• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.236-243
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• 1982

In order to remove the high content of malic acid (0.48%) in freshly fermented apple wine by applying malo-alcoholic fermentation(MAF) using malate-decomposing yeasts, Schizosaccharomyces japonicus var. japonicus or Schizosaccharomyces pombe, some factors which influenced malic acid decomposition in apple wine by malate-decomposing yeasts were investigated. By incubating the apple wine with these yeasts, 80% of initial malic acid was decomposed in 13 days at $20^{\circ}C$, whereas only 32% reduction in malic acid was observed in 40 days when MAF was not induced. For malic acid decomposition, Schizosaccharomyces pombe was superior to Schizosaccharomyces japonicus var. japonicus in natural medium such as apple wine, whereas Schizosaccharomyces japonicus var. japonicus was superior to Schizosaccharomyces pombe in synthetic medium. The optimum temperature for the MAF using these yeasts was between $20\;to\;30^{\circ}C$ and no adverse effect was detected by the addition of $SO_2$ up to 200ppm. Additions of $Mg^{2+}$ or certain amino acids such as alanine, aspartic acid to the wine could enhance the composition of malic acid.

• Proceedings of the IEEK Conference
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• 2008.06a
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• pp.49-52
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• 2008

This paper briefly introduces the current status of MPEG Audio Subgroup activities for standardizing a new audio coding technologies. Currently MPEG Audio Subgroup focused on spatial audio coding tools for compressing multiple audio objects and unified coding tools for presenting the consistence performance on speech and audio signal at the same time. Also a new MAF (MPEG Application Format) for interactive music was introduced at the 84th MPEG meeting.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.21 no.7
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• pp.1046-1051
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• 2011

Diallyl disulfide (DADS), the most prevalent oil-soluble organosulfur compound in garlic, is known to have diverse biological activities, including anticarcinogenic, antiatherosclerotic, antiinflammatory, and antioxidant actions. In this study, we investigated the effect of DADS on the expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in human liver hepatoma cell line HepG2. Treatment of HepG2 cells by DADS evoked a dose-dependent growth inhibition without significant toxicity to the cells, and also induced the expression of transcription factor Nrf2. However, DADS did not have any enhancing effect on transcription and translation of HO-1 expression in HepG2 cells. In addition, DADS efficiently blocked protein synthesis of HO-1 in HepG2 cells stimulated by CoPP or hemin. But, DADS did not decrease the content of transcripts of HO-1 gene stimulated by CoPP, with accumulation of Nrf2 and small Maf in the nucleus. Based on these results, we conclude that DADS inhibits HO-1 expression by modulation of translational level of CoPP or hemin-induced HO-1 expression in HepG2 cells.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.10
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• pp.4905-4908
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• 2012

Aim: Glioma cancer is the most common type of adult brain tumor. Recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified various new susceptibility regions and here we conducted an extensive analysis of associations between 12 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and glioma risk. Methods: A total of 197 glioma cases and 197 health controls were selected, and 9 SNPs in 8 genes were analyzed using the Sequenom MassARRAY platform and Sequenom Assay Design 3.1 software. Results: We found the MAF among selected controls were consistent with the MAF from the NCBI SNP database. Among 9 SNPs in 8 genes, we identified four significant SNP genotypes associated with the risk of glioma, C/C genotype at rs730437 and T/T genotype at rs1468727 in ERGF were protective against glioma, whereas the T/T genotype at rs1799782 in XRCC1 and C/C genotype at rs861539 in XRCC3 conferred elevated risk. Conclusion: Our comprehensive analysis of nine SNPs in eight genes suggests that the rs730437 and rs1468727 in ERGF, rs1799782 in XRCC1 gene, and rs861539 in XRCC3 gene are associated with glioma risk. These findings indicate that genetic variants of various genes play a complex role in the development of glioma.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.127-136
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• 2004

Local fairs are often part of the economic development strategy of rural areas. This study aims to find out marketing strategies for promoting the sales of regional specialty products through local festivals in rural Korea. The data were collected in late 2003 (from a sample of interviews and surveys from 351 visitors. The data were analyzed using the SPSS computer program. The results were as follows; First, the factors that visitors were considered in purchasing were quality (49.5％), commemorative value (36.9％), and reliability (33.0％). And the top reasons cited for not buying were lack of distinction (45.1％) and high prices (26.6％). The discount rates expected in markets was 16.8％. Second, 49.8％ of visitors has spent over 10,000 won and their purchase pattern has been for themselves and their family. Third, the public organizations for certi(ication for visitors were the National Agricultural Cooperative Fedration (37.9％) and the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (MAF) (22.5％). In conclusion, it was important for local stakeholders to provide more locally-manufactured, seasonal and traditional food, and to plan more locally characteristic events for their fairs. Further recommendations have included having a guide showing pricing and quality standards for products bought at rural fairs, developing product ideas for inducing impulse purchases, active promotion and marketing at event sites, and setting a standard system of warranties on products under the certification of the local authorities and with the financial support of the MAF Such recommendations were aimed at increasing the sale of traditional and regional specialty products at local festivals.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.24 no.5
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• pp.807-813
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• 2010

