49.3ton\;ha^{-1}$ per annum, respectively. Ranges of $20{\sim}49.3ton\;ha^{-1}$ of food waste compost and $180{\sim}358.5kg\;ha^{-1}$ of mineral nitrogen were estimated an adequate levels for increase in dry matter production, and to maintenance for orchardgrass pastures. Application of food waste compost was affected to improve the soil characteristics.