• KIEAE Journal
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.13-18
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• 2011

The overall aim of this study is to mitigate urban environmental problems. In particular, to reduce the effects of urban heat island phenomenon which is one of the urban planning perspective. This study focused on the analysis of the relationship between the urban heat island effect and the thermal and wind properties. To do this analysis, water space was virtually made at Yeol_Mae village Apt. Because it is very difficult to set up water space for the existing apartment complexes due to realistic constraints. This study, therefore has a strong sort of guidelines to create water space for newly formed city. It was based on the concept of virtual city through an in-depth analysis on reduction of urban heat island effects for the existing apartment along with creation of water space. To analysis site, Envi-Met Model developed by Michael Bruse was used. The results are as follows. The temperature went from 298.9K to 297.82K and The wind speed went from 1.42m/s to 1.43m/s. The results are slight in this study because creation of water space is planned to a small area of an apartment complex. But if the water space would be applied to a whole city, the mitigation effect of urban heat island would be bigger.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.65-75
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• 2012

The rapid urbanization caused drastic temperature changes in Korea. Excessive urbanization and development result in unpredictable and abnormal climate change all over the world. These changes are reflected in Korean government policy and research about cities, such that various research endeavors have been undergone recently. There are lots of ways to improve the urban environment; the easiest way to solve the urban heat effect problem is to make green spaces within the city. Even though we can't enlarge green spaces over the city limitlessly, it is desperately need for a methodology to efficiently create green space in limited area. Based on awareness of issues as mentioned earlier, we would like to propose landscaping method that can increase thermal comfort in the same area. For this study, simulating the change of temperature, mean radiant temperature, PMV were done due to number of species planted in apartment complex. To increase the reliability of the simulation, first above all, field measurement for temperature change was performed in apartment complex, where residential building are arranged in the form of ㄷ. And based on this data, Envi-met simulation was performed varying 1-7 kinds of species divided by grass, shrubs, arbor (deciduous, conifers) planted in apartment complex. As a result, there was a change less than $1^{\circ}C$ with the increasing number of species in daytime, but the average radiation temperature about $6-7^{\circ}C$ was reduced. In addition, PMV index was improved by more than 0.5 point. Thermal comfort indicator improved significantly depending on the number of species during the day, on the other hand, there were no significant changes at night. As a consequence, this study has shown that not single-species planting but mixed planting varied the number of species would improve the thermal comfort in the same area of landscaping space at daytime.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.89-99
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• 2013

The purposes of this study were: 1) to show the item difficulty hierarchy of walking/moving construct of the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health-Activity Measure (ICF-AM), 2) to evaluate the item-level psychometrics for model fit, 3) to describe the relevant physical activity defined by level of activity intensity expressed as Metabolic Equivalent of Tasks (MET), and 4) to explore what extent the empirical activity hierarchy of the ICF-AM is linked to the conceptual model based on the level of energy expenditure described as MET. One hundred and eight participants with lower extremity impairments were examined for the present study. A newly created activity measure, the ICF-AM using an item response theory (IRT) model and computer adaptive testing (CAT) method, has a construct on walking/moving construct. Based on the ICF category of walking and moving, the instrument comprised items corresponding to: walking short distances, walking long distances, walking on different surfaces, walking around objects, climbing, and running. The item difficulty hierarchy was created using Winstep software for 20 items. The Rasch analyses (1-parameter IRT model) were performed on participants with lower extremity injuries who completed the paper and pencil version of walking/moving construct of the ICF-AM. The classification of physical activity can also be performed by the use of METs that is often preferred to determine the level of physical activity. The empirical item hierarchy of walking, climbing, running activities of the ICF-AM instrument was similar to the conceptual activity hierarchy based on the METs. The empirically derived item difficulty hierarchy of the ICF-AM may be useful in developing MET-based activity measure questionnaires. In addition to convenience of applying items to questionnaires, implications of the finding could lead to the use of CAT method without sacrificing the objectivity of physiologic measures.

• Journal of the Korean Solar Energy Society
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.1-9
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• 2007

Sensitivity analysis of wind resource micrositing has been performed through the application case at the Antarctic King Sejong station with the most representative micrositing softwares: WAsP, WindSim and Meteodyn WT. The wind data obtained from two met-masts separated 625m were applied as a climatology input condition of micro-scale wind mapping. A tower shading effect on the met-mast installed 20m apart from the warehouse has been assessed by the CFD software Fluent and confirmed a negligible influence on wind speed measurement. Theoretically, micro-scale wind maps generated by the two met-data located within the same wind system and strongly correlated meteor-statistically should be identical if nothing influenced on wind prediction but orography. They, however, show discrepancies due to nonlinear effects induced by surrounding complex terrain. From the comparison of sensitivity analysis, Meteodyn WT employing 1-equation turbulence model showed 68% higher RMSE error of wind speed prediction than that of WindSim using the ${\kappa}-{\epsilon}$ turbulence model, while a linear-theoretical model WAsP showed 21% higher error. Consequently, the CFD model WindSim would predict wind field over complex terrain more reliable and less sensitive to climatology input data than other micrositing models. The auto-validation method proposed in this paper and the evaluation result of the micrositing softwares would be anticipated a good reference of wind resource assessments in complex terrain.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.54 no.2
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• pp.129-138
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• 2021