Impairment of balance between bone-resorbing osteoclasts and bone-forming osteoblasts result in bone disease. Especially, increased osteoclast formation and activity are responsible for bone diseases such as osteoporosis, rheumatoid arthritis, periodontal disease. Natural metabolites of plants have recently received much attention as an alternative tools for the development of novel therapeutic strategy. The aim of this study was to search the natural products to inhibit osteoclast differentiation and was to evaluate of its mechanism. Water extract of Gastrodia elata Blune significantly inhibited receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL)-induced osteoclast differentiation in bone marrow macrophages (BMMs) in a dose dependent manner. However, water extract of Gastrodia elata Blune did not affect cytotoxicity when compared with control. The mRNA expression of c-Fos, NFATc1, and TRAP induced by RANKL was inhibited by water extract of Gastrodia elata Blune treatment. Also, water extract of Gastrodia elata Blune inhibited the protein expression of c-Fos and NFATc1 expression in BMMs treated with RANKL. Water extract of Gastrodia elata Blune suppressed the phosphorylation of p38 induced by RANKL. In general, RANKL considerably inhibited the expression level of Id2 and MafB known as negative regulators of osteoclastogenesis, but RANKL did not inhibit Id2 and MafB expression in BMMs when it was co-treated with Gastrodia elata Blune. Taken together, these results suggest that Gastrodia elata Blune may be a useful drug in the treatment of bone-related disease.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.92-110
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• 2015

Objectives : The water extract of Bowon-tang composited with thePanax, AstragalusandGlycyrrhiza Radixhas been traditionally used for treatment of a sickly child and smallpox in oriental medicine. However, little is known about the regulatory effects of Bowon-tang on the production, expression and activity of immune mediators [nitric oxide, prostaglandin E2, inducible nitric oxide synthetase, cyclooxygenase-2], the macrophage activation factor production, the proliferation, subset expression, the killing activity, and the capping in immune cells.Methods : In this study, we investigated the effects of water extracts from Bowon-tang,Panax, AstragalusorGRin mouse immune cells or human Jurkat T cells. Each extract (25-200 ㎍/㎖)perse had no cytotoxic effect in unstimulated macrophages, but concentration-dependently regulated NO and PGE₂production, iNOS expression, and COX-2 activity in mouse peritoneal macrophages with MAF stimulation. These regulatory effects were synergistically increased by their combination (Bowon-tang).Results : The extract of Bowon-tang concentration-dependently regulated T cell proliferation, CD4⁺and CD8⁺expression, and NK killing activity in mouse splenocytes and capping in Jurkat T cells.Conclusions : These results suggest that the water extract of Bowon-tang composited with thePanax, AstragalusandGRmay be useful for therapeutic drugs against a sickly constitution and immune diseases, probably by regulating the production of immune mediators.

• Journal of fish pathology
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.16-23
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• 1999

The immunomodulatory effects of levamisole (LMS) were evaluated in leucocytes of eels in vitro. Proliferation of lymhocytes treated with T-cell mitogen (Con A or PHA) was markedly inhibited by LMS in a dose dependent manner. B cell mitogen (LPS), in contrast, slightly increased the proliferaion. On the other hand, production of MIF and MAF when treated with Con A was increased in a dose-dependent way. NK cell activities were somewhat increased when LMS was pretreated and this augmentation was due to an increase in binding capacity of effector-target cell, but not due to the target cell lytic activity of effector cells. Phagocytic activity, superoxide anion formation, hydrogen peroxide formation and lysozyme activity of leucocytes were enhanced by LMS in a dose related-manner. These results suggest that LMS might modulate the immmune responses by activation of cytokine production and by augmentation of leukocyte activity but not by increment of immunocompetent cell numbers.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.83-93
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• 1997

Although IVF-ET is widely applied in the treatment of couples with male factor infertility, it may fail in many infertile couples with normal semen parameters, and certain couples cannot be accepted for standard IVF-ET due to unfertilization or extremely low fertilization rate of oocytes. Recently, several procedures of microassisted fertilization (MAF) using micromanipulation have been introduced, and pregnancies and births have been obtained after partial zona dissection (PZD), subzonal insertion (SUZI), and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). This clinical study was performed to develop and establish ICSI as an effective procedure of MAF in infertile couples who could not undergo standard IVF-ET repetitively because of failure in fertilization or extremely low fertilization rate of oocytes with the conventional fertilization technique in the previous IVF-ET cycles. From March, 1995 to May, 1996, 27 cycles of IVF-ET with ICSI in 19 infertile patients were included in study group, and the outcomes of ICSI were analyzed according to fertilization rate, cumulative embryo score (CES), and pregnancy rate. The number of oocytes retrieved after controlled ovarian hyperstimulation (COH) was $10.50{\pm}6.13$ in 30 previous cycles, and $10.57{\pm}5.53$ in 27 ICSI cycles. In ICSI cycles, the number of oocytes optimal for ICSI procedure was $7.89{\pm}4.30$, and the fertilization rate of $67.9{\pm}20.2%$ could be obtained after ICSI. The number of embryos transferred was $1.43{\pm}2.40$ in previous cycles, and $4.36{\pm}1.77$ with the mean CES of $41.8{\pm}27.4$ in ICSI cycles. In ICSI cycles, the overall pregnancy rate was 29.6% (8/27) per cycle and 42.1% (8/19) per patient with the clinical pregnancy rate of 22.2% (6/27) per cycle and 31.6% (6/19) per patient. In conclusion, MAF of human oocytes with ICSI is a promising fertilization method for IVF-ET patients, especially with the past history of failure in fertilization or low fertilization rate of oocytes in the previous IVF-ET cycles, and ICSI using micromanipulation procedures applied to human oocytes will provide a range of novel techniques which may dramatically improve the pregnancy rate in IVF-ET program and contribute much to effective management of infertile couples.

• Journal of Agricultural Extension & Community Development
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.197-217
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• 2005

Since 1990, the Korean Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry(MAF) has implemented the program for enhancing rural living environment (Jungjookunkaebal program) to stabilize rural population and community. The program has focused on providing rural areas with various social infrastructure facilities. But, because the program has been done without appropriate consideration on rural settlement system and the unevenness of rurality, people has discredit its necessity and efficacy. This paper discussed desirable strategies and tools to overcome criticism on the program.