To set the estimated energy requirement (EER) in Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans (KDRI), we need the coefficient by physical activity stage, as determined by the physical activity level(PAL). Thus, there has been demand for a tool to calculate PAL based on the physical activity diary. This study was undertaken to develop a physical activity (PA) classification table for Koreans, using the 2011 Compendium of physical activities in the United States. The PA classification table for Koreans contains 262 codes, and values of the metabolic equivalent of task (MET) for specific activities. Of these, 243 PAs which do not have Korean specific data or information, were selected from the 2011 Compendium of PAs that originated in the United States; another 19 PAs were selected from the previous research data of Koreans. The PA classification table is codified to facilitate the selection of energy values corresponding to each PA. The code for each PA consists of a single letter alphabet (activity category) and four numeric codes that display the activity type (2 digit number), activity intensity (1 digit number), and specific activities (1 digit number). In addition, the intensity (sedentary behavior, low, middle and high) of specific PA and its rate of energy expenditure in MET are presented together. The activity categories are divided into 4 areas: Daily Activity (A), Movement (B), Occupation (C), and Exercise and Sports (D). The developed PA classification table can be applied to quantify the energy cost of PA for adults in research or practice, and to assess energy expenditure and physical activity levels based on self-reported PA.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.69-79
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• 1997

This study was conducted to find out the effects of Jowiseungchungtang on learning and memory of rats. For this purpose, the radial-arm maze was used. The results of the study were summarized as follows.1. It was shown that the rate of rats that met the learning criteria when performing the learning is that the control group amounted to 40.0% while the Jowiseungchungtang group did 73.3%. The other showed higher learning effect than the one but there was no statistical significance.2. In the retention test performed with rats that met the learning criteria, the frequency of errors made by the two groups was 3.33$\pm$2.25 times for the control group and 1.36$\pm$1.12 times for Jowisrungchungtang group. The other was remarkably lower than the one in the frequency of errors.In conclusion, the study suggested that the Jowiseungchungtang have an effect on improvement of learning and memory.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 1986

In order to isolate and clarify the antioxygenic substances from the browning reaction products, the antioxidant activity of various amino acids and their browning reaction products were measured when they were reacted with xylose. Among nonpolar amino acids Met and Trp appeared to have stronger antioxidant effect than others. Most of polar and basic amino acids, however, did not have antioxidant activity. Ser and Cys showed a rather slight prooxidant effect. The browning reaction products of Trp and His had a higher level of antioxidant activity than that they were reacted as free amino acids. But the browning product of Met did not show the antioxidant activity. When all amino acids were divided on their polar characteristics, the higher optical density of the browning reaction products showed, the stronger antioxidant activity revealed.

• Journal of Daesoon Thought and the Religions of East Asia
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.17-37
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• 2021

Scholars of new religious movements have emphasized the role of "second founders," such as Judge J.F. Rutherford for the Jehovah's Witnesses, Brigham Young for the Mormons, or Deguchi Onisaburo for Oomoto. They systematize and structure movements often created by the "first founders" with a minimal organization only. The paper argues that the model for the sequence first founder/second founder described by these scholars is the relationship between Jesus and Paul of Tarsus at the origins of Christianity. It proposes a comparison between Jesus of Nazareth and Kang Jeungsan, who established the tradition leading to present-day Daesoon Jinrihoe. It then summarizes the biography of Jo Jeongsan, recognized by Daesoon Jinrihoe as its "second founder" within the same tradition, and discusses the analogies between his connection to the "first founder," Kang Jeungsan, and the connection Paul of Tarsus established with Jesus Christ. The paper considers recent scholarship about Paul, often described as the "New Perspective on Pauline Scholarship." Paul never personally met Jesus Christ, except after the latter's death through a spiritual revelation, just as Jo Jeongsan never met Kang Jeungsan, except after his death, when he manifested himself to him in spirit. Nonetheless, Paul was able to decisively shape the largest branch among the followers of Jesus Christ, just as Jo Jeongsan originated the lineage leading to Daesoon Jinrihoe, currently the largest religious order among those recognizing Kang Jeungsan as the incarnated Supreme God.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Heat Treatment
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.3-8
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• 2002

The effect of ADI heat treatment conditions on the core microstructures and mechanical properties of GCD 45 has been investigated. In the case of $25{\ss}{\AE}$ in diameter, it has been found that pearlite structure is not obtained, and the matrix is consisted of graphite, bainite and retained austenite. Upon cooling isothermally from $900^{\circ}C$, the core structure of 35 mm in diameter is converted to pearlite. However, the structure is transformed to bainite after slow cooling from $900^{\circ}C$ to $800^{\circ}C$.

• Korean Journal of Computational Design and Engineering
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.27-34
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• 2003

In this paper, a redesign of an existing computer case is Proposed by applying some guide lines of assembly and disassembly which have positive effects on environment. Some problems such as Increase of number of disassembly and vibration, and unfittable difficulty in assembly and disassembly of coy-ers are recognized through analysis of geometrical structure in view of both assembly and disassembly. A solution of these problems is proposed by ideas of positive environmental influence through ease of assembly and disassembly. Design for Environment Software is used to evaluate both redesigned and existing products. Time of assembly and disassemb]y and MET-point are especially calculated by the software, and these data give us a good guide for analysis of ease of assembly, ease of disassembly and environmental influence in both products.